Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 20
Structural Hierarchy
Animal tissue types
• What is a tissue?
• A cooperative unit of many very similar
cells that perform a specific function.
• Examples
– Epithelial
– Connective
– Muscle
– Nervous
Tissues to organs
• An organ is
composed of
several tissue
types
• Ex. stomach
Organ systems
• Groups of several organs that work together
to perform vital body functions
• 12 major organ systems
Digestive system
• Endocrine glands
secrete hormones into
the blood that regulate
most other activities.
Reproductive system
• Hydra
– Small, 2 cell layers, each in contact with the environment
– Exchange is easy
Exchanges with the
external environment
• More complex
animal
– large, many cell
layers, few in contact
with the external
environment
– Exchange is achieved
by organ systems and
with the interstitial
fluid.
– Fine branches in each
system circ, resp, dig.
Regulation of the internal
environment
• Homeostasis -”a
steady state”
• Claude Bernard
• Control systems
regulate large external
fluctuations in external
environment into
small fluctuation s in
the internal
environment.
Homeostasis and negative feedback