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Three-Dimensional
Incompressible Flow
Yanjie Li
Harbin Institute of Technology
Shenzhen Graduate School
Outline
• Lifting-surface theory
Chapter 5
• Vortex lattice numerical method
• Three-dimensional source
• Three-dimensional doublet
• Flow over a sphere
• General three-dimensional flows: panel
techniques
Lifting-Surface Theory
• Lifting-line theory is inappropriate for low-aspect-ratio
straight wings, swept wings and delta wings.
Extend a simple lifting line model by
placing a series of lifting lines on the
plane of the wing.
Line Surface
Downstream of the trailing
edge has no spanwise vortex
lines and only trailing vortices.
(5.78)
Similarly, the contribution of the elemental chordwise vortex of strength
to the induced velocity at P is
(5.79)
The velocity induced at point P by the complete wake vortex can be given by
an equation analogous to the above equation
δ w ( y − η )dξdη
(dw)δ w =−
4π r3 (*)
Eq. (5.78) and Eq. (5.79) should be Integrated over the wing planform, Region S,
Eq. (*) should be integrated over region W ,
Noting
The normal velocity induced at P by both
the lifting surface and the wake is
The central problem of lifting-surface theory is to solve the following equation for
γ ( x, y ) and δ ( x, y )
1. Dividing the wing platform into a number of panels and choosing control
points on these panels, Eq. (**) results in simultaneous algebraic equations at
these control points. Solving these equations, we can obtain the values of γ
and δ
Three-Dimensional Incompressible
Flow
Three-Dimensional Source
Consider the velocity potential given by
Volume flow
λ is defined as
the strength of
source. λ < 0
a point source is
a point sink.
Three-Dimensional Doublet
Consider a sink and source of equal but opposite strength located at point O and A
where µ = λl .
Two examples:
3
Maximum tangential velocity for three-D flow is V∞
2 The maximum surface
velocity on a sphere is less
Maximum tangential velocity for two-D flow is 2V∞ , than that for a cylinder