Social Policy for Shared Prosperity

Embracing the Future

How does your country compare?

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© OECD 2018
OECD Policy Forum and Ministerial Meeting on Social Policy
14-15 May 2018, Montréal, Canada
www.oecd.org/social/ministerial/
More information: www.oecd.org/social
Follow us on twitter: @OECD_social
Image credits: cover page ©Leon del Monte
 Table of contents

Public social spending.................................................................................1

Working but still in poverty......................................................................2
Income inequality.........................................................................................3
Relative child poverty.................................................................................4
Gender wage gap.........................................................................................5
Unpaid work for men and women........................................................6
Population ageing........................................................................................7
Not in employment, education or training........................................8
Self-employment.........................................................................................9
Acceptance of homosexuality...............................................................10
Older workers..............................................................................................11
Housing cost burden.................................................................................12
Migrant populations.................................................................................13
Motherhood’s effects on employment.............................................14
Old-age poverty by gender....................................................................15
 Public social spending
As a percentage of GDP, 2016 or latest available year
OECD countries and selected non-member countries

France 31.5
Finland 30.8
Belgium 29.0
Italy 28.9
Denmark 28.7
Austria 27.8
Sweden 27.1
Greece 27.0
Germany 25.3

Source: OECD database on Short-Term Labour Market Statistics and OECD estimates based on national labour force surveys.
Norway 25.1
Spain 24.6
Portugal 24.1
Japan 23.1
Slovenia 22.8
Netherlands 22.0
Luxembourg 21.8
United Kingdom 21.5
OECD 21.0
Hungary 20.6
Poland 20.2
Switzerland 19.7
New Zealand 19.5
Czech Republic 19.4
United States 19.3
Brazil 19.3
Australia 19.1
Slovak Republic 18.6
Estonia 17.4
Canada 17.2
Ireland 16.1
Israel 16.1
Costa Rica 15.8
Iceland 15.2
Colombia 14.7
Latvia 14.5
Turkey 13.5
Argentina 12.6
Chile 11.2
Korea 10.4
South Africa 8.7
China 8.0
Mexico 7.5
Indonesia 2.6
India 2.3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
%
Data estimates are for 2016, except Indonesia (2010), China, India, Mexico and South Africa (2012), Japan (2013), Turkey (2014)
and Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica and New Zealand (2015).
Source: OECD (2016), Social Expenditure Database (www.oecd.org/social/expenditure.htm) and estimates from CEPAL (2016), Base
de Datos de Inversión Social for Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica.

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 Working, but still in poverty
% living in households with a working-age head and a least one worker, with income below
the poverty line*, 2015 or latest year, OECD countries and selected non-member countries

China 25.6
India 18.5
Costa Rica 16.8
Brazil 15.9
Turkey 15.5
Mexico 15.3
Spain 14.8
Israel 14.2
Chile 13.8
Russian Federation 13.7
Japan 13.3
Greece 13.1
Italy 12.4
South Africa 11.7
Canada 11.0
United States 11.0
Lithuania 10.5
Portugal 9.0
Estonia 8.8
Latvia 8.5
Poland 8.4
OECD 8.2
Luxembourg 7.6
Hungary 7.2
France 7.1
Switzerland 7.1
New Zealand 6.6
Austria 6.6
Norway 6.4
Netherlands 6.1
Iceland 6.0
United Kingdom 5.9
Slovak Republic 5.9
Slovenia 5.9
Korea 5.6
Sweden 5.2
Australia 4.8
Belgium 4.5
Denmark 4.0
Finland 4.0
Czech Republic 3.9
Germany 3.7
Ireland 3.5

0 5 10 % 15 20 25 30

Note: * Poverty line is 50% of the national median equivalised disposable income.
Source: OECD (2018) Income Distribution Database, URL: http://oe.cd/idd

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 Levels of income inequality
Gini coefficient of disposable income inequality, 2015 or latest year
Total population, OECD countries and selected non-member countries

Low income inequality High income inequality

South Africa
China
India
Costa Rica
Brazil
Mexico
Chile
Turkey

Source: OECD database on Short-Term Labour Market Statistics and OECD estimates based on national labour force surveys.
United States
Russian Federation
Lithuania
United Kingdom
New Zealand
Israel
Latvia
Spain
Greece
Australia
Portugal
Estonia
Japan
Italy
Canada
OECD
Netherlands
Ireland
Switzerland
Korea
France
Poland
Germany
Hungary
Luxembourg
Sweden
Austria
Norway
Belgium
Finland
Czech Republic
Denmark
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Iceland
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70
Low income inequality High income inequality

Data refer to the total population and are based on equivalised household disposable income, i.e. income after taxes and transfers
adjusted for household size. The Gini coefficient takes values between 0 (where every person has the same income), and 1 (where
all income goes to one person).
Source: OECD (2018) Income Distribution Database, URL: http://oe.cd/idd

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 Children living in relative income poverty
% of children (0-17) living in families with income below
the poverty line*, 2015 or latest year available
OECD member countries and selected non-member countries

%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

China 33.1
South Africa 32.4
Brazil 30.1
Costa Rica 27.5
Turkey 25.3
India 23.6
Israel 23.2
Spain 22.1

Source: OECD database on Short-Term Labour Market Statistics and OECD estimates based on national labour force surveys.
Chile 21.1
Russian Federation 20.7
United States 19.9
Mexico 19.7
Italy 19.3
Lithuania 19.1
Greece 18.9
Canada 17.1 Child poverty rate
Japan 16.3
Portugal 15.5 Poverty rate for
Slovak Republic 14.8
total population
New Zealand 14.1
Poland 13.4
OECD 13.1
Australia 13.0
Latvia 12.2
Estonia 12.1
Hungary 11.8
France 11.3
Luxembourg 11.3
United Kingdom 11.2
Belgium 11.0
Czech Republic 10.5
Netherlands 10.2
Switzerland 9.9
Austria 9.6
Germany 9.5
Ireland 9.2
Sweden 9.1
Norway 7.3
Iceland 7.2
Korea 7.1
Slovenia 7.0
Finland 3.7
Denmark 2.9

Note: * Poverty line is 50% of the national median equivalised disposable income.
Source: OECD Child Well-Being Data Portal, URL: oe.cd/child-well-being

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 Gender wage gap
Full-time employees, 2016 or latest available year
OECD countries and selected non-member countries
%

Korea 36.7
Estonia 28.3
Japan 25.7
Latvia 21.1
Chile 21.1
Israel 19.3
Canada 18.2

Source: OECD database on Short-Term Labour Market Statistics and OECD estimates based on national labour force surveys.
United States 18.1
Finland 18.1
Austria 17.0
Switzerland 16.9
United Kingdom 16.8
Mexico 16.5
Czech Republic 16.3
Germany 15.5
Ireland 14.4
Portugal 14.3
Australia 14.3
Netherlands 14.1
OECD countries
OECD 14.1
Slovak Republic 13.9
Sweden 13.4
Lithuania 12.5
Spain 11.5
Poland 11.1
Iceland 9.9
France 9.9
Hungary 9.4
New Zealand 7.8
Norway 7.1
Colombia 7.1
Turkey 6.9
Denmark 5.8
Italy 5.6
Slovenia 5.0
Belgium 4.7
Greece 4.5
Luxembourg 3.4
Costa Rica 1.8

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
%

The gender wage gap is defined as the difference between median earnings of men and women, as a percentage
of median earnings of men.
Source: OECD Gender Data Portal
www.oecd.org/gender/data

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 Unpaid work for men & women
Amount of daily unpaid work for women and men (15-64), in hours
2015 or latest available year (OECD and selected non-member countries)

Hours
0h 1h 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h

Mexico 2h 16m 6h 23m

India 0h 51m 5h 51m
Portugal 1h 36m 5h 28m
Australia* 2h 51m 5h 11m
Turkey* 1h 25m 5h 08m

Source: OECD database on Short-Term Labour Market Statistics and OECD estimates based on national labour force surveys.
Italy 2h 10m 5h 06m
Ireland 2h 09m 4h 56m
Spain 2h 25m 4h 49m
Poland* 2h 39m 4h 46m
Slovenia 2h 46m 4h 46m
Austria 2h 15m 4h 29m
Hungary* 2h 07m 4h 28m
Greece* 1h 49m 4h 26m
OECD 2h 15m 4h 24m
New Zealand 2h 21m 4h 24m
Netherlands 2h 12m 4h 14m
Latvia 2h 09m 4h 13m
Belgium* 2h 47m 4h 10m
South Africa 1h 42m 4h 09m
Estonia 2h 40m 4h 09m
United Kingdom 2h 20m 4h 08m
United States 2h 30m 4h 03m
Denmark 3h 06m 4h 02m
Germany 2h 30m 4h 02m
Finland 2h 37m 3h 55m
China* 1h 31m 3h 54m Unpaid work includes:
Norway 2h 48m 3h 47m
housework, shopping,
child & adult care,
Korea 0h 44m 3h 47m
volunteering & other
Japan 0h 40m 3h 44m
unpaid work
France 2h 14m 3h 44m
Canada 2h 28m 3h 43m
Sweden* 2h 33m 3h 26m

Hours

Note: Reference years vary across countries. The * denotes that time use estimates are not fully comparable, due
to a difference in the reference age group.
Source: OECD Gender Data Portal based on the OECD Time-Use Database
www.oecd.org/gender/data/

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 Population ageing
65+ year-olds as % of working age population
2015 and 2050, OECD and selected non-member countries

%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Japan
Italy
Greece
Finland
Germany
Portugal
Sweden
France

Source: OECD database on Short-Term Labour Market Statistics and OECD estimates based on national labour force surveys.
Denmark
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Netherlands
Austria
Spain
United Kingdom
Switzerland
Czech Republic
Slovenia
Hungary
OECD 2015 2050
Norway
Canada
New Zealand
Australia
United States
Poland
Iceland
Ireland
Luxembourg
Israel
Slovak Republic
* Russian Federation

Korea
* Argentina
Chile
* China
Turkey
* Brazil
Mexico
* India
* South Africa
* Indonesia
* Saudi Arabia

%
Note: * represents non-member countries.
Graphic shows number of people older than 65 years per 100 people of working-age (20-64), 2015 and projected figures for 2050
Source: OECD (2017), Preventing Ageing Unequally Fig 3.3, URL: oe.cd/pau2017

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 Not in employment, education or training
% of 15- to 29-year-olds who are not in employment, education
or training (NEETs), 2016 or latest available year
OECD member countries and selected non-member countries

Turkey 29.8
Costa Rica 25.5
Italy 25.4
Greece 23.1
Brazil 21.9
Mexico 21.8
Colombia 21.1
Spain 20.5

Source: OECD database on Short-Term Labour Market Statistics and OECD estimates based on national labour force surveys.
Chile 18.3
Korea 18.1
France 17.1
Slovak Republic 16.0
Ireland 15.5
Hungary 14.7
Estonia 14.7
Portugal 14.5
United States 14.1
Poland 14.1
Latvia 14.1
OECD 14.0
Israel 13.8
Belgium 13.6
United Kingdom 13.4
Finland 12.6
Canada 12.1
Slovenia 11.8
Czech Republic 11.6
Australia 11.4
New Zealand 11.3
Austria 10.7
Lithuania 10.3
Japan 9.8
Germany 9.6
Denmark 9.5
Sweden 9.0
Switzerland 8.9
Norway 8.6
Luxembourg 7.8
Netherlands 7.2
Iceland 5.1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
%

Source: OECD calculations based on national labour force surveys and the OECD Education Database.
See also: http://www.oecd.org/youth.htm

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 Self-employment
Self-employed workers as a share (%) of all workers
2016, OECD countries and selected non-member countries
%

Colombia 51.3
Greece 34.1
Brazil 32.9
Turkey 32.4
Mexico 31.5
Chile 26.5
Korea 25.5

Source: OECD database on Short-Term Labour Market Statistics and OECD estimates based on national labour force surveys.
Italy 23.9
Poland 20.7
New Zealand 17.9
Portugal 17.8
Czech Republic 17.2
Spain 16.9
Ireland 16.9
Netherlands 16.8
OECD 16.2
United Kingdom 15.4
Slovak Republic 15.2
Switzerland 15.1
Belgium 14.8
Slovenia 14.2
Finland 14.0
Israel 12.8
Austria 12.7
France 11.8
Latvia 11.5
Hungary 10.7
Japan 10.6
Germany 10.4
Australia 10.1
Sweden 10.0
Denmark 9.1
Canada 8.6
Russian Federation 7.5
Norway 7.0
United States 6.4

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
%

Note: Data on self-employment refers to 2014 in Latvia, 2015 in Slovak Republic and Brazil, and is not available in
Estonia, Iceland, Luxembourg, Costa Rica and Lithuania.
Source: OECD Employment and Labour Market Statistics Database and OECD

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 Acceptance of homosexuality
Evolution of the acceptance of homosexuality in OECD countries
between 1981-2000 and 2001-2014 (1=low acceptance, 10=high acceptance)

Iceland
Sweden
Netherlands
Norway
Denmark
Switzerland
Spain
Finland

Source: OECD database on Short-Term Labour Market Statistics and OECD estimates based on national labour force surveys.
Luxembourg
Australia
France
Germany
Belgium
Canada
New Zealand
Austria
OECD
Ireland
United Kingdom
Chile
Slovak Republic
United States
Czech Republic
Slovenia
Israel
Japan
Mexico
Portugal
Greece
Hungary
Italy
Poland
South Korea
Estonia
Latvia
Turkey
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Low acceptance of High acceptance of
homosexuality homosexuality

Source: Valfort (2017), LGBTI in OECD Countries: A Review (http://oe.cd/LGBTI).

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 Older workers
Employment rate for 60-64- and 65-69-year-olds, 2016
OECD member countries and selected non-member countries*

%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Iceland
New Zealand
Sweden
Norway
Japan
Israel
Korea
Switzerland
Chile
* Colombia
Germany
Estonia
Denmark
United States
Australia
Netherlands
United Kingdom
Latvia
* Lithuania
Canada
OECD
Mexico
Finland
Ireland
* Brazil
* Costa Rica
Portugal
Czech Republic
Italy
Spain
Hungary
Poland
Turkey
France
Slovak Republic
Austria
* South Africa
Belgium
Greece
Slovenia
Luxembourg

Source: Pensions at a Glance 2017: OECD and G20 countries (Fig. 1.3)
Data for Germany refer to 2015
URL: oe.cd/pag

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Housing cost burden
Median of the mortgage (principal repayment and interest payments)
or rent burden (private market and subsidised rent) as a share of household’s
disposable income, 2016 or latest year

Rent (private and subsidised) Owner with mortgage

%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

Norway 34%
Finland 31%
Iceland 31%
Netherlands 30%
Sweden 29%
Denmark 28%
United Kingdom 28%
Greece 27%
Belgium 27%
Spain 27%
Luxembourg 27%
United States 25%
Canada 25%
Australia 25%
Switzerland 23%
Chile 22%
Italy 22%
France 22%
OECD 22%
Germany 22%
Hungary 21%
Austria 20%
Japan 19%
Portugal 19%
Poland 18%
Ireland 16%
Slovenia 16%
Estonia 15%
Mexico 15%
Czech Republic 13%
Slovak Republic 12%
*Lithuania 10%
Latvia 6%
Korea Rent data not available

%
Note: *non-member country
Data refer to 2015 for Iceland, Netherlands, Luxembourg, United States, Australia, Switzerland, Chile, Italy, Ireland,
& Slovak Republic. Data refer to 2012 for Korea and 2011 for Canada.
Source: OECD Affordable Housing Database. URL: oe.cd/AHD

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 Migrant populations
Foreign-born as a percentage of the total population
2000 and 2015

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

Luxembourg
Switzerland
Australia
New Zealand
Israel
Canada
Austria

Source: OECD database on Short-Term Labour Market Statistics and OECD estimates based on national labour force surveys.
Ireland
Sweden
Belgium
Slovenia
Norway
Germany
United Kingdom
United States
Spain
Latvia
Iceland
OECD
France
Netherlands
Greece
Estonia
Italy
Denmark
Portugal
Czech Republic
Finland
Hungary
Slovak Republic
Chile
Korea
Turkey
Japan
Poland
Mexico

Note: Data refer to 2000 or to the closest year with available data and to 2015 or most recent available year. OECD average refers
to the average of countries presented.
Data refer to foreign instead of foreign-born population for Japan and Korea. Total population estimates are from the UN.
Source: OECD International Migration Outlook 2017

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Motherhood’s effects on employment
Gender gap in employment rate (male minus female)
No children and with at least one child aged 0-14

-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 % points

Turkey
Chile
Czech Republic
Slovak Republic
Italy
Greece

Source: OECD database on Short-Term Labour Market Statistics and OECD estimates based on national labour force surveys.
Hungary
Estonia
Ireland
United States
United Kingdom
Germany
Poland
OECD 4.8 22.6

Spain
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Belgium
Latvia
Finland
Canada
Austria
France
A gender gap (male minus female) greater than 0 means
Slovenia that the employment rate is lower for women than for
Portugal men. A negative gap means that the employment rates is
highter for women than that for men.
Sweden
* Lithuania

Denmark

% points

Note: *Lithuania is candidate for accession to the OECD

Data refer to 25- to 54-year-olds. 2014 or latest available year.
Source: OECD (2017), The Pursuit of Gender Equality: An uphill battle, Fig. 11.5.
More data on gender: oe.cd/gender

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 Old-age poverty by gender
Relative income poverty* among 66+ year-olds, 2015 or latest
year, men and women, OECD and selected non-member countries

%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

Korea
Estonia
Latvia
CostaIndia
Costa Rica
Rica
Australia
Mexico
India
United States
South Africa

Source: OECD database on Short-Term Labour Market Statistics and OECD estimates based on national labour force surveys.
Lithuania
Switzerland
Israel
Japan
Turkey
Chile
Russian Federation
Russian
United Kingdom
Slovenia
OECD
Sweden
Portugal All 66+
Canada
New Zealand Men Women
Belgium
Germany
Italy
Hungary
Poland
Austria
Brazil
Brazil
Greece
Ireland
Spain
Iceland
Finland
Norway
Czech Republic
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Slovak Republic
Denmark
France

Note: * Income below 50% of the national median equivalised disposable income.
Source: OECD (2018) Income Distribution Database, http://oe.cd/idd

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