MINIMIZING PENALTY IN INDUSTRIALPOWER

FACTOR CORRECTION BY ENGAGING APFC

UNIT
In the present technological revolution power is very precious. So we need to find
out the causes of power loss and improve the power system. Due to industrialization
the use of inductive load increases and hence power system losses its efficiency. So
we need to improve the power factor with a suitable method of automatic power
factor correction. This study undertakes the design and simulation of an automatic
power factor correction that is developed using arduino microcontroller ATmega328
Automatic power factor correction device reads power factor from line voltage and
line current. This time values are then calibrated as phase angle and corresponding
power factor.

The display used was 4X16 liquid crystal display module. The motherboard calculates
the compensation requirement and accordingly switches on different capacitor
banks will run. This automatic power factor correction technique can be applied to
the industries, power systems and also households to make them stable and due to
that the system becomes stable and efficiency of the system as well as the apparatus
increases. The use of microcontroller reduces the costs and the customers become
beneficial according to the simulated output because the power factor of the specific
selected industry is corrected from 0.66 to 0.92 improved value.

1 Introduction
The power factor of an AC electric power system is defined as the measurement of the
degree towhich a given load matches that of a pure résistance. It is a ratio of average po
wer of a y given
load to average power of a resistive load for same voltage and current magnitude and it
s value isalso between 0 and 1. Active power is the actual amount of the power being u
sed, or dissipated,in a circuit is called active power (P), and it is measured in watts. Act
ive power is the product ofthe sinusoidal voltage and current wave form. Reactive pow
er is the power consumed in the accircuit because of the inductive and capacitive field.
The unit used for measuring reactive poweris KVAR [1]. Apparent power is the combi
nation of the active power and reactive power. It isthe product of a circuit voltage and c
urrent without reference to phase angle. Apparent power(S)
is measured in the unit of voltamps (VA). It is greater than the active power and reactiv
e power.Because of the reactive power is the energy stored in the circuit and it is negati
ve or the currentlags the voltage by phase angle goes back to the source or due to mism
atched load that distortsthe generated wave form the power source. A load with a pow
er factor unity is the purelyresistive load, because the sinusoidal voltage and sinusoida
l current wave form is in phase or thephase angle difference between the voltage and th
e current is zero [2].

A poor power factor canbe the result of a significant phase between the applied voltage
and the current at the loadterminals or it can be due to a high harmonic content or dist
orted (discontinuous current waveform). The poor load current phase angle can be gen
erally the result of inductive loads such asinduction motor, power transformers and lig
hting ballasts. A distorted current wave form can bethe result of rectifier, variable spee
d drive, switched mode power supply and other electric loads.Low power factor loads i
ncreases losses in power supply and distribution system and it increases
the cost in electricity in bills. Since the purely resistive ac circuit of the sinusoidal volta
ge andcurrent waveforms are in phase; changing polarity at the same instant in each cy
cle circuitscontaining purely resistive heating elements such as filament lamps and coo
king stoves have apower factor of 1.0. Circuits containing inductive or capacitive elem
ents such as lamp ballastsand motors often have a power factor below 1.0[3]. Reactive
power compensation has beenincreasing, mainly because of the way in which energy s
upplier charge a customer for reactive
power. In addition to the above explanation, the energy price is growing, what force th
e industryplants and individual customers to minimize energy consumption, includi
ng reactive power.
Generally there are solutions that allow handle the problem of reactive power compens
ation. Thefirst one is reactive power compensator using power factor capacitors. This i
s very importantcompensating device, due to economic reasons and they are very chea
p comparing with activefilters by means of electric motors [4].
To be successive with work they accomplish the main thing is power uses for any orga
nizationmean that whether governmental or nongovernmental the key problem always
they face are thepower quality. This occurs due to the loss of power happen on transmis
sion and also due toimproper distribution of the system especially in industry. This situ
ation presents problem ofpoor power factor by the result of either a significant phase di
fference between the voltage andthe current at the load terminals. Due to the occurrenc
e of Poor power factor the cost of theelectricity bills in the customer’s increases.

1.1.Power triangle

The cosine of the angle blow is also equal to KW per KVA so you can think of the pow
er factoras the ratio of real power to what you measure with a volt and amp meter (appa
rent power). Ifthey are equal, then your power factor is one.Reactive power is not a pro
blem for a motor and is required for its operation. It is a problem for
the electric utility company when they charge for KW only. If two customers both use t
he sameamount of real energy but one has a power factor of 0.5, then that customer als
o draws doublethe current [7-9].

Figure 1: Power angle circuit

The main objective of the proposed system is design of automatic power factor correcti
on usingmicrocontroller software. Specifically;

 To design an automatic power factor correction using an arduino micro-

controller in C
language for improving the poor power factor by adding parallel capacitors to t
he motorterminals

 To develop an automatically corrected power factor to establish design paramet

ers.
  To simulate the established control concepts relative to its corresponding input
and outputrelationship and control frame work.
This study significantly provides an important study results for cost effective, reliable a
nd fasterpower factor corrector. Thus the result of designing power factor corrector for
small industrialenterprises will have the following significances.
It minimizes value of reactive power in the power triangle by connecting the capacitanc
eof the capacitor to the motor terminals to make the apparent and real power to become
inphase.

 It reduces of voltage drop in long cables.

 It minimizes the reactive power and phase angle difference between the s
inusoidalvoltages and current wave shapes. This can result to decrease the pow
er consumption andpower losses, the cost will also be less than the recent.

 It improve low power factor by using power factor correction and this m
ethod isimportant in minimizing the wasted energy.

 It improves efficiency of a plant and reducing the electricity bill but not necessa
ry to reach power factor unity.
2. Materials and Methods

In this context the design of the automatic power factor correction, the procedures used
in thedesign, the material and data analysis based on specific place are studied. In the
past era whentechnology is not advanced many industrial organization face problem to
perform their task inefficient way. One reason for this problem is the use of small powe
r factor which has great affectfor machine to work properly (need large maintenance). I
n this study we took one specific area at
Debre Markos, Ethiopia, Selam Flour Factory to overcome this problem. This fac
tory uses small
power factor of 0.66, now the power factor will be corrected by connecting capacitor b
ankparallel with the load. For this work the collected data from Selam Flour Factory is
shown table1.As in the table, based on the collected data the design for correcting the s
ystem power factor wasdone.
Figure 2: The functional block diagram for designing automatic power factor correctio
n
Power Control Circuit

Transformer
The main function of the transformer I the APFC panel is to step down the input AC 23
0Vvoltage. Then this output voltage is given to the rectifier unit.
Rectifier
The main function of the rectifier is to convert the AC voltage into the DC output. In th
e APFCpanel we are using the bridge rectifier.

Voltage regulator

The main function of the voltage regulator is to convert the variable output DC voltage
into theconstant DC voltage. The U LM317 is used as a voltage regulator. It gives the t
wo different DCsupply for the working of microcontroller and LCD display.
Current transformer
The main function of the current transformer is to step down the current in a measurabl
e value.Basically the C.T. senses the load current in the line. The part of the C.T. is its t
ransformationratio on which it will transform the current. These ratios are such as 100
A/10A, 50A/5A, etc.then this C.T sends the signal to the microcontroller [10-12].
2.1.Design Calculation For Capacitor Size
Customer of electric power wants to increase his power factor to 0.92 to avoid paying p
owerfactor penalties that are being charged by the electrical utility. Calculate how muc
h reactivepower compensation / power factor correction they need to install to raise the
power factor to0.92 [13-14].
From table 1

we can calculate reactive and active power to go for our next design calculation
part.Total active power (P) used = 505.8 KW in previous reading\

Average = 505.8 / 12= 41.15 KW

Total reactive power (Q) used = 544.68 KVAR in previous reading
Average = 544.68 KVAR / 12=45.39 KVAR
Total active power (P) used = 501.9 KW in present reading
Average = 501.9 / 12= 41.82 KW

Note: Block rate for all month is 0.5778.

Total reactive power (Q) used = 524.04 KVAR in present reading

Average = 524.04 KVAR / 12= 43.67 KVAR

The following step was used for design calculation;

Step1: Calculate the apparent power before corrected (S in KVA)

 P = S x PF
Then, S old = P / Pf = 41.82 KW /0.66= 63.36 KVA
Step 2: The average reactive power from the above table calculation;
Q old = 44.53 KVAR
Step 3: Calculate new apparent power for the desired power factor (S in KVA)

P = S x PF
S new = P / PF = 41.82 KW / 0.92= 45.45 KVA
Step 4: Calculate reactive power at desired power factor (Q new in KVAR)
S2 = P2 + Q2, then Q2 = S2 – P
2 2 2

Q new = √ (45.45 KVA 2 – 41.82 KW 2)

= √ (716.264)
Q new= 17.8 KVAR
Step 5: Calculate the capacitive reactive power correction needed
Q old – Q new = Q required
Q required = 44.53 KVAR – 17.8 KVAR
= 26.73 KVAR
Hence for per phase we divide total KVAR value for three, which means reactive powe
r required for each phase is:
= 26.73 KVAR / 3
= 8.91 KVAR
From the above calculation the total current before capacitor added is calculated as foll
ows Apparent power = V rms x I rms (5)
Irms of the Snew = 45.45 / 380V
= 119.6 A
Active component of I active = I rms cos φ= 119.6 A x 0.66= 78.93 A
Reactive component of current
I old reactive= I rms sinφ, first let we find φ value.
φ = cos-1 (0.66) = 48.7 degree
sin(48.7) = 0.75,
then reactive component of IL = I sin φ= 119.6 A x 0.75 = 89.7 AThe new Reactive co
mponent of the current is equal to;
I new reactive = Irms sin φ
but cos-1(0.92) = 23.07 degree, so sin φ = 0.392
= 119.6A x 0.392 = 46.88 A
Therefore to connect the capacitor bank in star connection the capacitor line current is
calculatedfrom the difference of corrected reactive current from uncorrected reactive c
urrent.
IC = I old reactive- I new reactive = 89.7 A – 46.88 A= 42.82 A
Per phase capacitor current (ICP) = IC = 42.82 A
ICP = V ph / XC = 2𝝅fcVph Where V ph is equal to √3
times line voltage
C = I cp /2𝝅fVph= 42.82 A / 2𝝅 x 50Hz x √3(380V)= 207.09 x 10-6 F
Therefore each capacitor value can be 69.03 x 10-6 Farad
To calculate capacitive reactance;
Therefore XC = 1 / 2𝝅fc=1/ 2𝝅 X 50 x 207.09 x 10-6 Farad
= 15.37 ῼ
Step 6: To calculate the inductive reactance the first thing is; we have to solve for induc
tor, aswe have.
XL = Q / I rms2 = 17.8 KVAR / (119.6)2= 1.24 ῼ
Inductance, L =XL/2𝝅 x f (6)
L = 1.24 ῼ / 2 𝝅 x 50 Hz= 3.97 x 10-3 H
We have the following for protection of capacitor bank;
Fuse
Size of the fuse =165% to 200% of Capacitor Charging current.Size of the fuse=1.85 x
42.82 A Size of the fuse= 79.2 A
Circuit Breaker
The circuit breaker should be sized no less than 135% of the rated capacitor current:
Rated Capacitor Current = (Q new / Voltage) Amps
Rated Capacitor Current = (17.8 x 1000)/380V= 46.84 A
The breaker shall be rated to carry the current equal to 78.42 A x 135% or 63.2 A conti
nuously in its operating environment.

Contactors for Capacitors Switching

An automatic power factor correction system consists of several capacitor banks of ide
ntical ordifferent ratings (several steps), energized separately according to the value of
the power factorto be corrected. An electronic device automatically determines the po
wer of the steps to beenergized and activates the relevant contactors. The inrush curren
t peak, in the case of automaticcorrection, depends on the power of the steps already on
duty, and can reach 100 times thenominal current of the step to be energized.
I1 = 17.8 KVAR / V
I1 = 17.8 KVAR / 380V = 46.8 A
The contactor operating currents Ie = 46.8 A then the selected contactors’ have to carry
capacity of 46.8 A

Figure 3: Over all capacitor bank protection circuit

2.2.Cost Analysis

To calculate the cost paid before corrected and after corrected we have as follows. The c
ost paid per KVA is 0.67 birr analyzed from the gathered data.
 Before Corrected
S = 63.36 KVA per month
Per month payment = 0.67birr/KVA x 63.36 KVA = 42.45 birr/month
Per year payment = 594.41 birr
After Corrected
S = 44.53 KVA per month
Per month payment = 44.53 KVA x 0.67 birr/KVA = 29.83 birr/month
Per year payment = 358.02 birr
Saved birr = Before corrected per year – After corrected per year
Saved birr = 236.38 birr
Table 3: before corrected and after corrected data
3. Results and Discussions

3.1. The Development

The overall system designed for automatic power correction is shown according to the ci
rcuit diagram blow

3.2.Power Supply

The input supply 220V AC is given to the primary of the transformer (Transforme
r is anelectromechanical static device which transform one coil to another without
changing itsfrequency) due to the magnetic effect of the coil the flux is induced in the pr
imary is transfer tothe secondary coil. The output of the secondary coil is given to the dio
des. Here the diodes areconnected in bridge type. Diodes are used for rectification purpo
ses. The output of the bridge
circuit is not pure dc, somewhat rippled ac is also present. For that capacitor is connected
at theoutput of the diodes to remove the unwanted ac, capacitor are also used for filterin
g purpose.
Figure 5: Power control circuit simulation

3.3. CT and VT Connection Diagram

In this part of the designed circuit the VT (voltage transformer) and CT (current transfor
mer) areused to control our voltage before entering the arduino microcontroller ATmega
328 through thepin1 and pin 0. In this case the 380V stepped down and controlled to 5V
which is given for
microcontroller. The resistor is used to shift the voltage level

3.4. Relay

The load capacity found in the industry were not constant i.e. May be varied from time to
time,for that case relay used as feedback when the load capability is changed i.e. the rela
y is out offfunction at normal load level but closed when capacity of load increase to kee
p our power factor efficient.
3.5.The Simulation
An automatic power factor correction is the principle based on the automatic to develop t
hat thecircuit blow is designed to perform the automatic operation. In the industrial appli
cation there isthe time when load is increased, at that time the system may affected becau
se lose. This is thereason why power factor is low, to overcome this when the load is ad
ded the relay is activated.The relay activated performs operation automatically to input t
he capacitor bank into the system.
The inductive loads are connected in parallel with in each other and capacitor bank prote
ction isconnected in parallel with that inductive load. The microcontroller used to read th
e current andvoltage level for determining our power as well as power factor. The RV1 i
s used to adjust thecolour of the liquid crystal display. The arduino ATmega 328 microc
ontroller is used to read
analog input and convert it into digital from the input data as it programmed. Then the liq
uidcrystal display, display the result it get from the microcontroller. The analog in
put for themicrocontroller voltage input at pin1 and current input at pin 0. The transistor
used as a switch inthis design is connected to digital output pin 1. The digital output give
n to the LCDs are pin 11,
pin 12, pin 13, pin 14, pin 6, and pin 4.
The objective of this paper is implemented a new technology for power factor correction of
3 phase induction motor as correction of power factor is essential. So we need to find out
the cause of power loss and correct the power system. In this study, many small rating
capacitors are connected in parallel and a reference power factor is set as desired value into
the microcontroller.

The starting of capacitor is more impracticable then we used appropriate number of static
capacitor is automatically connected according to the directive of microcontroller be
corrected the power factor near to unity. Voltage and current transformers have been
connect for transforming load voltage and current respectively to bring them in specific
working range of microcontroller. It is proven in this action that phase difference between
voltage and current can be determine using zero crossing detector, opt-coupler and the
basic function of microcontroller.The major advantages and disadvantages are highlighted
and the field of application is found.

In the present technological revolution power is very precious so we need to find out the
cause of power loss and improve the power system. Due to industrialization the use of
inductive load increases and hence power system losses its efficiency. So we need to improve
the power factor with a suitable method. Whenever we are thinking about any programmable
device then the embedded technology comes into forefront.

The project is designed to minimize penalty for industrial units by using automatic power
factor correction unit. Power factor is defined as the ratio of real power to apparent power.
This definition is often mathematically represented as kW/kVA, where the numerator is the
active (real) power and the denominator is the (active + reactive) or apparent power. Reactive
power is the non-working power generated by the magnetic and inductive loads, to generate
magnetic flux. The increase in reactive power increases the apparent power, so the power
factor also decreases. Having low power factor, the industry needs more energy to meet its
demand, so the efficiency decreases.

In this proposed system the time lag between the zero voltage pulse and zero current pulse
duly generated by suitable operational amplifier circuits in comparator mode are fed to two
interrupt pins of the microcontroller. It displays the time lag between the current and voltage
on an LCD. The program takes over to actuate appropriate number of relays from its output to
bring shunt capacitors into the load circuit to get the power factor till it reaches near unity.
The microcontroller used in the project belongs to 8051 family.

POWER FACTOR THEORY:

In any AC system the current, and therefore the power, is made up of a number of components based
on the nature of the load consuming the power. These are resistive, inductive and capacitive
components. In the case of a purely resistive load, for example, electrical resistance heating,
incandescent lighting,
etc., the current and the voltage are in phase that is the current follows the voltage. Whereas, in the case
of inductive loads, the current is out of phase with the voltage and it lags behind the voltage. Except for
a
few purely resistive loads and synchronous motors , most of the equipment and appliances in the
present
day consumer installation are inductive in nature, for example, inductive motors of all types, welding
machines, electric arc and induction furnaces, choke coils and magnetic systems , transformers and
regulators, etc. In the case of a capacitive load the current and voltage are again out of phase but now
the current leads the voltage. The most common capacitive loads are the capacitors installed for the
correction of power factor of the load.
The inductive or the capacitive loads are generally termed as the reactive loads. The significance of
these different types of loads is that the active (or true or useful) power can only be consumed in the
resistive portion of the load, where the current and the voltage are in phase. (Watt less or) reactive
power which is necessary for energizing the magnetic circuit of the equipment (and is thus not
available for any useful work). Inductive loads require two forms of power - Working/Active power
(measured in kW) to perform the actual work of creating heat, light, motion, machine output, etc., and
Reactive power (measured in kVAr) to sustain the electromagnetic field. The current known as
wattless current is required to produce the magnetic field
around an electric motor. If there was no watt-less current then an electric motor would not turn. The
problems arise due to the fact that we can sometimes have too much watt-less current, in those cases
we need to remove some of it. The vector combination of these two power components (active and
reactive) is termed as Apparent Power (measured in kVA), the value of which varies considerably for
the same active power depending upon the reactive power drawn by the equipment. The ratio of the
active power (kW) of the load to the apparent power (kVA) of the load is known as the
power factor of the load. It is a measure of how effectively the current is being converted into
useful work output and more particularly is a good indicator of the effect of the load current on the
efficiency of the supply system.
A load with a power factor of 1.0 result in the most efficient loading of the supply and a Load with a
power factor of 0.5 will result in much higher losses in the supply system. Low power factor leads to
large copper losses, poor voltage regulation and reduce handling capacity of the system. The increase
in the load current, increase in power loss, and decrease in efficiency of the overall system Net
industrial load is highly inductive causing a very poor lagging power factor. If this poor power factor is
left uncorrected, the industry will require a high maximum demand from Electricity Board and also
will suffer a penalty for poor power factor. Standard practice is to connect power capacitors in the
power system at appropriate places to compensate the inductive nature of the load.

Disadvantage of low power factor can be easily

understood by an example:
Supplied Voltage = 240 Volts Single phase.
Motor input = 10 KW
Power Factor = 0.65
Current (I1) = Power (kW)/Volts (V)*P.F= 10000/240*0.65 = 64.1 Amp.
If the power factor of the motor is increased to 0.9 the current
Drawn by the motor shall be –
Current (I2) = Power (kW)/Volts (V)*P.F
= 10000/240*0.9 = 46.3 Amp.

Thus, as the power factor decreases the current required for the same value of active, or useful, power
increases. The result is that the sizes of the equipment, like the switchgear, cables, transformers, etc.,
will have to be increased to cater the higher current in the circuit. All this adds to the cost. Further, the
greater current causes increased power loss or I2R losses in the circuits. Also due to higher current, the
conductor temperature rises and hence the life of the insulation is reduced.
So it is evident to improve the power factor by applying certain methods and application doing so will
lead to improve the system quality and will be cost effective A poor power factor due to an inductive
load can be improved by the addition of power factor correction The various conventional methods for
the power factor correction are the using static capacitors, synchronous condensers, phase advancers,
etc. doing so will increase the power factor

The advantages of an improved power factor:

Higher power factors result in–
a) Reduced system losses, and the losses in the cables, lines, and feeder circuits and hence lower
sizes could be opted.
b) Improved system voltages, thus enable maintaining rated voltage to motors, pumps and other
equipment. The voltage drop in supply conductors is a resistive loss, and wastes power heating the
conductors. A 5% drop in voltage means that 5% of your power is wasted as heat before it even reaches
the motor. Improving the power factor, especially at the motor terminals, can improve your efficiency
by
reducing the line current and the line losses.
c) Increased system capacity, by release of kVA capacity of transformers and cables for the same kW,
thus permitting additional loading without immediate augmentation.
d) Reduce power cost due to reduced kVA demand charge and so also by reduced power factor charge.
Example: Let us take an example of an industry with initial load Condition of 5000 kVA at 60% power
factor with a consumption of 19, 20,000 units per month, supplied at 33 KV.
Taking the Tariff as below:
1. Demand charges Rs. 144/kVA/month
2. Energy Charges Rs. 4.11 / Unit
3. PF surcharge for each 1% below 90% 1% of
(Demand charges + Energy Charges)

A. Cost saving due to Power Factor

improvement
(i) As we already know, by improving the power factor there will be a reduction in the kVA
demand of the load. Thus, in this case the kVA MD will drop from 5000 kVA (at 60%) to
3333.33 kVA (at 90%):
Power Factor= cos φ = kW/ kVA

Cosφ1 = 0.6 = kW/kvA1 = kW/5000

=>KW=5000*0.6

Cosφ2 = 0.9 = kW/kVA2

=>KW=kVA2*0.9

For the same value of kW, 5000*0.6=kVA2*0.9 kVA2= (5000*0.6)/0.9 = 3333.33 kVA
Therefore reduction in energy bill due to reduction in maximum demand due to improved
power factor from 0.6 to 0.9 shall be: Rs. 144.00 * (5000-3333.33) = Rs. 240000.48 per
month
(ii) In addition, by increasing the power factor from 60% to 90%, there shall be no power
factor
penalty/surcharge on account of low power factor. Thus the savings due to avoidance of the
PF surcharge per month would be as below: Rs. ((5000-3333)*144*(90-60))*1/100=
Rs.72014.14
(iii) Thus the total monthly reduction in bill due to P.F improvement from 0.6 to 0.9 would
be: Rs. 240000.48 + 72014.14 = Rs. 312014.88 per month. Net reduction per annum =
312014.88*12 = 3744178.56 ~ Rs.37, 44,179/-
B. Cost of investment for Power Factor
improvement:
Size of capacitor required to improve the PF from 0.6 to 0.9
= kVA1* Sinφ1 – kVA2* Sinφ2
=5000*sin (53.1) – 3333.33*Sin (25.84) 5
=5000*0.8 – 3333.33*0.436
=4000-1453=2547 kVAr say 2550 kVAr

If we take the cost of capacitor bank per kVAr as Rs. 200/- ,the cost of the capacitor bank = 2550*200
= Rs.5,10,000/-Cost of switching and associated equipment = Rs. 3,00,000/-
And installation, etc.Total cost = Rs. 8, 10,000/-Annual depreciation and interest@ 20% = Rs.
810000*0.2= Rs. 1,62,000/-Net Annual saving = 37,44,179 - 1,62,000 = Rs.35,82,179/-Net monthly
saving = Rs. 2,98,515/-Therefore payback period = 2.7 months

II-POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT

Unlike Director Current Circuits, where only resistance restricts the current flow, in
Alternating Current Circuits, there are other circuits aspects which determines the
current flow; though these are akin to resistance, they do not consume power, but
loads the system with reactive currents; like D.C. circuits where the current multiplied
by voltage gives watts, here the same gives only VA. Like resistance, these are called
“Reactance”. Reactance is caused by either inductance or by capacitance. The current
drawn by inductance lags the voltage while the one by capacitance leads the voltage.
Almost all industrial loads are inductive in nature and hence draw lagging wattles
current, which unnecessarily load the system, performing no work. Since the
capacitive currents is leading in nature, loading the system with capacitors wipes out
them.
Power factor should be high in order to get smooth operation of the system.
Low power factor means losses will be more.it is the ratio of true power to apparent
power. It has to be ideally 1. If it is too low then cable over heating &equipment
overloading will occur. If it is greater than 1 then load will act as capacitor and starts
feeding the source and will cause tripping. (If pf is poor ex: 0.17 to meet actual power
load has to draw more current (V constant), result in more losses if pf is good ex: 0.95
to meet actual power load has to draw less current (V constant), result in less losses)

(1). The main advantage of using the star delta starter is reduction of current during
the starting of the motor. Starting current is reduced to 3-4 times Of current of Direct
online starting.

(2). Hence the starting current is reduced , the voltage drops during the starting of
motor in systems are reduced.