Professional Documents
Culture Documents
áš
M
Fourier transform
el
av
-P
2
EO
EO2 – Lecture 2
31
Pavel Máša
XE
a
f (t) = Ak e Ak = f (t)e¡jk!0t dt
áš
k=¡1 T 0
M
Series frequency spectra is discrete
el
av
Circuits in the sinusoidal steady state must be solved step
-P
by step (very laborious)
2
We can expand only periodic waveforms
EO
31
XE
? What if we connect to the circuit single pulse source?
? How to find output voltage by one computation, not laborious
step by step calculation, term by term?
XE31EO2 - Pavel Máša - Fourier Transform
FOURIER SERIES – PERIOD EXTENSION
What if we will extend period of rectangular pulse?
Or narrow rectangular pulse?
a
áš
M
el
av
-P
2
EO
31
XE
a
áš
M
el
av
-P
2
EO
31
XE
a
¾ Initially discrete frequency becomes continuous
áš
¾ Magnitude of frequency spectra (primarily distinct harmonics) tends to 0
M
el
Coefficients (harmonics) have to be multiplied by period T (or → 0 !)
av
-P
2
EO
31
XE
Direct Fourier transform
a
áš
M
el
av
• If T → ∞, then
-P
Inverse Fourier transform
2
EO
31
XE
) So far is possible, we don’t use definition integral directly, but we try to
use transform properties and known transforms
a
áš
1 considerably restrictive condition, when transform is not applicable to so common
M
waveform, such as unit step function (DC voltage / current)
el
¾ It satisfies condition
av
-P
2
EO
31
XE
L Transform is essential tool of description of frequency properties of discrete
systems (sound and image digital processing – CD, SACD and DVD
players, home cinemas, …)
jU(j!)j
a
áš
M
el
av
-P
2
Fourier transform
EO
31
XE
Dumping is essential to satisfy
Function is „stretched“
conditions of existence of the transform
it has limited frequency resolution
a
áš
Time shifting f (t) = f1(t ¡ t0) F(j!) = F1(j!)e¡j!t0
M
Frequency shifting j!0 t
¡ ¢
F(j!) = F1 j(! ¡ !0)
el
f (t) = f1(t)e
(modulation)
av
dnf1(t)
-P
f (t) = F(j!) = (j!)n F1(j!)
dtn
Differentiation
2
dnF1 (j!)
EO
f (t) = (¡t) f1(t)n
F(j!) =
d(j!)n
31
Z t F1 (j!)
F(j!) =
XE
0
0
Find the Fourier series of rectangular waveform on the figure.
a
Um = 2 V, T = 0.1 s, t0 = 0.025 s
áš
M
el
av
-P
0.4
2
0.2
EO
0
31
-0.2
XE
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Find the Fourier transform of the rectangular pulse on the figure. Compare result with Fourier
series above.
Um = 2 V, t0 = 0.025 s
a
áš
M
el
av
transform
-P
0.04
0.02
2
0
EO
-0.02
31
-1000 -800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000
XE
0.4
series
0.2
-0.2
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Magnitude of Fourier transform changes with the length of the pulse!
XE31EO2 - Pavel Máša - Fourier Transform
EXAMPLE 2
U2
U1
0
0
t0
Find the Fourier transform of the pulse on the figure.
a
U1 = 1 V, U2 = 2V, t0 = 0.05 s
áš
M
• The waveform may be considered as superposition of two distinct waveforms
– rectangular, Um = 1 V
el
– saw tooth, Um = 1 V
av
-P
¾ We know the transform of rectangular waveform from previous example, but we have to
modify it – the magnitude is different, as well as time t0 and it is shifted in time
2
applied properties are scaling, a = 0.5 and time shifting within -0.025 s
EO
31
XE
a
áš
M
2. Using transfer function (same, as in sinusoidal steady state), find transform of output voltage
el
av
3. Using inverse transform we find output voltage waveform
-P
2
EO
) When we know input and output voltage waveforms, we can find frequency
response of the circuit
31
1. Find Fourier transform of input waveform
XE
2. Find Fourier transform of output waveform
3. Find transfer function of the circuit
0 t0 t
Integrating network in the figure is excited by rectangular pulse on the figure. Find waveform of
a
áš
the output voltage.
Z · ¸t0
M
t0
e¡j!t Um £ ¡j!t0 ¤
1. U1(j!) = ¡j!t
Um e dt = Um = e ¡1
¡j! ¡j!
el
0 0
av
1
2. P(j!) =
1 + j!RC
-P
1 Um £ ¡j!t0 ¤
3. U2(j!) = ¢
1 + j!RC ¡j!
e ¡1
2
¾ Now, we should „just“ find inverse transform…
½Z
EO t ¾
31
0 1 1 ¡ e¡j!t0
1. We know, 1 is transform of the integral u2(¿ )d¿ = ¢ Um
j! j! 1 + j!RC
XE
0
0
first, we find function u2 (t) and then we will integrate it
1 ¡ e¡j!t0
2. The transform Um e¡j!t0
is superposition of two different functions, is the time delay t0
1 + j!RC
½ ¾
1 1 ¡1t 0 Um ³ ¡ 1 t 1
´
3. ¡1
= e RC ) u2 (t) = e RC ¢ 1(t) ¡ e ¡ RC (t¡t0 )
¢ 1(t ¡ t0)
Z t 1 + j!RC μ Z t RC Z t ¶ RC
0 Um 1 1
h t t¡t0
i
¡ RC ¿ ¡ RC (¿¡t0 ) ¡
4. u2(¿ )d¿ = e d¿ ¡ e d¿ = Um (1 ¡ e RC )1(t) ¡ (1 ¡ e RC )1(t ¡ t0 )
0 RC 0 t0
Note. – it is possible find it more easily – partial fractions, Laplace transform... XE31EO2 - Pavel Máša - Fourier Transform
EXAMPLE
To the input of the circuit we connected the waveform u1 (t) = 10e¡500t V
On the output we measured the waveform u2(t) = 6:¹6(e¡500t ¡ e¡2000t) V
Find transfer function of the circuit. Find suitable circuit diagram.
10
a
U1 (j!) =
áš
j! + 500
M
6:¹6 6:¹6 6:¹6 ¢ 2000 ¡ 6:¹6 ¢ 500 10000
U2(j!) = ¡ = =
el
j! + 500 j! + 2000 (j! + 500)(j! + 2000) (j! + 500)(j! + 2000)
av
10000
-P
U2 (j!) (j!+500)(j!+2000) 1000
P(j!) = = 10
=
U1 (j!) j! + 2000
2
j!+500
EO
31
XE