Professional Documents
Culture Documents
9 Test(1) 6 Maarch 2018 Forr Even Numbe er seats
MBBE 3119 – Maanufacturing TTechnology
Test 1 (Evven number sseats) Daate: 6 March 2018
Time alllowable: 1 hoour
Answe
er ALL questioons
1) Fiig. 1(a) showss a cooling curve of a pure metal. Fig. 11(b) illustratess the develop
pment of a
preferred texture at a cool mold wall.
(a) Co
ooling curve o
of a pure metaal ( b) Developm
ment of a prefferred texturee at a
cool moldd wall
Fig. 1:: Cooling curvve of parent m
metal and devvelopment off texture at a cool mold
(i) If a me
etal with high
her melting po
oint is alloyedd into melt off the pure meetal and both are
in sam
me temperature, which are e then allowedd to cooling. Describe with h suitable
reasonning which eleement in the alloy is likely
y to solidify firrst.
(5 marks)
er: (Guides to solutions)
Answe
(ii) If Fig. 1
1(b) shows th he developmeent of texturee for the alloyy in (i), explain
n why the texxture
in chilll zone is as sh
hown. With ad
dequate reassoning, elucidate why the ccolumnar texxtures
can successfully gro ow toward to the core.
(6 marks)
er: (Guides to solution)
Answe
In view
w that high m
melting point is firstly reachhed and solidified during ccooling, and
undersstanding the temperature on inner surfface of mold is fluctuatingg about its aveerage
value, such element at the viciniity of the wal l where has ttemperature reaches the
1
MBE3119
9 Test(1) 6 Maarch 2018 Forr Even Numbe er seats
freezin
ng temperatu ure is thus nuccleated. Its suurrounding ellements pass though it to
disperse away relattively quickerr, hence solidiified to enlargge the size off dendrite andd
successsfully growin
ng towards the core for forrming column nar textures. In the early stage
of suchh growing proocess, those eelements neigghboring to itts vicinity wall also become
nucleaated when tem mperature co ooled down too its freezing point. Their ssolidification
allowss them to groww around which are subseequently blocked by those pre‐successffully
growth h dendrites to
o form finer ggrain structurres. The layerr of such densse fine grain
structu
ures thus formms chilled zonne.
(iii) If Fig. 1
1(b) shows thhe developme ent of texturee for the alloyy in (i), with adequate
explan nation, anticip
pate which te
exture, e.g. thhe columnar o or the grain between two
neighb boring colum
mnar grains, closer to the coool mold wall is having higgher content of
high mmelting point aalloying metaal.
(9 marks)
Answe
er: (Guides to solutions)
In view ements to be early solidifieed closer to in
w that the ele nner wall are those with higher
meltinng point, as m
mentioned in ssub‐question (i), in the liqu uid alloy, also
o these firstly
nucleaated structurees are able to o grow successsfully toward ds the core off casting cavitty as
mentio oned in sub‐qquestion (ii), it can thus bee anticipated tthat those sm maller grains iin
betwe een each pair of successive e neighboringg columnar grrains are nucleeated at the llatter
stage tthan those suuccessfully gro ow toward thhe core. On th he growing naature of grain n
structuures as descriibed, it is posssible to envissaged that thee columnar n next to the innner
wall off the mold co
ontaining high her amount off high meltingg point elemeents than tho ose in
smalleer and finer grrains in the chhilled zone.
2) Fiig. 2 illustrate esign and its relevant systeems of (i) pou
es a casting de uring and gatting, and (ii) risers
within a pair o
w f casting molds. Specify th
he functions oof risers in cassting. With apppropriate
reeasoning, desscribe how the solidificatio on phenomenna likely to bee within the m mold cavity fo or the
caasting. From yyour afore‐de escription of ssolidification,, describe wh
hy the right haand side top rriser
iss as located.
(16 marks))
.
Fig. 2: Schematic illusstration of a ttypical rise‐gaated casting
2
MBE3119 Test(1) 6 March 2018 For Even Number seats
Answer: (Guides to solutions – Ref to Slide 30 to Slide 32 in Lecture Note 1, and Fig. 2 in the test
paper)
Functions of risers (Slide 31, Lecture Note 1)
The risers in a sand mold play the following roles
1) Ensuring the complete filling of casting cavity
2) Entrapping air/gas from its upstream so as to minimize air/gas bubbles in casting
3) Modifying the temperature distribution around the casting cavity so as to promote possible
directional solidification
4) Refilling liquid metal to the space left due to material shrinkage at some positions next or
closer to the riser.
Solidification Phenomena and why the right hand riser on the top of RHS side bulk (Slide 32,
Lecture Note 1)
Assuming the design of gating system without the top riser at the largest bulk at RHS and the
side at far LHS, the temperature distribution in the middle of the two end bulks is generally the
lowest and solidification starts at this plane. The solidified plane blocks off the remaining liquid
metal at either bulk. However, shrinkage of solidified material at LHS may be refilled by liquid
metal in gating system. However, the blocking of solidified plane tends to result in shrinkage
cavity in the middle of RHS bulk.
• With the introduction of the two risers as shown, it modifies the temperature distribution in the
mold wall and provides sufficient time to fill the possible space left due to shrinkage during
solidification. Furthermore, the liquid in the RHS top riser can flow back to refill the shrinkage
cavity at the larger bulk underneath. As a consequence, the quality of the casting can be
ensured.
The reason why the right hand side riser is on the top of the RHS bulk is partly taking advantage
of those heat released from the riser during the cooling so that it heats up the middle section of
the mold to make the temperature more even. This facilitates the melt in casting cavity almost
cooling down in the same pace as possible. By doing so, the excessive melt in the two risers can
fill the space at the top layer of cavity due to the shrinkage of solidified liquid metal originally in
the cavity.
3) Describe with the aid of sketches the features and causing mechanisms of following defects
likely to be seen in casting. Suggest also the possible way to minimize their corresponding cause.
i) Blow, and scar (7 marks)
ii) Scab (5 marks)
iii) Cold shut (5 marks)
3
MBE3119
9 Test(1) 6 Maarch 2018 Forr Even Numbe er seats
Answer: (Guides to solution
ns – Refer to SSlides 39 to 444 in Lecture Note 1 for deefects)
(i) Refer tto Slides 41 and 42 in Lectture Note 1
Sketch
hes of feature es as below
(ii) Scab (R
Refer to Slide
e 41 and Slide
e 42 in Lecturee Note 1, and
d following skketch)
The ke
etch of featurres is as show
wn below.
Sketched FFigure to sho w the featurees of scab
4
MBE3119
9 Test(1) 6 Maarch 2018 Forr Even Numbe
er seats
• Cold shuut. As seen from the above sketch, its ffeatures are ggenerally relaated to meltss from
two oppposite stream
ms in a thin channel
c with wide surfacee. The two sttreams meetts and
their solidified front and thus form ms creak‐linee vertically across the chan nnel as seen in the
sketch above.
•
• When th he cavity of aa mold is filleed by two or more stream ms and the teemperature o of the
melt is not sufficiently high, thee flow front of the streams likely reaaches the freeezing
temperaature of the melt
m before mixing each other. The in nterface of thhe streams iss thus
not propperly fused to ogether and th hus became tthe weak plan ne of the castting.
It is possible to minimize the taking
t place of cold‐shu ut by: (i) raising up the melt
temperaature before it is filling in
nto cavity; annd (ii) suitably insulating tthe surface o
of the
channel wall so as to reduce amount of heat trransferred aw way prior to tthe meeting o of the
streams..
4) Fiig. 3 is a pair oof casting moolds which are e individuallyy filled with th he melt of a m metal. Fig. 3(aa)
illlustrates the filled mold haas been overtturned and pooured away rremaining liqu uid metal afteer 1
minute and Fig
m g. 3(b) has been done after 6 minutes. TThe correspo onding solidified shell is theen
reemoved from the mold cavvity, which is then bisectedd to give solid dified cast skiin as shown.
(a) (b)
dified skin on a steel castin
Fig. 3: Solid ng
i) Elu
ucidate why tthe inner corn ner A is thinn er than the o
outer corner B B in Fig. 3(a).
(6 marks)
ii) Fro
om the reduccing of emptyy space from tthe bottom to o the top in the solidified skin
as shown in Figg. 3(a), and the cross‐sectioon at the top being is fullyy solidified whhilst
the middle secttion is almostt completely ssolidified andd large amoun nt of liquid metal
at the bottom ssection is pouured away, ass seen in Fig. 33(b), elaboratte what facto ors
on time of a casting is depeending on and explain the relevant reasons.
the solidificatio
(8 marks)
iii) What consideraations can you deduce, froom (i) and (ii) above, on deesigning a cassting
wiith high produuction througghput and goood quality?
(6 marks)
5
MBE3119 Test(1) 6 March 2018 For Even Number seats
Answer: (Guides to solutions – Refer to Slides 35, 36, 37 and 46 in Lecture Note 1)
(i) (Ref to Slide 37 in Lecture Note 1): ‐ The solidification skin of the bisected shell in Fig. 3(a)
at inner corner A to be thinner than its counterpart at outer corner B, this mainly
because heat received by mold material at A is much higher due to their transmission
from its vertical wall and its horizontal wall, which is accumulated to increase
temperature at A. However, the heat received from B is only through the vertical wall
and tends to be diverged outwardly. As a result, TB<<TA. Furthermore, the heat transfer
surface with element of equal height x at B is much larger than at A. Summative of the
above two factors thus makes the solidification of melt within cavity at A slower than
that at B. The faster solidification thus results in thicker shall skin at B than at A.
(ii) Fig. 3(a) shows the solidified skin of the shell along larger cavity is averagely thinker than
those along smaller cavity. As the larger cavity has larger surface area, it means that the
solidification time is inversely proportional to the surface area of a cavity. Fig. 3(b)
illustrates that all melts in the smallest cavity are in solidified state, and larger the cavity
tends to have larger empty space left. As larger cavity contains more melt than its small
counterpart, which takes longer time to cool down to their complete frozen state, it
suggests that solidification time is directionally proportional to the volume of melts
since larger the cavity contains more melts. This is the experiment which is normally
performed to verify the Chvorinov’s rule, which states the solidification time of a casting
needed is directionally proportional to its volume and inversely proportional to its
surface area (ref to Slide 28 in Lecture Note 1).
(iii) The phenomena observed and analyses of (i) and (ii) indicate that the promotion of
production throughput requires designing casting which can be quickly solidified so as to
promote production rate. Design of casting to eliminate accumulation of heat around
the mold is essential. The achievement of this requires the prevention or reduction of
surface features with lesser interfacing of vertical wall and horizontal walls, so as to
form inner corner like A in Fig. 3(a) and promote outer corner like B in Fig. 3(b).
Furthermore, the result from Fig. 3(b) suggests that the use of uniform cross sections in
various features if possible. This also surely maintains good quality of casting since it
would not result any remaining melt to solidify at latter stage, which susceptibly forms
shrinkage cavity. In addition, implementation of risers should always locate at larger
cross sectional regions/bulk features since they are prone to forming shrinkage cavity.
5) Sand mold is a crucial component in sand casting. Describe with the aid of sketches: (i) how a
pair of sand molds of a pattern can be made?; (ii) what considerations a casting designer should
bear in mind so that pattern can be easily removed from the molds?; and (iii) how blind hole and
though hole can be cast in a pair of sand molds? (27 marks)
6
MBE31199 Test(1) 6 Maarch 2018 Forr Even Numbe er seats
Answer: (Guides to Solution ns – Refer to Slide 5 to Slidde 7 in Lecturre Note 2)
(i) Ref to Slide 5 and sketch below: ‐
The skketch of patte
ern plate
A patttern plate for making two halves of castting cavity in mold
7
MBE3119
9 Test(1) 6 Maarch 2018 Forr Even Numbe er seats
after itts solidificatio
on. If the sannd mold is bu ilt for small b batch producttion, it is gen nerally
expectted that there is not any d distortion of the mold aftter retrieving of the produ uct. In
additioon, the buildiing up of individual half m mold requiress the retrievin ng of pattern n from
the mold halves. In n view that straight
s long rib/leg (LHS of the above sketched figure)
gives large contact area with the aggregatedd sands in san nd mold. The large contactt area
betwe een them resu ults in higher interfacial frriction to resist the removval of pattern plate
out from the mold d. Such difficculty may daamage the ssand mold. TTo overcome such
probleem, taper or d draft angle iss often applieed so that it ggives amble cclearance bettween
the paattern and mold
m cavity when the formmer is just liffted up slighttly. This easees the
removval of both pattern
p and casting from mold with any detrimeental damagin ng. In
designning the draft angle onto the rib/leg, th e width of tip p is taken as tthe specified value
of the rib/leg, and it is widened d upwards wiith an equal d draft angle on each edge.. Such
extra wwidth on castting is generally machined off.
(iii) Producction of blind
d hole in castting (Ref to SSlide 7 in Lecture Note 2, and the follo
owing
sketch
hed figure)
The se
etup features of a pair of saand mold witth core for production of b
blind hole
Sketch of setup feattures of a paiir of mold forr casting blind
d hole’
8
MBE3119 Test(1) 6 March 2018 For Even Number seats
completely, the part of chaplets which inserts into cope and drag of the sand mold pair
needs to be machined off accordingly.
9