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Organ systems

Chapter 20
Structural Hierarchy
Animal tissue types
• What is a tissue?
• A cooperative unit of many very similar
cells that perform a specific function.
• Examples
– Epithelial
– Connective
– Muscle
– Nervous
Tissues to organs
• An organ is
composed of
several tissue
types
• Ex. stomach
Organ systems
• Groups of several organs that work together
to perform vital body functions
• 12 major organ systems
Digestive system

• Ingests food, breaks it


down into small units,
absorbs the units,
eliminates unused
parts.
Respiratory system

• Lungs and breathing


tubes exchange gases
with the environment.
Cardiovascular
system
• The heart and blood
vessels supply
nutrients and oxygen
to the body and carry
away wastes and
carbon dioxide.
Lymphatic and
immune systems
• Supplements the
cardiovascular system
• A diffuse system of
cells and processes
that protect the body
from foreign invasion
• Makes up the
circulatory system
along with the
cardiovascular system
Excretory system

• Kidneys, bladder, and


urethra remove
nitrogen containing
wastes from the blood
and maintain osmotic
balance.
Endocrine system

• Endocrine glands
secrete hormones into
the blood that regulate
most other activities.
Reproductive system

• Different in males and


females
• Ovaries and testes
produce female and
male gametes, and
help in fertilization
and embryo
development.
Nervous system
• The brain, spinal cord,
nerves, and sense
organs work together
with the endocrine
system to sense the
outside environment,
affect responses, and
coordinate body
activities.
Muscular system
• All skeletal muscles
provide movement as
they work with the
skeletal system
Skeletal system
• Bones and cartilage
provide support and
protection, and work
with the muscular
system to provide
movement.
Integumentary system
• Skin, hair and nails
protect the internal
body parts from
injury, infection,
temperature extremes,
and drying out.
Exchanges with the external
environment
• Organisms cannot survive unless they exchange
materials with their environment
• Organ systems function to make the exchange of
nutrients and wastes with the external
environment possible in larger animals
• Examples: Hydra vs Whale
Exchanges with the external
environment

• Hydra
– Small, 2 cell layers, each in contact with the environment
– Exchange is easy
Exchanges with the
external environment
• More complex
animal
– large, many cell
layers, few in contact
with the external
environment
– Exchange is achieved
by organ systems and
with the interstitial
fluid.
– Fine branches in each
system circ, resp, dig.
Regulation of the internal
environment
• Homeostasis -”a
steady state”
• Claude Bernard
• Control systems
regulate large external
fluctuations in external
environment into
small fluctuation s in
the internal
environment.
Homeostasis and negative feedback

• Homeostasis works through negative feedback


• Set point = “temperature”
• Error signal =“wire”
• Effector =“heater”
• Response =“heat”
• Stimulus =“temperature of room”
Homeostasis and negative feedback
Example

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