Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources

Abortion Rights Demonstration​. Photography. ​Britannica ImageQuest​, Encyclopædia Britannica,

25 May 2016.

quest.eb.com/search/139_1919085/1/139_1919085/cite. Accessed 17 Dec 2018.

Women’s views on abortion changed and people started to protest. Feminists got their

point across and drew in big rallies and crowds. Many people disagreed with them

because people wanted families and women to have babies. Some women didn’t want

children and wanted something to protect against pregnancies. This kind of impacted all

races and sexes. It affected women directly because they were the ones that getting the

abortions and contraceptives. Men that want or don’t want a family affected by this by

contraceptives.

"Antebellum Women's Rights." ​American History​, ABC-CLIO, 2018,

americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/1305518. Accessed 18 Dec. 2018. Before

the 20th century, women had few rights and no political power. The Declaration of

Independence (1776) states that “all men are created equal”. Referring to all white men.

This didn’t apply to men of color and women. The Constitution (1789) was written and

ratified by high social positioned white men. They were silent on women’s issues. The

“cult of domesticity” explained women’s roles in society. Women were wives and

mothers and shouldn’t involve themselves in public or political affairs. The women’s
 movement is referred to the first wave of feminism. Both men and women contributed; it

started to gain attention in the 1830s.

Anthony, Susan B. "Susan B. Anthony Fights for Women's Suffrage, 1873." Gale U.S. History

in Context, Gale, 2015. U.S. History in Context,

http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/NQGJZO865039895/UHIC?u=aacpsm&sid=UHIC&

xid=3bbef432. Accessed 19 Dec. 2018. This is the trial of Susan B. Anthony, the

co-founder of the National Woman Suffrage Association in 1869. She’s in trial because

she voted in the 1872 presidential election, it violated New York state law. She went to

trial in 1873.

Judge Hunt: The prisoner will stand up. Has the prisoner anything to say why sentence

shall not be pronounced?

Anthony: Yes, your honor, I have many things to say; for in your ordered verdict of

guilty, you have trampled underfoot, every vital principle of our government. My natural

rights, my civil rights, my political rights, are all alike ignored. Robbed of the

fundamental privilege of citizenship, I am degraded from the status of a citizen to that of

a subject; and not only myself individually, but all of my sex, are, by your honor's

verdict, doomed to political subjection under this so-called republican government.

Hunt: The Court can not listen to a rehearsal of arguments the prisoner's counsel has

already consumed three hours in presenting.

Anthony: May it please your honor, I am not arguing the question, but simply stating the

reasons why sentence can not, in justice, be pronounced against me. Your denial of my

citizen's rights to vote is the denial of my right of consent as one of the governed, the
denial of my right of representation as one of the taxed, the denial of my right to a trial by

a jury of my peers as an offender against the law, therefore, the denial of my sacred rights

to life, liberty, property, and—

Hunt: The Court can not allow the prisoner to go on.

Anthony: Of all my prosecutors,…not one is my peer, but each and all are my political

sovereigns; and had your honor submitted my case to the jury, as was clearly your duty,

even then I should have had cause of protest, for not one those men was my peer; but,

native or foreign, white or black, rich or poor, educated or ignorant, awake or asleep,

sober or drunk, each and every man of them was political superior; hence, in no sense,

my peer.… [J]ury, judge, counsel, must all be of the superior class.

Hunt: The Court must insist—the prisoner has been tried according to the established

forms of law.

Anthony: Yes, your honor, but by forms of law all made by men, interpreted by men,

administered by men, in favor of men, and against women; and hence, your honor's

ordered verdict of guilty, against a United States citizen for the exercise of “that citizen's

right to vote,” simply because that citizen was a woman and not a man. But, yesterday,

the same man-made forms of law declared it a crime punishable with $1,000 fine and six

months' imprisonment, for you, or me, or any of us, to give a cup of cold water, a crust of

bread, or a night's shelter to a panting fugitive as he was tracking his way to Canada. And

every man or woman in whose veins caused a drop of human sympathy violated that

wicked law, reckless of consequences, and was justified in so doing. As then the slaves

who got their freedom [had to] take it over, or under, or through the unjust forms of law,
precisely so now must women, to get their right to a voice in this Government, take it;

and I have taken mine, and mean to take it at every possible opportunity.

Hunt: The Court orders the prisoner to sit down. It will not allow another word.

Anthony: When I was brought before your honor for trial, I hoped for a broad and liberal

interpretation of the Constitution and its recent amendments, that should declare all

United States citizens under its protecting aegis—that should declare equality of rights

the national guarantee to all persons born or naturalized in the United States. But failing

to get this justice—failing, even, to get a jury not of my peers—I ask not leniency at your

hands—but rather the full rigors of the law.

Hunt: The court must insist—The prisoner will stand up. The sentence of the Court is that

you pay a fine of one hundred dollars and the costs of the prosecution.

Anthony: May it please your honor, I shall never pay a dollar of your unjust penalty. All

the stock in trade I possess is a $10,000 debt, incurred by publishing my paper—The

Revolution—four years ago, the sole object of which was to educate all women to do

precisely as I have done, rebel against your man-made, unjust, unconstitutional forms of

law, that tax, fine, imprison, and hang women, while they deny them the right of

representation in the Government; and I shall work on with might and main to pay every

dollar of that honest debt, but not a penny shall go to this unjust claim. And I shall

earnestly and persistently continue to urge all women to the practical recognition of the

old revolutionary maxim, that “Resistance to tyranny is obedience to God.”

Hunt: Madam, the Court will not order you committed until the fine is paid.
By, J. C. (1923, Feb 18). FEMINISM AND FETID LITERATURE. ​New York Times

(1923-Current File)​ Retrieved from

https://search.proquest.com/docview/103231357?accountid=340 Shows what feminism

was defined as in the 20th century. Shows the difference between how we today view

feminism, and how people back then did.In the article, it says how women have been

protesting not being equal to men. This is a triumph and a tragedy.It is a triumph because

people and newspapers were noticing, which was good.It was a tragedy because they

were protesting, which is never good. Also, how feminism was defined was awful.

By, Betty F. "FEMINISM TAKES A NEW TURN." ​New York Times (1923-Current file)​, Nov

18, 1979, pp. 6​. ProQuest,​

https://search.proquest.com/docview/123914427?accountid=340. Betty Friedan went an

“equal opportunity employer”. His “executive assistant” was in her 20s or 30s and was

dressed for success. She was a “glorified secretary with a fancy title in a dead-end job:

The woman who she replaced had just been promoted to the position of ‘creative vice

president’”. The lady complained that the “creative vice president” was an early radical

feminist that never wanted children or to marry. Another woman in her third year of

Harvard Medical School becoming a surgeon said how she never wanted to “be a trapped

housewife like my (her) mother”.

By, M. B. (1973, Dec 10). Many companies revising maternity leave policies. ​New York Times

(1923-Current File)​ Retrieved from

https://search.proquest.com/docview/119717072?accountid=340 Maternity leave came

up as a problem that the U.S. government and employers had to deal with. Women that
 wanted to have children or had young children were the center of the problem. Pregnant

women must be granted leaves of absence when they are pregnant. They are entitled to

come back when their maternity leave is over without loss of seniority and other

benefits. Forcing a woman to quit because she is pregnant is illegal and considered

discrimination of sex under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1965. Women get

recognized that starting a family will not put their position at work in jeopardy. Women

can still discriminated against by their coworkers, especially by their male ones, that they

are able to leave just because they are having a baby. This act will not impact every

group of people, this really only affects females, or males if they are taking a paternity

leave.

CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN - (1860-1935). American feminist, writer, and reformer.

Photograph, c1900.. Fine Art. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May

2016.

quest.eb.com/search/140_1696261/1/140_1696261/cite. Accessed 12 Dec 2018. This is Charlotte

Perkins Gilman (1860-1935). This photo was taken about 1900. American feminist,

writer, and reformer.

Chilberg, Laura Colmenero. "New York Radical Women." ​American History,​ ABC-CLIO, 2018,

americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/2148960. Accessed 12 Dec. 2018. New

York Radical Women, 1967 through 1969 was the leading feminist organization during

the second wave of feminism. The organization is sometimes confused with the New

York Radical Feminists, also located in New York City.Radical feminists are different
 moderate feminists.Moderate feminists sought to modify existing social and political

systems. New York Radical Women was started by a group of young friends in 1967,

Pam Allen, Shulamith Firestone, Ros Baxandall, Carol Hanisch, Patricia Mainardi, Robin

Morgan, Irene Peslikis, Kathie Sarachild, and Ellen Willis.The organization was inspired

by the ideology of the “New Left Movement”. New Leftists were liberal radicals that

opposed the “Establishment”: the traditional authority structures in America. New York

Radical Women found sexist attitudes of the male-dominated antiwar and civil rights

movements. They were not sensitive to women’s rights.

CRITICIZES WOMEN FOR FUN, SAYS SEE. (1924, Apr 04). ​New York Times (1923-Current

File)​ Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/103305528?accountid=340

Manufacturer claims that females not having equal pay to men was “a yearly thing”. Says

how women fuss that not having equal to men is wrong. He thinks that it is the norm and

to happens every year.

"The Degraded Status of Woman in the Bible." Family in Society: Essential Primary Sources,

edited by K. Lee Lerner, et al., Gale, 2006, pp. 246-250. U.S. History in Context,

http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX2688300100/UHIC?u=aacpsm&sid=UHIC&xid=e

603d4ee. Accessed 19 Dec. 2018. Back before America was created, the Bible was

created; a holy book for Christians. Throughout the book, women are degraded and are

treated badly. Many people detest this fact, and say that they were only really degraded in

the Old Testament, but there is some evidence that proves that women were degraded in
 the New Testament. One letter from an apostle to a church proves my point:

"Wives, obey your husbands. If you would know anything, ask your husbands at home.

Let your women keep silence in the churches, with their heads covered. Let not your

women usurp authority over the man, for as Christ is the head of the church so is the man

the head of the woman. Man was prior in creation, the woman was of the man, therefore

shall be in subjection to him."

In the Bible, women are an afterthought in creation. Women’s roles are to make babies,

to marry and to be property of her partner. She is forced into all these things; bound for

life.

"Equal Pay Act of 1963." ​Human and Civil Rights: Essential Primary Sources,​ edited by

Adrienne Wilmoth Lerner, et al., Gale, 2006, pp. 263-265. ​U.S. History in Context​,

http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX2560000102/UHIC?u=aacpsm&sid=UHIC&xid=d

2feb236. Accessed 17 Dec. 2018. Soon after women started to get into the workforce,

they wanted equal pay. Sexism was, and still is alive in the workplace. Even though they

did the same amount of work, sexist employers paid men much more. Some people still

believed that men should be the “provider” for their family. While the wife, if she did

work, got paid lower than her husband. When women got paid the same amount as won,

women everywhere finally won. Even though equal pay was an amazing thing, women

got put down by their fellow male employees. Women of color got paid less than white
 women; and they got paid a lot less than men in general; especially white men. Not every

woman was significantly impacted.

ERA DEBATE, 1978. - A debate on Women's Rights at the University of Chicago. From left:

Phyllis Schlafly, Betty Wood, and Betty Friedan. Photographed 1978.​. Fine Art.

Britannica ImageQuest​, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.

quest.eb.com/search/140_1702075/1/140_1702075/cite. Accessed 19 Jan 2019.

GARDENER & PAUL, c1910. - American reformers and women's rights advocated Helen

Gardener (1853-1925) and Alice Paul (1885-1977). Photograph, c1910.. Fine Art.

Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.

quest.eb.com/search/140_1692749/1/140_1692749/cite. Accessed 19 Dec 2018. Helen Gardener

and Alice Paul in 1910. They are American reformers and women’s rights advocates.

They were apart of the Suffrage Movement. Women didn’t have a lot of rights. Feminists

inspired many other women to join the movement.

GERMANY HATES FEMINISM. (1917, Oct 14). ​New York Times (1857-1922)​Retrieved from

https://search.proquest.com/docview/99848264?accountid=340 At that time, America

was the land of feminism.“Land of privileged womanhood". America is at war with

Germany, that when claimed as feminists, strongly detest that fact; and accept the fact

that itself is masculinity is largely accepted. Herr Voechting wrote a book called “The

American Cult of Women”. Congratulated Germany on being safe from “the danger that

is engulfing the United States”, aka, feminism.

Gloria Steinem​. Photograph. ​Britannica ImageQuest,​ Encyclopædia Britannica, 31 Aug 2017.

quest.eb.com/search/139_1850739/1/139_1850739/cite. Accessed 19 Jan 2019.

Grimké, Angelina. "Angelina Grimké Condemns Slavery, 1838." Gale U.S. History in Context,

Gale, 2015. U.S. History in Context,

http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/HWTNKQ522616086/UHIC?u=aacpsm&sid=UHIC

&xid=4caaa9ec. Accessed 19 Dec. 2018. Angelina Grimke was a former slave and also a

feminist. In the world at that time, there was still slavery and women had little to no

rights. Slaves were treated badly, especially if you were a women. People like Angelina

Grimke helped other women stand up for their rights.

“Women of Philadelphia! Allow me as a Southern woman, with much attachment to the

land of my birth, to entreat you to come up to this work. Especially, let me urge you to

petition. Men may settle this and other questions at the ballot-box, but you have no such

right. It is only through petitions that you can reach the legislature. It is, therefore,

peculiarly your duty to petition. Do you say, “It does no good!” The South already turns

pale at the number sent. They have read the reports of the proceedings of Congress and

they have seen that among other petitions were very many from the women of the North

on the subject of slavery. Men who hold the rod over slaves rule in the councils of the

nation; and they deny our right to petition and remonstrate against the abuses of our sex

and our kind. We have these rights, however, from our God. Only let us exercise them,

and, though often turned away unanswered, let us remember the influence of importunity

upon the unjust judge and act accordingly. The fact that the South looks jealousy upon

our measures shows that they are effectual. There is, therefore, no cause for doubting or
 despair.”

“It was remarked in England that women did much to abolish slavery in her colonies. Nor

are they now idle. Numerous petitions from them have recently been presented to the

queen to abolish apprenticeship, with its cruelties, nearly equal to those of the system

whose place it supplies. One petition, two miles and a quarter long, has been presented.

And do you think these labors will be in vain? Let the history of the past answer. When

the women of these states send up to Congress such a petition our legislators will arise, as

did those of England, and say: “When all the maids and matrons of the land are knocking

at our doors we must legislate.” Let the zeal and love, the faith and works of our English

sisters quicken ours; that while the slaves continue to suffer, and when they shout for

deliverance, we may feel the satisfaction of ‘having done what we could.’”

Iraqi Women Protest Over Rights In Baghdad​. Photographer. ​Britannica ImageQuest​,

Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.

quest.eb.com/search/115_2760187/1/115_2760187/cite. Accessed 18 Jan 2019.

Jean-Paul Sartre . Photograph. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.

quest.eb.com/search/108_249624/1/108_249624/cite. Accessed 11 Dec 2018. Jean-Paul Sartre is

a political journalist. Portrait of Sartre from a panel on the promotion Letters of the Ecole

Normale Supérieure, large school for training of teachers, - Ecole Normale Supérieure,

Paris, France.

Jean-Paul Sartre . Photograph. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.

quest.eb.com/search/108_246453/1/108_246453/cite. Accessed 11 Dec 2018. Authors, poets,

philosophers, and reformers. Taken in 1945.

Marie Stopes, British feminist, 1933.. Photograph. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia

Britannica, 25 May 2016.

quest.eb.com/search/102_541290/1/102_541290/cite. Accessed 12 Dec 2018. This is Mary

Stopes, a British feminists. Made in 1933. Advocating for birth control or contraception.

"Married Women's Property Act of 1848." ​Family in Society: Essential Primary Sources​, edited

by K. Lee Lerner, et al., Gale, 2006, pp. 225-228. ​U.S. History in Context​,

http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX2688300093/UHIC?u=aacpsm&sid=UHIC&xid=0

88bbf70. Accessed 19 Dec. 2018. During the mid 19th century in the United States,

women were considered property, not an individual. Even if the women inherited land or

owned land, the land would go to her spouse, a male. When a woman was married, the

property (woman) would to be transferred from the father to the husband. As in that now

that person would own that property. In 1848, if a man died with land in his possession

and no will, the land would go to his widowed wife. The only property rights a woman

would have would be in marriage.

McBeath, Carter John. "Women's Rights Convention of 1851." ​American History,​ ABC-CLIO,

2018, americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/1456997. Accessed 18 Dec. 2018.

Sojourner Truth gave the famous “Ain’t I a Woman?” speech at the Women’s Rights

Convention on May 29, 1851. This event advocated for expanding women’s rights. Led

by Frances Dana Barker Gage in Arkon, Ohio. Gage reported that many men and

ministers were rude to the feminists. In Truth’s speech, she said how women were just as
 capable as men to work, suffer and reason. For those reasons Truth said that they deserve

equal rights.

"Miss America Protest." ​American History,​ ABC-CLIO, 2018,

americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/295872. Accessed 14 Dec. 2018. The

National Women’s Liberation Movement. Protest against the 1968 Miss America

Pageant. One of the well known demonstrations of feminist movements. The Miss

America Pageant believes that it sets false dreams and expectations for women. Triumph:

They got their point across. Tragedy: The Miss America Pageant still went on and didn’t

change the minds of the head of the event.

"Mother Leaves Family for Work." ​American History,​ ABC-CLIO, 2018,

americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/1279679. Accessed 14 Dec. 2018. After

World War II, the Soviet Union was one of the world’s superpowers, with the United

States. The U.S. and the Soviet Union were rivals competing against each other. This was

known as the Cold War, 1947-1991. The U.S. needed men and women to help rise

against the Soviet Union. Women went to factories to help beat the Soviet Union. During

the 1950s and 60s, more women went to work just because the Soviet Union and the

United States were at war with each other.

"My Wife's Joined the Suffrage Movement" Postcard. Photograph. Britannica ImageQuest,

Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.

quest.eb.com/search/129_1712030/1/129_1712030/cite. Accessed 19 Dec 2018. Shows irony

about how the man is now doing all the cleaning instead of the woman. Says how he’s
 “suffered ever since” because now he’s doing the work. Showing that when women join

the Suffrage Movement, they make their husbands do all the housework.

New York, New York: August 26, 1971.Sign carrying feminists wave their calling cards as they

demonstrate inside Tom Brown's Bar, a male only establishment in Lower Manhattan..​

Photograph. ​Britannica ImageQuest,​ Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.

quest.eb.com/search/183_367014/1/183_367014/cite. Accessed 17 Dec 2018. Feminists

protesting against a sexist, all male bar. In the 21st century there is not a lot of “male only

establishments” in America. Feminism has opened the eyes for millions of Americans,

men and women, to respect women and to involve women. The triumph of the story is

that feminists have impacted the generation after them to include women and not be

sexist. The tragedy is that discrimination and sexism is happening today.

"The 1970s saw an influx of women elected or re-elected to the U.S. Congress, including (l-r):

Martha..." ​American Social Reform Movements Reference Library​, edited by Carol

Brennan, et al., vol. 2: Almanac, UXL, 2007. ​U.S. History in Context,​

http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/PC2587187124/UHIC?u=aacpsm&sid=UHIC&xid=a

5e9a1c1. Accessed 13 Dec. 2018. The 1970s saw a rise of women elected or re-elected to

the U.S. Congress. Left to right: Martha Griffiths, Shirley Chisholm, Elizabeth Holtzman,

Barbara Jordan, Yvonne Brathwaite Burke and Bella Abzug. Shows triumph because

more women were in higher positions. Shows tragedy because men were still

discriminating against them and trying to bring them down. This is still happening today.
Pro-Choice rally​. Photography. ​Britannica ImageQuest,​ Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.

quest.eb.com/search/139_1909604/1/139_1909604/cite. Accessed 18 Jan 2019.

SARTRE & BEAUVOIR, 1970​. Photograph. ​Britannica ImageQuest,​ Encyclopædia Britannica,

31 Aug 2017.

quest.eb.com/search/140_1799975/1/140_1799975/cite. Accessed 28 Nov 2018.

"The Seneca Falls Convention, and the Birth of the Feminist Movement in America." The

Seneca Falls Convention, and the Birth of the Feminist Movement in America, 23 Aug.

2016. U.S. History in Context,

http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/ZRZWZN358641769/UHIC?u=aacpsm&sid=UHIC&

xid=c0e05029. Accessed 19 Dec. 2018. Women not having a lot of rights sparked up

men and women to petition to go to lawmakers to demand more rights. It was only for

women, only women could come; but when men signed up, they did not refuse. Things

that were happening in women’s everyday lives is what caused more and more women to

demand more rights. Women were getting harrased, taken control of and not valued

everyday.

Simone de Beauvoir​ . Photograph. ​Britannica ImageQuest​, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May

2016.

quest.eb.com/search/108_246440/1/108_246440/cite. Accessed 27 Nov 2018. This

picture shows Simone de Beauvoir and her fellow feminists sitting down and some

standing up. Beauvoir is the 6th one, in the front row. Even though these ladies have had

fails and defeats, they were triumphant while taking this photo, and in the end. Simone de
 Beauvoir and some other feminists in high school. They are authors, philosophers, poets,

and reformers.

Simone De Beauvoir.​ Photographer. ​Britannica ImageQuest,​ Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May

2016.

quest.eb.com/search/115_2670538/1/115_2670538/cite. Accessed 28 Nov 2018. French

author and feminist, Simone de Beauvoir, known a lifelong association with Jean-Paul

Sartre.

Simone de Beauvoir / Photo / c.1950​. Photograph. ​Britannica ImageQuest,​ Encyclopædia

Britannica, 25 May 2016.

quest.eb.com/search/109_130606/1/109_130606/cite. Accessed 28 Nov 2018.EXPORT

In 1950. Simone de Beauvoir, french writer. Partner of Jean-Paul Sartre.

"Simone De Beauvoir: Quote on Literature." ​World at War: Understanding Conflict and Society,​

ABC-CLIO, 2018, worldatwar.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/788411. Accessed 30 Nov.

2018.

"Simone De Beauvoir: Quote on Women and Inequality." ​World at War: Understanding Conflict

and Society​, ABC-CLIO, 2018, worldatwar.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/788283.

Accessed 30 Nov. 2018. Quote: "It is not the inferiority of women that has caused their

historical insignificance; it is rather their historical insignificance that has doomed them

to inferiority."

(The Second Sex, 1949)

Simone de Beauvoir explains how lower status of women has not caused historical

insignifiance, the historical significance has caused a lower status of women socially. A
 reason why women would want to be on the same status as men because they were not

valued before. This triggered the movement.

"Simone De Beauvoir: Quote Sexism." ​World at War: Understanding Conflict and Society​,

ABC-CLIO, 2018, worldatwar.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/788409. Accessed 30 Nov.

2018. Quote: "No one is more arrogant toward women, more aggressive or scornful, than

the man who is anxious about his virility."

(The Second Sex, 1949)

Tells that no one is more arrogant, aggressive or unworthy than a man who boast about

himself. Shows how sexism pushed women to have equal rights. One of the many

triggers; harassment from men to women was not fair.

Slutwalk On Auckland's Streets.​ Photography. ​Britannica ImageQuest​, Encyclopædia Britannica,

25 May 2016.

quest.eb.com/search/115_3867835/1/115_3867835/cite. Accessed 18 Jan 2019.

Sojourner Truth, African American abolitionist and champion of women's rights. Born into

slavery as Isabella Baumfree (1797-1883) she escaped to freedom in 1826. Changed her

name in 1843. . Photography. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May

2016.

quest.eb.com/search/300_2280012/1/300_2280012/cite. Accessed 18 Dec 2018. Sojourner Truth

was an African American abolitionist and a former slave. She fought for equal rights for

women. She believed that women could do as much as men, and even more; that’s why
 they wanted them to be equal. She was one of the most influential women in the first

wave of feminism.

SUFFRAGE PARADE, 1913. Crowd of spectators on Pennsylvania Avenue watching the

women's suffrage parade held in Washington, D.C., 3 March 1913.​. Photograph.

Britannica ImageQuest​, Encyclopædia Britannica, 31 Aug 2017.

quest.eb.com/search/140_1802509/1/140_1802509/cite. Accessed 18 Jan 2019.

SUFFRAGE PARADE, c1915. - A Women's Rights advocate in a streetcar advertising the Susan

B. Anthony Pageant for Women's Suffrage, Washington, D.C. Photographed c1915-16..​

Fine Art. ​Britannica ImageQuest,​ Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.

quest.eb.com/search/140_1695938/1/140_1695938/cite. Accessed 19 Jan 2019.

Suffragists On Boat​. Photography. ​Britannica ImageQuest​, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May

2016.

quest.eb.com/search/139_1909750/1/139_1909750/cite. Accessed 20 Jan 2019.

TALK ON FEMINISM STIRS GREAT CROWD. (1914, Feb 18). ​New York Times (1857-1922)

Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/97580313?accountid=340 “Freedom

For Women, Speakers Agree, Is Goal of the Movement”-Title. Twelve speakers answer

the question of “What is feminism?”. More men than women in the audience. Quote said

at meeting: “some fight, some fate, some fun” by Rose Young. That what she said

feminism was to her. Edwin Bjorkman said that feminism was “that woman shall have

the same right as man to be different”.

Thousands of demonstrators gather 09 April 1995 in.​ Photographer. ​Britannica ImageQuest​,

Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.

quest.eb.com/search/115_2752843/1/115_2752843/cite. Accessed 19 Jan 2019.

Women's Rights Activist Dorothy Height​. Photographer. ​Britannica ImageQuest,​ Encyclopædia

Britannica, 25 May 2016.

quest.eb.com/search/115_2246036/1/115_2246036/cite. Accessed 19 Jan 2019.

Women's Rights Demonstration.​ Photograph. ​Britannica ImageQuest,​ Encyclopædia Britannica,

31 Aug 2017.

quest.eb.com/search/139_1844871/1/139_1844871/cite. Accessed 18 Jan 2019.

WOMEN'S RIGHTS MOVEMENT. - A satirical view of the women's rights movement from an

American magazine of 1852..​ Fine Art. ​Britannica ImageQuest​, Encyclopædia

Britannica, 25 May 2016.

quest.eb.com/search/140_1667517/1/140_1667517/cite. Accessed 30 Nov 2018.

WOMEN'S RIGHTS PARADE, 1913. A women's rights parade in New York City, 3 May 1913.​.

Photograph. ​Britannica ImageQuest,​ Encyclopædia Britannica, 31 Aug 2017.

quest.eb.com/search/140_1798989/1/140_1798989/cite. Accessed 29 Nov 2018. Shows

women marching to get the same rights as men. Women didn’t have much independence

from men and wanted to break free.They were being harrassed and couldn’t really talk or

do anything about it. So they marched for their right. In Manhattan Women’s Rights

March/Rally. May of 1913.

"Women's Suffrage Pioneers." Gale U.S. History in Context, Gale, 2013. U.S. History in

Context,
 http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/XLSRGD690098263/UHIC?u=aacpsm&sid=UHIC&

xid=901362ba. Accessed 19 Dec. 2018. These statues in Washington D.C. represent

significant figures in women’s suffrage. By 1920, the 19th Amendment was ratified, it

granted women the right to vote. From left to right: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B.

Anthony and Lucretia Mott. This was a big triumph for women because all their life they

weren’t given the right to vote. Now getting that right is amazing.

Women Take To The Streets Demanding Equality In Iraq.​ Photographer. ​Britannica ImageQuest​,

Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.

quest.eb.com/search/115_2753183/1/115_2753183/cite. Accessed 19 Jan 2019.

Secondary Sources

"Audre Lorde." ​American History,​ ABC-CLIO, 2018,

americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/255688. Accessed 12 Dec. 2018. Hero to

American feminists because of her fearlessness and poetic gifts. Audre Lorde was the

leading poet after World War II. Lorde explored in her work her difficulty with sexuality

and her personal battle with cancer. Her first poetry, “The First Cities” was published in

1968. Some of her most notable poems are “American Cancer Society”, “The Brown

Menace or Poem to the Survival of Roaches” and “There is More Than One Way to Skin

a Coon”. Her poems focused on racism, discrimination, and exploitation of women.

Avila, Rolando. "Bill of Rights for Women (1967)." ​American History​, ABC-CLIO, 2018,

americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/2148519. Accessed 14 Dec. 2018. The Bill

 of Rights for Women (BRW) was the start of the second wave of feminism. The National

Organization for Women (NOW) drew up the bill in Washington D.C. in 1967 which

outlined the eight lines for the movement. Even though the Civil Rights Act of 1964

banned discrimination of race and sex, the lack of enforcement made NOW leaders

establish the eight goals. Goal #1 called for Congress to “immediately” pass the Equal

Rights Act (ERA) which was ensure equal law under the basis of sex. Goal #2 banned

sex discrimination in employment. Goal #3 demanded maternity leaves rights and social

security rights. Goal #4 called for a revision of tax laws to grant tax deductions for child

care and home expenses for working parents. Goal #5 demanded public facilities for

young children. Goal #6 demanded that women should be able to reach their full potential

through equal and desegregated access to educational opportunities in colleges, graduate

schools, professional schools and fellowships. Goal #7 demanded equal job training

opportunities and equal house allowances for both sexes. Goal #8 demanded the right of

women to have control other their reproduction. This goal wanted removal of laws that

limited women's access to contraceptive information, contraceptive devices, and safe

abortions. Shows triumph because these feminists have worked hard and protested for the

rights same as a man. Shows tragedy because it took this long to get these rights.

"Beauvoir, Simone De: Introduction." ​20th Century, Authors (A-G),​ edited by Jessica Bomarito

and Jeffrey W. Hunter, Detroit, Gale, 2005, pp. 125-26. ​U.S. History in Context,​

link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3441600359/UHIC?u=aacpsm&sid=UHIC&xid=72b8f9

c9. Accessed 30 Nov. 2018. Simone de Beauvoir wrote the “Second Sex”, it had a wide

range of women being the second class and status throughout history. She addressed
 women’s social, economic, and political status. She defined the meaning of womanhood.

Leading feminist theorist. First full-length “socio-philosophical examination” of

women’s status in different societies.

"Beauvoir's The Second Sex Anticipates the Women's Movement, June, 1949-November, 1949."

Historic World Events,​ Gale, 2012. ​World History in Context​,

http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/BT2359070248/WHIC?u=aacpsm&sid=WHIC&xid=

6cdb58e3. Accessed 17 Dec. 2018. Simone de Beauvoir’s “The Second Sex” portrayed

women as unequal and second-class citizens. It took ten years for the book’s controversy

to die down. Many more women started to realize things because of this book. Many

women started to protest and speak up about what was going on around them Beauvoir

started doing interviews about the book. Classes about women place in society started to

pop up and women were getting more involved. With this book, the second wave of

feminism to form with women of all ages getting into it.

"Black Feminism in the United States." ​Encyclopedia of Race and Racism​, edited by John

Hartwell Moore, vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2008, pp. 198-200. ​U.S. History in

Context,​

http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX2831200066/UHIC?u=aacpsm&sid=UHIC&xid=5

3d32e3b. Accessed 29 Nov. 2018. Race and gender were still not equal. As people were

trying to including gender, they were not including race. Black women were shown as

“masculine and sexualized”. Black feminism gave to black nationalism, even with its
 gender problem.

Blum, Edward J. ​America in the World, 1776 to the Present: A Supplement to the Dictionary of

American History.​ Farmington Hills, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2016. ​U.S. History in

Context.​ This source shows how women were treated before they took at stand. This

shows what triggered women to come together and get the rights that they needed and

wanted for so long. This article supports tragedy because not having independence for

women was a tragedy. Feminist also had loses along the way to independence. The

triumph is that they got freedom in the end.

Hillstrom, Laurie Collier. "Sexual Harassment of Women in the Workplace." ​American History,​

ABC-CLIO, 2018, americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/2159302. Accessed 13

Dec. 2018. Title VII of the Civil Rights of 1964 created equal participation for women in

the American workforce. It prohibited discrimination of gender in employment. It opened

doors for new job opportunities. The percentage of women working doubled in next years

of this law passing. From 14% in 1966 to 27% in 1972. Women were subjected sexual

innuendos, lewd behavior, pinching, groping, propositions and coercions in the late 1960s

and early 1970s by men. Male dominance and female subordination was, and still in a

typical American workplace. Shows triumph because more women were going out and

getting a job so they could make money and rise up in a society that felt like women were

not valued as much as men. Shows tragedy because now women were getting harassed in

another place. They still weren’t given the respect that they have worked hard to earn.
Newman, Jason. "Women in the Workplace." ​American History,​ ABC-CLIO, 2018,

americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/263292. Accessed 29 Nov. 2018. As the

United States evolved as a capitalist society, the role of women shifted overtime. By the

end of the 19th century, women started working in factories. ¼ of the 100,000 women

working in New York City, were in the manufacturing section by 1860. ⅔ of women

industrial laborers worked in clothing trade. 10% of white women had paying jobs in

1860.During the Civil War, women on both sides had dangerous, like spies. Wealthy and

elite women took on jobs as lawyers and doctors.

The New York Times.​ N.d. ​U.S. History in Context,​

link.galegroup.com/apps/pub/2NYT/UHIC?u=aacpsm&sid=UHIC. Accessed 27 Nov.

2018.

"The 1970s: Lifestyles and Social Trends: Overview." ​American Decades,​ edited by Judith S.

Baughman, et al., vol. 8: 1970-1979, Gale, 2001. ​U.S. History in Context,​

http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3468302751/UHIC?u=aacpsm&sid=UHIC&xid=b

fc89552. Accessed 13 Dec. 2018. Most controversial aspect of the 1970s. The New Left

and student movements demanded a participatory democracy and change to the status

quo. The 70s offered “the politics of empathy”. Less confrontational society and a more

nurturing one. Feminists attacked sexual subordination and male-dominance. Feminists

demanded access to male-dominated businesses and universities. Feminists battled for

equal rights and rights to having abortions. Feminism was blamed for permissiveness and
 the creation of poor workforce. Resulted in the Soviet Union advancing pass the United

States.

"Sartre, Jean-Paul." ​International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences,​ edited by William A.

Darity, Jr., 2nd ed., vol. 7, Macmillan Reference USA, 2008, pp. 327-328. ​U.S. History in

Context,​

http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3045302334/UHIC?u=aacpsm&sid=UHIC&xid=6

fcf8aa5. Accessed 10 Dec. 2018. Jean-Paul Sartre was born was born in Paris on June 13,

1905. Died on April 15, 1980.Studied philosophy.Sartre was a prisoner of war in World

War II from 1940 to 1941. Sartre was a celebrity at the end of World War II. He fought

against anti-Semitism. He supported Third World liberation and workers’ struggles. He

protested against the Vietnam War.He joined the strikers movement of the late 1960s.

Schuler, Morgan. "First-Wave Feminism." ​American History,​ ABC-CLIO, 2018,

americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/1895365. Accessed 6 Dec. 2018. The first

wave of feminism. First wave of feminism: A Nation in Upheaval 1954-1975. First wave

of feminism was the original movement that promoted equality of women to men. Later

half of 19th century to to early 20th century. First wave feminists advocated for political

rights, women’s suffrage movement (the forefront of their efforts), and female access to

education. The 19th amendment gave women the right to vote. The 19th amendment

brought the first wave of feminism to a end. After a lot of protests, they finally got the

right to vote. Feminists and women everywhere were affected.

Tuana, Nancy. "Philosophies: Feminist, Twentieth-Century." ​New Dictionary of the History of

Ideas,​ edited by Maryanne Cline Horowitz, vol. 4, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005, pp.

1766-1769. ​U.S. History in Context,​

http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3424300586/UHIC?u=aacpsm&sid=UHIC&xid=8

d35ceee. Accessed 6 Dec. 2018. The term “feminism” is used to reference social

movements. The “Second Sex” by Simone de Beauvoir is one of the first lived

experiences of “becoming a women”. Beauvoir examines what triggered women feeling

like they were inferior to men. Women as being “other”. Beauvoir’s philosophical

insights are shown in her phrase, “One is not born a woman: one becomes a woman.”

The ways in which a woman is “produced” through stereotypes such as marriage,

motherhood, and sexuality.

"Women and Civil Rights Struggles." ​Civil Rights in the United States​, edited by Waldo E.

Martin, Jr. and Patricia Sullivan, New York, Macmillan Reference USA, 2000. ​U.S.

History in Context,​

link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/BT2338231250/UHIC?u=aacpsm&sid=UHIC&xid=c10ef4

58. Accessed 29 Nov. 2018. It shows how women were treated before they decided to

stand up for themselves. Shows how each race of women stood up for themselves and

others. Shows what they did with that power. It connects to triumph because they show

how women overcome their struggles. It connects to tragedy because women not having

independence and being put down was not good.