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1.Objective
1.1 To study the behavior of flow though a sluice gate in various conditions
1.2 To study the Coefficient of discharge (Cd )
1.3 To construct the Calibration curves of sluice gate.
2. Experimental apparatus
The experimental apparatus for this experiment consists of rectangular flume with the
sluice gate inside, depth gauge, and stop watch.
3. Theory
Sluice gate are used for flow control and discharge measurement.
Figure3 Flow under sluice gate (Roberson, John & Clayton Crowe,1990)
Like Flow Through Orifice minimum cross-sectional area (vena contracta) is slightly
downstream from the gate
Ideal Flow Theory (No Energy Losses)
Q V A1
(1)
(3)
The subcritical and supercritical flows are two of the three areas for the solution. The
third area of the solution has a negative value of y, which is meaningless for open
channel flow. (Henderson 1966)
Figure 4 Graph is shown relationship between specific energy and flow depth
(Roberson, John & Clayton Crowe,1990)
Fx γ×Vx ×Q
=
(8)
Becomes
1 2 2
Q× ( V 1−V 2 ) + b ( y 1− y 2 )
Fg 2
=
γ¿
(9)
Where
γ = density of water
g (in the drawing) = gravity constant
Q = flow rate
v1,y1 = upstream velocity and depth
v2,y2 = downstream velocity and depth
b = width of rectangular channel
Figure5 Force by Momentum Equation (Roberson, John & Clayton Crowe,1990)
Figure6 Free flow conditions (Thompson 1980; Thompson and Warsi 1982;
Masliyah et al. 1985).
Vena contracta
Figure8 Submerged flow condition (Thompson 1980; Thompson and Warsi 1982;
Masliyah et al. 1985).
Eddy current
Bernoulli’s Equation is energy equation for an ideal fluid (friction and energy losses
assumed negligible.) which is derived to the question for using to calculation in this
laboratory as follow:
V2 P V2 P
Z1+ + Z + +
2g γ = 2
2g γ (10)
Q1 Q2
A1 A2
¿ ¿
¿ = ¿ (11)
¿2 ¿2
¿ ¿
Z 1 +¿ Z 2 +¿
Q1 Q2
A1 A2
¿ ¿
¿ = ¿ (12)
¿2 ¿2
¿ ¿
y 1+ ¿ y 2+ ¿
Q
q=
unit discharge, B
From (3.1);
2 2
q q
− y 2− y 1
2 g y 1 2 g y 22
2
= (13)
q2 1 1
− ¿ y 2− y 1
2g )( y 21 y 22 =
¿
(14)
2
q y 22 − y 21
¿ y 2− y 1
2g )( y 21 y 22 =
¿
(15)
q2 ( y 2+ y 1 ) ( y 2 − y 1)
¿ y 2− y 1
2g )( y 21 y 12 =
¿
(16)
2 ( y 21 y 22 ) × ( y 2− y 2 ) ×2 g
q = ( y 2 + y 1 ) ( y 2 − y 1)
(17)
2 ( y 21 y 22 ×2 g )
q = ( y 2+ y 1 )
(18)
√y 2
1y 22 × 2 g
Q= y2 + y1 (19)
y 1 y 2 √2 g
Q= y 2+ y 1
(20)
Q = C d W √2 g y 1 (21)
Cd = Coefficient of discharge
q (actual)
q(theory) = Cd ¿ 1
(22)
q
Cd
= W √2 g y1
Bernoulli’s Equation
2 2
V V
y 1+ = y 2+ (23)
2g 2g
q2 q2
y 1+ y 2+
2 g y1 = 2 g y1 (24)
Momentum Equation
F = ma (25)
y 22 q2 y 23 q2
+ +
2 g y2 = 2 g y3 (26)
Free Flow
(27)
Submerged Flow
q = C d W √2 g y 1 (28)
4 Experiment Procedure
4.1 Open the sluice gate for 15 mm.
4.2 Turn on the water pump and then open the valve.
4.3 Wait until the water level does not change, measure the water depth y1 and y2 for a
free flow.
Figure10 Measure the water depth y1 and y2
4.4 Measure the discharge by using the notched-weir downstream of the basin. Use
the equationQ = [1.166Hw]2.5 to calculate the discharge.
4.5 Adjust the weir on the downstream of the flume until the Eddy current is occurred
downstream of the gate. Wait until the water level does not change, measure the water
depth y1 and y3 for a submerge flow.
4.6 Adjust the weir to get the different 3 more point of y1 and y3.
4.7 Increase the water discharge by adjusting the valve. Repeat the step number 4.3-
4.6 again. Use totally 4 discharges.
4.8 Open the sluice gate about 25 mm.
4.9 Repeat the step number 3-7 again.