Design for Simple Stresses

When a mechanical component is subjected to an external load, a resisting force is

set up within the component. This resisting force per unit area of the component is
called stress. The maximum stress developed in a member should not exceed the
allowable value as obtained from the material strength considering certain value of
factor of safety i.e any stress ‘σ ’ should always be ≤ [σ ] . Limiting values of
dimensions desired can be calculated by equating σ and [σ ]. Equation σ = [σ ] is
called design equation and its use for simple stresses is discussed here.

Direct Tensile & Compressive Stress

When the fibers of the component tend to elongate under the external load, stress
developed in the component is called tensile stress. On the other hand, when the
fibers tend to shorten under the external load, stress developed in the component is
called compressive stress.

where, P is external load, A is cross-sectional area of the component

and [σ] and [σc] are allowable tensile and compressive stress of the material. From
P / A = [σ] or P/A = [σc], minimum cross-sectional area required to withstand a
known load, P can be determined for given allowable stresses.

Figure 3.1 shows tensile and compressive stress developed in members subjected to load P.
Tensile or compressive strain is the deformation per unit length and is given by,

According to Hook's Law, within the elastic limit, stress is directly proportional to
strain. Therefore, σt ∞ ε or σt = Eε

where, constant of proportionality E is known as Young’s Modulus or Modulus of

Elasticity.E = 207000 N/mm2 for Carbon Steels, 100000 N/mm2 for Grey Cast Iron

Direct Shear Stress

When the external load acting on the component tends to slide the adjacent planes
with respect to each other, the resulting stresses on these planes are called direct
shear stresses.

Figure 3.2 shows two plates joined together with the help of a rivet and subjected
to load P. In this case the rivet is subjected to direct shear stress. Average shear
stress is given by,

where, P is external load, A is cross-sectional area of the component and T is

allowable shear stress.
Shear strain is defined as the change in right angle of a shear
element.
Within the elastic limit, [tau= G\gamma] , where, [gamma ] is
Shear Strain and G is Modulus of Rigidity
G = 80000 N/mm2 for Carbon Steels, 40000 N/mm2 for Grey
Cast Iron.
The relation between modulus of elasticity, modulus of rigidity
and poisson's ratio (μ) is given by, [E = 2G/1 + μ ]
3.4.3 Bending Stress

When a machine member is subjected to bending moment, tensile stress

develops on one side of the neutral axis and compressive stress on the
other. Therefore, the outside fibers are in tension and the inside fibers
are in compression. The bending stress at any fiber is given by,

where, M is Applied bending moment, I is Moment of inertia of the

cross-section about the neutral axis and y is the distance of the fiber
from the neutral axis. Distribution of bending stress is linear as shown in
Figure 3.3. Stress is proportional to the distance of the fiber from neutral
axis and is maximum in the farthest fiber.
Torsional Shear Stress

Figure 3.4a shows a shaft subjected to torque. Stress induced in

a machine member to resist the action of twist is called torsional
shear stress. It is given by, where, T is applied
torque, r is radial distance of the fibre from the axis of rotation
and J is Polar moment of inertia of the shaft about the axis of
rotation. Distribution of torsional shear stress is shown in Figure
3.4b. Stress is maximum at the outer fiber and zero at the axis of
rotation. Angle of twist for a given value of applied torque, T
and length of shaft,
Bearing or Crushing Stress

Crushing means to press or squeeze with a force that destroys or deforms or to

squeeze into small fragments. Crushing or Bearing stress is defined as the
compressive stress developed at the surface of contact between two interacting
members that are relatively at rest. Crushing stress is assumed to act uniformly on
the projected area. Consider a riveted joint as shown in figure 3.5. If d is diameter
of the rivet and tis thickness of the plate, crushing stress is given

by,

If n is the total number of rivets used, total projected area will become n.d.t.

Also, the local compression that exists at the surface of contact between two
members that are in relative motion is called bearing pressure. For example,
bearing pressure exists between the contact surfaces of a journal rotating in a fixed
bearing as shown in figure 3.6. For a journal of diameter, d and contact length, l,
bearing pressure is given by,
Mechatronic Department
Design of Machine
4th stage

Subject :- Type of Loads

Name :- Yousif Raad Abd Al-Ameer

Date : 1/9/2019