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April 2, 2015
This implies extra losses of 11kw and 264 units in one day. For the purpose of
illustration, the calculation has been made too simple and it is only to prove the
signi cance of transformer’s ef ciency.
No-load losses represents for the energy dissipated for charging the transformer.
Energy consumed in setting up a magnetizing eld in the core of the transformer and
eddy current owing in its iron plates, accounts for these losses. As these losses
depend only on the core size and frequency of the power supply, they stay constant and
are independent of transformer’s loading.
Copper losses are produced in the winding of transformer, current owing both in
primary and secondary windings of the transformer dissipate energy in the form of
heat due to I2R losses. Being directly proportional to the square of current, these
losses vary with transformer loading.
PCopper= Pp+Ps
The plot is prepared of core and copper losses along with percentage losses in a
distribution transformer with 10KW as xed losses. It is clear from the plot that
minimum of percentage losses occur when both the core and copper losses are equal.
Also for higher loading, heat losses inside the transformer increases which affect the
life of insulation.
Below is a plot of ef ciency of the transformer over loading, representing the negative
effect (which though is small in relative terms but can lead to signi cant money
wastage in absolute terms) of higher loading on its ef ciency.
Thus the window of 50-60% loading can be considered for a transformer which has not
been repaired on user site. If a transformer has been re-winded or repaired for faults in
the core, its no-load losses do not remain the same. After such alterations in the
transformer, point of ideal operation on percentage loading also get shifted.
On 6th July 2009, bureau of energy ef ciency released a circular about giving STAR
ratings to distribution transformers. According to which, based on their losses at 50%
loading and 100% loading, transformers will be rated between 1-STAR & 5-STAR [4].
For achieving better ef ciency performance, every manufacturer is supposed to
provide the STAR rating sticker on the transformer itself. As mentioned by BEE,
transformers tted at 11KV/433V or 33KV/433 point has to be of at least 3 STARS. [5]
Chart below has been provided by BEE and can be referred as the standard data for
the scaling.
Table.1
Although standards provided by BEE are for distribution transformers of up to
200KVA rating but by calculating the ef ciency percentage and extrapolating these
readings, along with consideration towards increased no-load losses for large
transformers, base line can be set for transformers above 200KVA.
Table.2
The no-load losses and correspondingly the point of maximum ef ciency can be
obtained. This is possible with a meter on both HT and LT side con gured with
Zenatix’s Software, collecting high resolution power data. By analyzing the data for a
long enough time, Zenatix calculates the constant and the variable part in the losses.
Getting the constant losses, point of maximum ef ciency can be calculated. At a facility
with more than one transformer, loads can be adjusted across different transformers
such that it gives maximum overall ef ciency.
Fig1. No-Load, Copper Losses and percentage overall losses of a distribution
transformer.
Fig3. Zoomed in ef ciency curve for visualizing decrease in ef ciency from 50 to 100%
loading.
Table.1 Maximum total loss baseline for different star ratings of transformer up to
200KVA
REFERENCES-
[1]- SEAD Distribution Transformers Report Part 3: Energy Ef ciency Class De nitions
[2]- http://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/04/transformer-losses-and-ef ciency.html
[3]- http://nptel.ac.in/courses/IIT-MADRAS/Electrical_Machines_I/pdfs/1_10.pdf [4]-
http://www.beeindia.in/about_bee/documents/gazette_noti cation/noti cations/No.2-
11(5)-03(E)-BEE-3.pdf [5]-
http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/articles/god/guidelines_spec_1n3phase_tfs.pdf
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