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Combined Axial and Bending

Categories of Combined Axial and Bending

along with the likely mode of failure:
1. Axial tension and bending; failure usually by yielding
2. Axial compression and bending about one axis; failure by
instability in the plane of bending, without twisting. (transversely
loaded beam-columns that are stable with regard to lateral-
torsional buckling are an example of this category.)
3. Axial compression and bending about the strong axis; failure by
lateral-torsional buckling.
4. Axial compression and biaxial bending – torsionally stiff sections;
failure by instability in one of the principal directions. (W shapes
are usually in this category.)
5. Axial compression and biaxial bending – thin-walled open
sections; failure by combined twisting and bending on these
torsionally weak sections.
6. Axial compression, biaxial bending, and torsion; failure by
combined twisting and bending when plane of bending does not
contain the shear center.

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Design Procedures for Combined

Axial and Bending:
• Limitation on the combined stress
• Semi-empirical interaction formulas, based
on working stress procedures
• Semi-empirical interaction procedures
based on strength > AISC LRFD

12.2 Differential Equation for Axial Compression and Bending

d2y
M z = M i + Py = − EI (1)
dz 2
Dividing by EI and rearranging,
d2y P M
+ y=− i (2)
dz 2 EI EI
Expressing the equation in terms of the moment M z ,
d4y P d2y 1 d 2M i
+ = − (3)
dz 4 EI dz 2 EI dz 2
From equation 1,
d2y M d 4 y 1 d 2M z
2
= − z and = (4)
dz EI dz 4 EI dz 2
Substituting into equation 3,
d 2M z P d 2M i
+ M z = (5)
dz 2 EI dz 2
which has a solution M z = A sin kz + B cos kz + f1 ( z ) (6)

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When M z is a continuous function, the maximum value

may be obtained by differentiation :
dM z df ( z )
= 0 = Ak cos kz − Bk sin kz + 1 (7)
dz dz
for most ordinary loading cases, such as concentrated loads,
uniform loads, end moments, or combinations thereof,
df1 ( z )
=0 (8)
dz
Thus, to get the maximum moment,
Ak cos kz = Bk sin kz (9)
A
tan kz =
B
so that at maximum M z ,
A B
sin kz = , cos kz = (10)
2 2
A +B A + B2 2

Substitution into equation 6 gives,

A2 B2
M z max = + + f1 ( z )
A2 + B 2 A2 + B 2
= A2 + B 2 + f1 ( z ) (11)

Case 1 – Unequal End Moments without

Transverse Loading

M 2 − M1
M i = M1 + z
L
d 2M i
since = 0, then f1 ( z ) = 0 and M z max = A2 + B 2
dz 2
Evaluating the constants A and B using the boundary conditions,
 M − M 1 cos kL 
Mz =  2  sin kz + M 1 cos kz
 sin kL 
Therefore,
2
 M − M 1 cos kL  2
M z max =  2  + M1
 sin kL 
1 − 2(M 1 M 2 ) cos kL + (M 1 M 2 )
2
= M2
sin 2 kL

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Case 2 – Transverse Uniform Loading

w
Mi = z (L − z )
2
d 2M i
= − w therefore f1 ( z ) ≠ 0.
dz 2
Let f1 ( z ) = C1 + C2 z ,
d 2 [ f1 ( z ) ]
=0
dz 2
0 + k 2 (C1 + C2 z ) = − w
Thus C1 = − w k 2
C2 = 0
Therefore, M z = A sin kz + B cos kz − w k 2
Solving for A and B using the boundary conditions,
the maximum moment :
2
w  1 − cos kL  w
M z max =   +1 − 2
k 2  sin kL  k
wL2  8  kL 
=   sec − 1
8  (kL )2  2 

Case 3 – Equal End Moments Without Transverse Loading

2(1 − cos kL )  kL 
M z max = M = M  sec 
sin 2 kL  2 

Secant Formula

Conclusion: The presence of the axial compressive

load causes magnification of the maximum moment
on the beam-column.

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12.3 Moment Magnification – Simplified Treatment for

Members in Single Curvature Without End Translation

 P Pe   α 
y1 = δ 0   = δ0 
1 − P Pe  1−α 
where Pe = π 2 EI L2
Therefore
δ0
ymax = δ 0 + y1 =
1−α
and the maximum bending moment becomes
M z max = M 0 + Py max
= M 0 B1
where
Cm  π 2 EIδ 0 
B1 = and Cm = 1 +  2
− 1α = 1 +ψα
1−α  M 0L 

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12.4 Moment Magnification – Members Subject to End

Moments Only; No joint Translation (Braced Frame)

The maximum moment may

either be (1) the larger
end moment M2 at the
braced location, or (2) the
magnified moment which
occurs at various
locations along the span,
depending on the ratio
M1/M2 and the value of α.
To eliminate the need to
know where the
maximum moment
1 − 2(M 1 M 2 ) cos kL + (M 1 M 2 )
2
occurs, the concept of
equivalent uniform M z max = M 2
sin 2 kL
moment is used which
assumes that Mz max
occurs at midspan.

 1   1 
M z max = M E   = Cm M 2  
1− α  1− α 
Therefore

Cm = M E =
(M 1 M 2 ) − 2(M 1 M 2 ) cos kL + 1
2

M2 2(1 − cos kL)

AISC uses the approximation :

M
Cm = 0.6 + 0.4 1
M2
where M 1 = smaller bending moment at one end of the member
M 2 = larger bending moment at one end of the member

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12.6 Nominal Strength – Instability in the Plane of Bending

Pu M u
+ ≤1
Pn M n

Where Pu = maximum axial compression load when nominal strength is

reached based on interaction relationship
Pn = nominal strength of an axially loaded compression member
based on slenderness ratio KL/r
Mu = maximum moment when the nominal strength is reached
based on the interaction relationship, including the second order
effect (the P-∆ effect)
= M0 Cm/(1-α) (Eq. 12-3.6)
M0 = primary bending moment
Pu M o  Cm 
α = PuL2/π2EI +   ≤1
Cm = 1 + ψα (Εθ. 12.3.9) Pn M n  1 − α 
Mn = maximum moment strength = Mp

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12.9 Biaxial Bending

• Highly complicated behavior

• For lack of any contrary information, an

interaction formula is usually assumed to apply
for biaxial bending:

Pu M ux Cmx M uy Cmy
+ + ≤1
Pn M nx (1 − Pu Pex ) M ny (1 − Pu Pey )

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12.10 AISC Design Criteria – AISC H1.1

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Example 12.10.1 Investigate the acceptability of a W16x67 used as a beam-column in

a braced frame under the loadings shown . Steel is A572 Grade 60.

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Note that the factored primary moment is referred to using the subsript nt
(no translation).
(b) Column effect: Calculate the slenderness ratio KL/r

Since the AISC Manuall Table 4-22 are not available for Fy = 60 ksi, AISC E-3 must be
Used to compute the critical stress Fcr. Thus,

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12.12 Design Procedure – AISC LRFD Method

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12.13 Examples – AISC-LRFD Method

Example 12.13.1

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Example 12.13.2

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References
• Salmon, C.G., Johnson, J.E. and Malhas,
F.A. (2009) Steel Structures Design and
Behavior, Prentice Hall, 5th edition.
• AISC – ASD/LRFD Steel Construction
Manual, 13th edition.

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