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The internet has revolutionized technology since its rise in popularity. It has
improved peoples’ lives and brought the world closer together. In this report we’ll give
an overview of internet control, modeling of a FSK modem, analysis of packet loss in the
modem, and the improvement of transfer speed of the modem will be discussed.
Many people have a misconception that the internet is the World Wide Web
(websites like ESPN.com and eBay). However, these are only a part of the internet. By
computer networks that transmits data by packet switching using the standard Internet
Protocol (IP). It is actually consists of many different aspects. Generally, the internet has
two parts- the physical and non-physical net. The physical net has many important
components that include core network, fiber optic lines, backbone, router, modem, Local
Area Network (LAN) and computers. The core network is where everyone gets his or her
“internet” from. From the bottom of the network, consumers access websites from local
Internet Service Provider (ISP). The local ISP then gets their access from a regional ISP
such as AOL or Comcast. Contrary to popular belief, a regional ISP is still not the
ultimate service provider; they get their access from Network Service Providers (NSP),
also a part of the core network consisting of many different networks providing
connection facilities for their clients. Fiber optic lines are what physically connect the
internet globally. In a local network, a router forwards data packets across the network
toward their destinations. What a router does is analogous to what a street sign does at an
intersection. At the local machine level, a modem is a device that modulates an analog
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carrier signal to encode digital information to send across the network. It also
demodulates carrier signals, decoding the transmitted information. Our team is going
MatLab to simulate what a modem does. Lastly, computers (local machines) are needed
to connect end-users with the internet. The most notable parts of the non-physical net are
the Internet Protocol (IP), which communicates data across a packet-switched network,
routing table, which direct forwarded data by matching destination addresses to the
network paths used to reach them, router software and the World Wide Web, which
Most end-users want fast and reliable internet connections. However, many things
can cause the internet to have poor performance. Slow performance can be cause by
things like complex page assembly, poor HTML coding and outdated end-user machines.
Many users’ computers are outdated, which make them run very slowly. Improving
By the time of mid-term presentations, our team has found two main solutions:
NAT and IPV6. Network Address Translation (NAT) assigns the same network address
to multiple computers on the same network. It is very secure and provides reliability and
there are only a limited number. Currently, the IP standard is IPv4. After many years of
research and testing, a new IP standard, IPv6, is being developed. This new standard fixes
address space problems, standardizes headers and simplifies routing tables. It is, overall,
a much better standard, but unfortunately, China is the only country that has fully adopted
IPv6. Once every country adopts this new standard, the internet should see a considerable
improvement in performance.
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As mentioned earlier, our team spent the second half of the semester developing a
way to simulate an FSK modem in Simulink. Our simulated modem has all the
functionalities of a regular modem and produces a signal that can be transmitted easily
modulating signal shifts the output frequency between predetermined values. Multiple
more than two frequencies. In the following Simulink block diagram, the frequency shift
key in a modem used in the application of current internet control. The most fundamental
concept of the function of the modem system is it can convert the digital binary signal
from the computer to a sinusoid curve with varying frequencies for transmission along
the cable and back to binary signals to be input into the computer after it reaches its
destination.
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Figure 1. Different signals in a modem system.
Simulink Model
operator, spectrum scope, scope, integer delay and error rate calculator.
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Figure 2. Frequency-Shift key Simulink block diagram.
The Bernoulli Binary Generator block generates random binary numbers using a
Bernoulli distribution. The Bernoulli distribution with parameter p produces zero with
probability p and one with probability 1-p. The output is a binary signal, with random
The M-FSK Modulator Baseband block modulates using the M-ary Frequency
shift keying method. The output is a baseband representation of the modulated signal.
The M-ary number parameter, M, is the number of frequencies in the modulated signal.
frequencies of the modulated signal. The input and output for this block are discrete-time
signals. Whether the input is an integer or a binary representation of an integer, the block
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maps the integer 0 to the highest frequency and maps the integer M-1 to the lowest
frequency. In baseband simulation, the lowest frequency is the negative frequency with
the largest absolute value. The AWGN Channel block, from the Channels library, models
a channel using additive white Gaussian noise, with noise distributed over a bell shaped
distribution curve.
modulated using the M-ary Frequency shift keying method. The input is a baseband
representation of the modulated signal. The input and output for this block are discrete-
time signals. Whether the output is an integer or a binary representation of an integer, the
block maps the highest frequency to the integer 0 and maps the lowest frequency to the
integer M-1. In baseband simulation, the lowest frequency is the negative frequency with
The Relational Operator block, from the Simulink Math library, compares the
transmitted signal, from the Bernoulli Random Binary Generator block, with the received
signal, from the M-FSK Demodulator baseband block. The block outputs a zero when the
two signals agree, and a one when they differ. If the result is TRUE, the output is 1; if
FALSE, it is 0.
The Scope block, from the Simulink Sinks library, displays the transmitted signal,
the received signal, and the output of the Relational Operator block. In the model
simulation, 3 data signals will be collected on the scope. The first one is the original
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binary signal generated by the Bernoulli binary generator with an integer delay. The
second data signal is the output binary signal of the Demodulator Baseband block, which
has Gaussian white noise added to the input binary from the Bernoulli binary generator.
The last signal displayed will have the signal to identify any difference between the input
binary data and the output binary data of the model. The Error rate display block displays
tone in order to transmit it over wire, cable, optical fiber or wireless media to a
destination point. FSK dates back to the early 1900s when this technique was discovered.
Although FSK is so old it still can be useful. With some modifications is can still work in
the world of computer and modems. In fact, the contributions of FSK are much more far
reaching. For example, the principle of FSK has laid the path to the development of other
similar techniques such as the Audio Frequency Shift Keying (AFSK) and Multiple
Technically FSK has two classifications, the non-coherent and coherent FSK. In
non-coherent FSK, the instantaneous frequency is shifted between two discrete values
named mark and space frequency, respectively. On the other hand, in coherent Frequency
Shift Keying or binary FSK, there is no phase discontinuity in the output signal.
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In this digital era, the modulation of signals are carried out by a computer, which
converts the binary data to FSK signals for transmission, and in turn receives the
incoming FSK signals and converts it to corresponding digital low and high, the language
An Example of this can be seen in figure 3. The binary input signal is represented
by two frequencies. A zero has a different frequency then a one. By changing between
these two frequencies the computer on the other end of the line can distinguish and
MFSK is slightly different than FSK. MFSK works the same way as FSK, but
rather than two different frequencies, many more are used - from six to 64, for example.
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MFSK16 uses 16 tones. Each tone transmitted is just like a Morse code dot, but they
MFSK has some advantages above FSK, it is not only faster then FSK, but it is
also less sensitive to noise. MFSK can be improved with FEC (Forward Error Correct) to
make it even more reliable. FEC reduces the number of received errors. FEC takes up a
lot of bandwidth, but it makes up for it by making the system nearly perfect.
So FSK and MFSK are methods to convert an digital signal to an analog signal
and back. These methods have been used successful around the world for many years.
The future however might not be in MFSK. For the future we need something even more
advanced.
Results
Using the modem model that we created we were able to test to see the effects of
variation in line noise. We then began to vary the signal to noise ratio in the noise line in
a sweep from 1 to 10 db. A sweep was then performed for a higher mary number
changing the model from FSK to MFSK. An examination of the bit error rates caused by
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Bit Error Rate
0.07
0.06
FSK
MFSK
Bit Error Rate (%)
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10
SNR (db)
From the chart one can see that the bit error rate of a SNR of 1 decibel, an incredibly
noisy signal was still comparatively small for both FSK and MFSK. The bit error rates
The bit error rate effect seemed negligible, however true Internet transfer occurs
via packet transfer. For the purpose of this analysis we used 1500 bytes for the packet
size. Although Ipv4 packets vary in size, 1500 bytes is a common value which also
corresponds to the standard packet size for Ipv6 packets. Individual packet loss can then
be calculated simply as the chance that a packet has no individual bit errors. Given
1500bytes*8bits/byte. Figure 5 below of the resulting packet loss rates for the FSK and
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MFSK cases.
Packet Loss
100.00
FSK
90.00
MFSK
Packet Drop Rate
80.00
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SNR (dB)
From the packet loss rates results we can see that there is a virtually 100% packet
loss rate above a certain noise threshold and that it rapidly transitions down to virtually
nil packet loss rate. This effect is due to the compound nature of packet loss, any bit error
rate when compounded 12000 times causes dramatic packet loss. The important result
from this section however is the difference in these noise thresholds. The FSK model cut
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Conclusions
From our results we can see that changing from FSK to MFSK requires a cleaner
signal transmission on the lines. Comparing this FSK modulation (an old phone line type
of modulation) with some industry numbers for QPSK (SNR above 12dB), 16bit QAM
(above 16db), and 64 bit QAM (above 24dB) we can see that a more advanced encryption
modulation technique requires a cleaner line signal. This effect is caused by the
techniques. This is the underlying principle behind Internet transfer to DSL and cable
modems. Traditional phone lines are too noisy to employ more advanced techniques, the
DSL and cable lines are employed to gain cleaner signals and hence increase through
rate. As an additional recommendation, it can be noted that with FSK there are discrete
frequencies of interest. It would be quite possible to add high and low pass filters to
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