Overview of OFDM Channel Estimation Techniques

for DVB-T2 Systems

Jelena Vlaović, Snježana Rimac-Drlje and Goran Horvat

Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Information Technology Osijek
University of Osijek
Osijek, Croatia
jvlaovic@etfos.hr, rimac@etfos.hr, goran.horvat@etfos.hr

Abstract— Systems that are modeled according to DVB-T and
DVB-T2 standards use Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) as a modulation scheme. OFDM uses N
parallel streams to ensure high-rate data transmission. Distinct
carriers are used to transmit data streams. In OFDM subcarriers
are orthogonal in order to ensure that receiver can distinguish
separate signals carried by different subcarriers. Generally there
are three approaches in estimating channel transfer function in
systems that use OFDM, pilot symbols, scattered pilot tones and
eigenvalue-decomposition-based methods. Pilot symbols are
mainly used for initial channel estimation. Scattered pilot tones
are used to help track changes in channels over time. The
complexity of the first two methods can be reduced with the
eigenvalue-decomposition-based methods. In recent studies
multiple channel estimation techniques, mostly based on pilot
patterns stemmed from initial estimation techniques. This paper
gives an overview of the standard channel estimation methods
used in OFDM and recently developed improved channel
estimation methods.
Keywords—channel estimation; digital television; DVB-T; DVB-
T2; MIMO; OFDM; pilot-based methods
I. INTRODUCTION
Digital Video Broadcasting – Terrestrial (DVB-T) is the
European standard for the broadcast transmission of digital
television. It gives guidelines for transmitting an MPEG
transport stream that consists of digital audio and video
signals, and other digital data. Although it is still in use,
nowadays most systems are modeled according to next
generation terrestrial digital video broadcasting standard
DVB-T2. DVB-T2 is basically an enhanced version of DVB-T
standard. Unlike DVB-T, the DVB-T2 standard supports 1 K,
4 K, 16 K and 32 K operational modes which ensure wider
variety of channels. It also supports Multiple Input Single
Output (MISO) transmission which uses a transmit diversity
technique and thus improves the performance of Single
Frequency Networks (SFN). Reed-Solomon and convolutional
encoders used in DVB-T are replaced by Low-Density Parity
Check (LDPC) and Bose-Chaudary-Hocquenghem (BCH)
encoders which also ensure better performances. DVB-T2
block diagram that uses transport stream as an input is given in
Fig. 1. [2].
All the improvements are implemented in order to support
the transmission of High Definition Television (HDTV) and
the integration of new services, IP content included. Both
require higher flexibility in preparation and transmission for
data transfer and higher flow rates. Systems that are modeled
according to DVB-T and DVB-T2 standards use Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) as a modulation
scheme. It is used for high-data-rare transmission in
environments that are delay-dispersive [1].
OFDM is a modulation scheme that dates approximately
40 years ago, but it found its application in the 90’s with the
development of hardware used in digital television. The main
difference between OFDM and other modulation methods is
that OFDM converts high-rate data stream into a number of
low-rate streams which are then transmitted over narrowband
parallel channels. It was first developed as a possible solution
to a large bandwidth requirements problem and transmission
instabilities in a case of very high data rates. If high data rates
are required, the symbol duration has to decrease which results
in long impulse response and thus the transmission
instabilities due to large computational effort needed for a
long equalizer. There are three approaches for estimating
channel transfer function in systems that use OFDM, scattered
pilot tones, pilot symbols and eigenvalue-decomposition-
based methods. Initial channel estimation is usually done with
pilot symbols. The changes in channels over time are usually
tracked by the scattered pilot tones. The eigenvalue-
decomposition-based methods can be used to reduce the
complexity of the first two methods [3].
Fig.1. DVB-T2 block diagram

978-1-5090-3720-9/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE

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978-1-5090-3720-9/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE
 In Section II this paper describes the standard OFDM
channel estimation methods. Section III connects the
previously defines channel estimation methods with the DVB-
T and DVB-T2 systems that use OFDM. Section IV gives the
overview of the state-of-the art improvements of OFDM
channel estimation methods used in DVB-T2 systems.
II. STANDARD OFDM CHANNEL ESTIMATION METHODS
OFDM as s modulation scheme ensures high-rate data
transmission by using N parallel streams. Streams are
transmitted using distinct carriers called tones or subcarriers In
order to ensure that receiver can distinguish separate signals
carried by different subcarriers, in OFDM the subcarriers are
orthogonal. To reduce the usage of spectrum, i.e. to omit the
need for large frequency spacing between carriers, the
frequency of subcarriers, fn is given with (1) where n is an
integer and W is total available bandwidth. If it is assumed that
the Pulse Amplitude Modulation with rectangular basis pulses
is used, each carrier is in the spectral nulls of all other carriers
although the spectra of different modulator carriers overlap.
Each modulated carries has sin(x)/x shape. Data streams will
not interfere if the demodulation at the receiver side is done by
multiplying by exp(-j2πfnt) and integrating over symbol
duration.
fn= nW/N (1)
The estimation of the channel impulse response and the
channel transfer function starts with obtaining the N complex-
valued gains on the subcarriers. There are three approaches in
estimating channel transfer function in systems that use
OFDM, pilot symbols, scattered pilot tones and eigenvalue-
decomposition-based methods [3].
A. Pilot-Symbol-Based Methods
Dedicated pilot symbols contain only known data, so if
dedicated pilot symbols are used, the data on each of the
subcarriers is known. The Least Square (LS) channel estimate
is one of the simplest channel estimation methods where the
channel estimation is done on each subcarrier separately. LS
estimation is described with (2) where n is the number of the
sub-channel, i is time, r is the received value on the sub-
channel n and c is known data on subcarrier.
h=rn,i/cn,i (2)
Channel estimation can be improved by taking into
account the correlation of fading between different frequencies
(LMMSE estimation). This type of estimation requires the
high computational performances in case of large number of
subcarriers. This type of estimation is usually done at the
beginning of the transmission burst. Other available
suboptimal approaches include the usage of correlation
between neighboring sub-channels in order to smooth the
Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filers of limited length [3].
B. Methods based on scattered pilots
Taking into account that channel evolves with time, the
changes must be tracked. The changes in channel are usually
slow, so the time correlation of the channel can be exploited
76
for channel estimation. Also, the number of known bits in
OFDM can be reduced. Methods based on scattered pilots use
pilot symbols scattered in OFDM time. Used pilots are spaced
by Nt OFDM symbols and Nf subcarriers. Channel estimation
method based on scattered pilots starts with LS estimation at
pilot positions (Fig. 2) [3]. After the initial estimate of pilot
positions, the interpolation is done to obtain the channel
estimation at all other positions. Pilots can be interpreted as
samples in two-dimensional space. The density of pilot
patterns is limited by sampling theory (3, 4).
Nf<N/Ncp (3)
Nt < 1/(2*(1+Ncp/N)*vmax) (4)
In order to reduce the complexity of estimations algorithm
and to reduce the effect of noise from the pilots, twice as many
pilots in each direction that the ones required by the sampling
theorem could be placed. Other possible solution is to use two
one-dimensional filters. In this case pilots in frequency and
time direction are used and on filter is used in each direction
and the for the equal estimator complexity more pilots
influence each estimated channel attenuation. The given
approach increases the performance but there is some loss in
optimality [3].
Authors in [4] use a method based on scattered pilots for
channel estimation. In their system implementation, they wish
to maintain the system performances and not to do major
changes to the equalizer. In this case the proposed system uses
one antenna that has unaffected transmission while the
modifications are made in the scattered pilots of the second
transmitting antenna. In this case the scattered pilots are
inverted alternatively. An estimated sample of the channel is
maintained by using two scattered pilots per antenna and it is
located in the center between the scattered pilots.
Fig.2. Scattered pilots in the OFDM grid
C. Methods based on eigen decompositions
The fact that the channel impulse response time is short
compared to the OFDM symbol length can be used to reduce
the dimensionality of the estimation problem. The efficiency
of matrix multiplication can be increased by using the
statistical properties of the channel. Eigen Value
Decomposition (EVD) from the theory of optimal rank
reduction results in computationally more efficient version of
LMMSE estimate. In this case, after the first Ncp+1 diagonal guard interval. In terms of symbol transmission, the “normal”
elements, the magnitude decreases rapidly [3]. OFDM is transmitted when the condition from (5) is fulfilled.
Table I gives an overview of characteristics, advantages 0<t<Ts (5)
and disadvantages of the standard OFDM channel estimation
methods. For the condition (6)
–Tcp<t<0 (6)
TABLE I. COMPARISON OF THE STANDARD OFDM CHANNEL the copy of the last part of the symbol is transmitted. The
ESTIMATION METHODS
cyclic prefix is basically the prepended part of the signal given
Method Method characteristics with (7).
group Basic Disadvanta
name characteristics
Advantages
ges Ts-Tcp<t<Ts (7)
-dedicated pilot
symbols contain
- requires The cyclic prefix is used to convert the signal received
only known data
the high over a delay-dispersive channel which is the linear
computatio convolution of the transmitted signal into its cyclic
Pilot- -channel
nal
symbol- estimation is done -produces very good
performanc
convolution. The relative length of CP decreases with the
based on each subcarrier estimates increase of the symbol length. The symbol duration increases
es in case
methods separately with the increase in the number of sub-carriers in the same
of large
-usually used for
initial estimate of
number of frequency band [3].
subcarriers
pilot positions
In order to adjust to different channel conditions, DVB-T2
- the number of
-exploits the time known bits in systems provide various types of pilots. Compared to previous
correlation of the OFDM can be systems, in DVB-TS systems, there are eight different pilot
Methods channel for reduced patterns (PP1-PP8). The pilot pattern is usually chosen based
based on channel - pilots can be - loss in on parameters like maximum multipath delay and maximum
scattered estimation interpreted as optimality Doppler frequency. Pilot pattern design in important in OFDM
pilots -uses pilot samples in two-
symbols scattered dimensional space because the bandwidth efficiency and the accuracy of channel
in OFDM time - increased estimation depend on the number of pilot symbols. When
performance comparing different pilot patterns in DVB-T2 systems, it can
-computationally be concluded that there are more pilot cells distributed in the
more efficient -in cases OFDM symbol in PP1 rather than in PP1 which means that
- uses the statistical when the
properties of the correlation
system that use PP1 can get more accuracy of frequency
Methods
-uses theory of channel to increase matrix is response for the frequency selective channel [7].
based on
optimal rank the efficiency of not
eigen -
reduction from matrix circulant,
In [8] authors use methods based on scattered pilots to
decompos
estimation theory multiplication – computatio compare SNR when using different pilot patterns and different
itions interpolation techniques. Authors conclude that the Spline
enables time nal
direction smoothing efficiency Square best fit estimator has better performances than Linear
between two decreases Interpolation at low SNR, while it is opposite at high SNR
transforms (PP1, PP2 and PP3). Methods used by authors in this paper
performed better when using PP1, PP2 and PP3, rather than
PP7 because of the smaller spacing between pilots (more
III. OFDM IN DVB-T2 accurate estimation).
DVB-T2 in combination with MPEG-4 is used in HDTV
and 3D signal transmission. DVB-T2 is an IP oriented IV. IMPROVED CHANNEL ESTIMATION METHODS
protocol that uses generic stream encapsulation which ensures Based on initial channel estimation methods, authors have
that the length of transport stream data blocks can be variable. proposed several improved estimation methods.
Consequently, IP content can be included in the transmission
network [5]. The transmission quality improves with Table II gives an overview of characteristics, advantages
additional coding techniques (LDPC and BCH) and by and disadvantages of the improved OFDM channel estimation
rotating the constellation when using modulation techniques methods.
like QAM with 256 or more constellation points to equalize
the impact of both, real and imaginary components of the A. Methods that employ the LS estimate to estimate the
OFDM signal. Compared to DVB-T, in DVB-T2 OFDM complete frequency-domain transfer function (CTF)
subcarriers form channels or sub-groups, Physical Layer Pipes The corresponding subcarrier CFT value is a sub-channel.
(PLP) with mutually different parameters: modulation type There are fast-Fourier transform-based (FFT) and inverse fast-
(constellation), the level of protective coding (Code rate), Fourier transform based methods. Methods which use FFT
interleaving, etc. OFDM in DVB-T2 is characterized by treat pilot sub-channels as a time-domain sequence and
higher number of subcarriers and the variable length of guard analyze its properties by applying FFT. Methods that use two-
interval [6]. Cyclic prefix (CP) symbol is located in the guard dimensional interpolation can also belong to this group. These
interval. Symbol duration is increased for the duration of the

77
methods have long processing delay and they are more
sensitive, but they are better performance-wise. The best bit-
error-rate (BER) and mean-squared-error (MSE) performance
have minimum mean squared error channel estimation
methods (MMSE). The downsides of MMSE methods are that
they require high computational power, the knowledge of
channel statistics and the perfect timing synchronization [9].
In [10] authors propose the improved mean squared error
channel estimation method by proposing a weighted least
squared method that improves the performance of decision-
directed channel estimation. The method includes the setting
of the diagonal weighting matrix with elements proportional
with the square magnitudes of the constellation points and
solving for the channel impulse response. The computing of
the channel estimate is computes using all received data. By
computing of the impulse response vector with FFT, the
complete channel frequency response at each subcarrier is
obtained. Compared to conventional method, this method
improves performances and reduces MSE at steady SNR of 30
dB.
B. Methods that employ the LS estimate to estimate the time-
domain channel impulse response (CIR)
After estimating the pilot sub-channels, CIR is then
transformed to CTF. These methods usually acquire CIR by
applying the inverse discrete Fourier transformation (IDFT) on
the pilot subcarriers. These methods have multiple problems
like the fact there are inactive subcarriers that cause aliasing
problems in CIR. Also, pilot locations are irregular, thus these
method fail due to the uneven spacing between pilots.
Additional aliasing is sometimes added when the number of
pilots is not a power of two. In that case, a proper sampling
time must be assured by adding zero padding. The same
problem occurs in the previous group of methods as well when
FFT and IFFT are used. There is only one valid solution to this
aliasing problem. Aliasing can only be reduced by applying a
window function to a pilot sub-channel before applying any of
the Fourier transformation, but in that case the signal-to-noise
(SNR) ratio of marginal sub-carriers reduces [9].
Authors in [11] propose an improved channel estimation
method that employs LS estimation, but although it is on
domain-transform process, it does not require IDFT. Authors
propose simpler matrix for obtaining CIR compared to other
estimation methods whose size does not depend on length of
OFDM symbol. Compared to other estimation methods, this
method is more robust to timing synchronization errors, it is
easier to compute due to smaller matrix, it works for any
frequency pilot pattern and it is less sensitive to Doppler
frequency shifts because it uses only one OFDM symbol for
channel estimation.
In [11] authors propose a channel estimation method that is
simple to implement and that can be used only in very slow
time-varying channel because it is based on averaging the sub-
channel frequency responses of successive OFDM symbols in
time. Although this solution can be used only in slow time-
varying channel, its advantage lies in low computational and
low memory requirements. In this paper author use spline
interpolation and IFFT blocks for channel estimation. In a case
78
of faster time-varying channels, the estimator fails due to
Doppler Effect.
C. Methods that employ the time-domain sequence of
modulated pilot subcarriers for CIR estimation
The common problem in these methods is unwanted side lobes
around the estimated channel taps which are generated by
inactive subcarriers although they are robust to timing errors.
There are also methods that use convolutional relationship
between the transmitted signal and the CIR, e.g. time-domain
least-squares estimation methods (TDLS) and estimation
method P1 for special OFDM preamble symbol in DVB-T2.
These methods have better MSE performances, have higher
BER and are more robust [9].
Channel estimation method described in [12] is an
improved method that uses devised correlation patterns,
utilizes parts of P1 symbol and it is followed by proposed
successive correlation. In this case inter-symbol interference is
estimated using the channel information. This method
increases system performance and simplifies the system
implementation.
Another method for channel estimation that uses P1
symbol is described in [13]. P1 symbol is detected first and it
is converted into frequency domain using FFT demodulation
so that signaling fields can be decoded. Signaling domain
symbol A is rebuild using those fields and transferred into
time domain symbol A and P1 symbol. Therefore, P1 symbol
is known and used to do least mean squared channel
estimation.
Channel estimation method that uses Hybrid Zadoff-Chu
(ZC) based pilot sequence proposed in [14] shows that without
degrading the pilot channel estimation, an additional time
domain synchronization, more robust than P1, can be achieved
in each OFDM symbol. The ZC sequences are selected so that
they can assure low ripple needed for valid channel
estimation. This method ensures the improvement in detection
performance while maintaining the same channel estimation
performance, but there is still room for improvements in terms
of adapting the proposed structure to other configurations of
DVB-T2.
One of the more innovative sparse channel estimation
methods use methods provided by the Compressed Sensing
theory (CS) [15]. In sparse channel estimation it is assumed
that impulse response vector is approximately sparse. The
measurement equation can be solved for the given impulse
response vector with methods provided by CS theory provided
that OFDM provides an inherent sensing model. Authors
conclude that relatively simple pilot selection strategies for
each possible configuration of the standard lead to useful
results.
Authors in [16] also propose improved channel estimation
technique with CS techniques. The orthogonal matching
pursuit algorithm (OMP-QR) is modified to avoid ill
conditioned partial DFT matrix which results in noise
enhancement mitigation. This method also introduces
performance enhancements in a form of better BER
performance that the conventional OMP-QR algorithm.
 TABLE II. COMPARISON OF THE IMPROVED OFDM CHANNEL ESTIMATION METHODS

Method group Method characteristics

name Basic characteristics Advantages Disadvantages
-FFT and IFFT based methods
Methods that -FFT treat pilot sub-channels are used as a time-
- long processing delay
employ the LS domain sequence
-better performances -additional sensitivity
estimate to - propose the improved MMSE method sets of the
-MMSE have the best BER and -additional aliasing
estimate the diagonal weighting matrix with elements proportional
MSE performance -MMSE methods require high
complete with the square magnitudes of the constellation points
-MSE reduced at steady SNR computational power, the knowledge of
frequency- [10]
of 30 dB [10] channel statistics and the perfect timing
domain transfer -the complete channel frequency response at each
synchronization [9]
function (CTF) subcarrier is obtained by computing of the impulse
response vector with FFT
- more robust to timing -inactive subcarriers that cause aliasing
synchronization errors problems in CIR
Methods that - easier to compute due to -pilot locations are irregular
-acquire CIR by applying the inverse discrete Fourier
employ the LS smaller matrix -additional aliasing
transformation (IDFT) on the pilot subcarriers.
estimate to -works for any frequency pilot -when attending the aliasing problem the
-LS estimation, that does not require IDFT rather uses
estimate the time- pattern SNR ratio of marginal sub-carriers reduces
a simle matrix for obtaining CIR [11]
domain channel -less sensitive to Doppler [9]
-based on averaging the sub-channel frequency
impulse response frequency shifts because it uses - when using spline interpolation and IFFT
responses of successive OFDM symbols in time
(CIR) only one OFDM symbol for blocks for channel estimation, in a case of
channel estimation [11] faster time-varying channels, the estimator
-low memory requirements fails due to Doppler Effect [11]
-convolutional relationship between the transmitted
-better MSE performances
signal and the CIR, e.g. time-domain least-squares
-higher BER
estimation methods (TDLS) and estimation method
-more robust to timing errors
P1 for special OFDM preamble symbol in DVB-T2 is -unwanted side lobes around the estimated
[9]
used channel taps which are generated by
Methods that - increased system performance
-devised correlation patterns that utilizes parts of P1 inactive subcarriers
employ the time- -simplified system
symbol are used in [12] -adapting the proposed structure to other
domain sequence implementation [12]
-P1 symbol is detected first and it is converted into configurations of DVB-T2 is needed [14]
of modulated -additional, more robust time
frequency domain using FFT demodulation in [13] -accuracy is dependent on the SNR and the
pilot subcarriers domain synchronization [14]
-implement Hybrid Zadoff-Chu (ZC) based pilot channel model [17]
for CIR -improvement in detection
sequence [14]
estimation performance while maintaining
-implement the CS theory [15]
the same channel estimation
-in [16] the ill conditioned partial DFT matrix ia
performance
avoided by using the modified OMP-QR
- low memory and processing
-adaptive averaging channel estimation using DS
power requirements [17]
information is used in [17] and [18]
-based on data itself
- improved robustness [19]
-use nearly no frequency domain pilots
Methods for -outperform the normal CD3
-based on CD3 channel estimation method that uses -some performance loss if the system is
channel algorithm and pilot-based
PP8 pilot patterns [19] compared to the ideal one
estimation estimation methods
-in [20] superimposed techniques based on addition -not suitable for MISO systems [20]
without pilots -higher bit-rates compared to
of the training sequence to the information data in
pilot-based methods [20]
frequency or time domain are used

The ill conditioned partial DFT matrix is avoided by
introducing check to see if a time-domain tap location is
suitable by using only already computed variables.
Adaptive averaging channel estimation (AACE) in DVB-
T2 systems is discussed in [17-18]. In both papers the authors
propose adaptive averaging channel estimation using Doppler
Shift (DS) information. The method is based on a Doppler
Shift from the variations of the envelope of the edge pilots so
that estimation of the time interval where the channel can be
considered as flat can be done. The scattered pilots carried
within the received OFDM symbols during the given time
interval are then stored and averaged after adaptively adjusting
a buffer. The estimation of the channel is obtained by
interpolation of the pilots. This method increases
performances my reducing the noise in the averaging process
(the Additive Gaussian White Noise has zero mean). Also,
systems that implement the proposed method have low
memory and processing power requirements as well as they
are low in implementation complexity. The accuracy of this
model increases with the Doppler frequency, but it is still
dependent on the SNR and the channel model.
D. Methods for channel estimation without pilots
Channel estimation can also be based on data itself.
Authors in [19] propose the improved method for channel
estimation that improves robustness but uses nearly no
frequency domain pilots. This method basically includes a
novel algorithm based on CD3 channel estimation method that
uses PP8 pilot patterns. The absolute value of the transmitted
QAM constellation symbol determines the amplification of
noise on each OFDM subcarrier. Usually boosted pilots are
used in transmission systems because they are transmitted at
higher amplitude in relation to normal data. The receiver
basically recognizes those pilots as constellation points before

79
the decoder. This method uses the same principle in a way that
uses outer constellation points for channel estimation. After
this modification and usual interpolation, the CD3 algorithm is
used. This method outperforms the normal CD3 algorithm and
pilot-based estimation methods, but has some performance
loss if the system is compared to the ideal one. Still this
approach has not been used for MISO transmission as it
requires the channel estimation of two separate transfer
functions.
Another approach of channel estimation without pilots is
given in [20]. The authors propose a low complexity
superimposed channel estimation method that provides higher
bit-rates compared to pilot-based methods. Superimposed
techniques are based on addition of the training sequence to
the information data in frequency or time domain. In that case
it is investigated in a single-input-ingle-output (SISO) case.
Although this approach has also high spectral efficiency, it is
suitable for single frequency networks not MISO systems.
V. CONCLUSION
This paper gives an overview of the OFDM channel
estimation methods that includes the classification of the
standard channel estimation methods and the classification of
the improved channel estimation methods developed in recent
years. Although the literature states that there are three
approaches in estimating channel transfer function: pilot
symbols, scattered pilot tones and eigenvalue-decomposition-
based methods, mainly methods that use scattered pilot
patterns are used in recent studies. Recent studies show that
every approach has certain problems such as low SNR or high
BER higher at certain frequency ranges, but methods
developed in recent years all record progress in terms of
performance. Though there are methods that are not pilot-
based, they have not been adjusted to contemporary systems
that commonly use multiple frequencies.
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