THE NEW 200-SERIES : AN ALTERNATIVE ANSWER TO NI. SURCHARGE ?

DREAM OR NIGHTMARE?

Dr. Jacques CHARLES.

U&A, ARCELOR. Immeuble PACIFIC-11,13 cours Valmy F-92070 La Defense cedex.

jacques.charles@arcelor.com

Abstract
For more than 50 years manganese additions have been considered to replace nickel in austenitic
stainless steels. As a result, reductions in alloy surcharge particularly when nickel price are jumping
can be expected. This has result in the development of the so-called 200 series. The grades are
know to have complementary nitrogen additions in order to further stabilize the austenitic phase.
Copper additions have also been successfully considered in order to provide a stable austenite. With
copper additions, nitrogen additions can be reduced providing softer manganese austenitic grades.
The grades until end of last century, with a few exceptions like in India, had only very limited
applications and where selected mainly for their combination of high strength and ductility ( possible
strengthening by very high nitrogen additions and / or by cold deformations ) More recently huge
amount of 200 series have been produced in Asia. The grades have modified chemical compositions
– low chromium additions, extra low nickel additions, ... – and high residual elements like sulfur which
are know to have detrimental effects on localized corrosion resistance ( pitting ). The paper will
present a review of the 200 – series grades and point out the specificities of the new developed
grades. Chemical compositions, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance properties and
applications are presented. The lack of international codes , references for those grades are pointed
out. Finally warnings are addressed for improper uses of those grades which might lead on end-
users.

INTRODUCTION nitrides manganese were replaced by blowing

The 200 series of stainless steels was developed
in the early 1930’s. Although the first chemical
analysis investigated where of 205 kind (Ni
content close to 1% and austenitic phase
stabilized due to simultaneously high Mn and
Nitrogen additions - see Table I - ), the first
grades which received the AISI label in the mid-
fifties were the 201 and 202 grades ( Ni content
around 4 to 6 % and nitrogen additions lower
than .25 % ).They became more popular during
the Korean War to conserve the nickel. In that
time due to Nickel shortage, nickel uses were
mainly restricted to military applications. The
Tenelon grade / AISI 214 grade with less than
2% Ni and about .35%N were produced at the
end of the fifties. The Mn-austenitic grades
containing Mo to improve the corrosion
resistance properties appeared in the mid-
sixties both in US and Europe. Simultaneously
Mn + Cu containing grades were developed
which made it possible to produce 4 / 6 %Ni
austenitic grades (AISI 211 and 203) having
relatively low nitrogen content (< 0.06 %).
Equivalent drawing properties than 304 could be
achieved . The grades started to be popular in the
early 70’s due to new Ni shortage phenomenon’s.
With the new AOD technology nitrogen additions
in the 200 series were made easier and on a
more cost-effective way. Expensive nitrided
ferrochromium, ferromanganese or eventually
gaseous nitrogen in the molten steel in the AOD
vessel. Once again nickel shortage ended and
with high level of availability Ni price was
reduced. For more than 30 years the 304 grade
started to be the standard of the stainless steel
family. His well know properties when
considering corrosion resistance, formability
and weldability made it possible to achieve a
average yearly growth of 6%. 200 series still
had in the eighties and nineties marginal
applications where there attractive properties –
combination of strength (30% higher than 304)
and high ductility - are used. Furthermore some
new grades with very high nitrogen levels ( 0.5
to 1% and more) were developed by a new ESR
process. The small size ingots are obtained by
melting under high nitrogen pressure. Those
alloys are considered for marginal applications.
Indian government, for economical reasons,
decided to limit the Ni importations. As a result
local producers, including Jindal, started to
produce huge quantities of so-called 200 series
grades for local uses. Specific grades were
developed. This includes 4 and 1 %Ni grades with
and without Copper. Most of the production was
restricted to local applications. A real knowledge
concerning their in service properties was
developed so that material selection experience
was build up. With the new century, a new period
of high volatility of nickel price started.

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2 Table I. Chemical analysis of different 200 series grades.

Type Standard Cr Ni Mn N C S OTHERS

201 S20100 16.0 - 18.0 3.5 - 5.5 5.5 - 7.5 0.25MAX 0.15MAX 0.030MAX -
201LN S20153 16.0 - 17.5 4.0 - 5.0 6.4 - 7.5 0.10 - 0.25 0.03MAX 0.015MAX Cu 1.0MAX
202 S20200 17.0 - 19.0 4.0 - 6.0 7.5 - 10.0 0.25MAX 0.15MAX 0.030MAX -
204L S20400 15.0 - 17.0 1.5 - 3.0 7.0 - 9.0 0.15 - 0.3 0.03MAX 0.030MAX
S20430 15.5 - 17.5 1.5 - 3.5 6.5 - 9.0 0.05 - 0.25 0.15MAX 0.030MAX Cu 2.0 - 4.0
205 S20500 15.5 - 17.5 1.5 - 3.5 14.0 - 15.5 0.32 - 40 0.12 - 0.25 0.030MAX
214 S21400 17.0 - 18.5 1.0MAX 14.0 - 16.0 0.35MIN 0.12MAX 0.030MAX
216 S21600 17.5 - 22 5.0 - 7.0 7.5 - 9.0 0.25 - 0.5 0.08MAX 0.030MAX Mo 2.0 - 3.0
S24000 17.0 - 19 2.25 - 3.75 11.5 - 14.5 0.2 - 0.4 0.08MAX 0.030MAX
S32001 19.5 - 21.5 1.0 - 3.0 4.0 - 6.0 0.05 - 0.17 0.03MAX 0.030MAX Cu 1.0MAX

EN 1.4371 16.0 - 17.0 3.5 - 5.5 6.0 - 8.0 0.15 - 0.20 0.03MAX 0.015MAX -
EN 1.4372 16.0 - 18.0 3.5 - 5.5 5.5 - 7.5 0.05 - 0.25 0.15MAX 0.015MAX
EN 1.4373 17.0 - 19.0 4.0 - 6.0 7.5 - 10.5 0.05 - 0.25 0.15MAX 0.030MAX

Simultaneously China became a major consumer phase stability and make it possible to increase
of stainless steel. Part of the tonnage was somewhat the chromium content of the low Ni.
produced locally. The continuous pressure to grades.
obtain low cost grades resulted in the
development of cheaper grades with always less
alloying elements like nickel and even less
chromium. Due to low cost manufacturing routes
or less performing facilities grades with very
high sulfur and carbon containing grades were
sold on the market. Those productions from a
marginal production level moved to hundred of
thousands tons production.

Now about two millions of so-called 200 series

grades are consumed in Asia – mainly China
(Figure 1). Some of the grades are not covered by
international codes or specifications. Some
other are in the international standards or at
least are manufactured with up to date
equipments with a control of the residual
elements like sulfur and carbon which have a
clear impact on the in service properties of the
grades. Several new austenitic manganese
grades were developed recently by major
stainless steel producers . They are designed for
specific applications. The purpose of this paper
is to present mechanical properties, corrosion
resistance properties and manufacturing
properties of the new developed grades (Table
II). Their properties are also compared to those
of the more classical 200 series.
PHASE DIADRAMS / MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
Figures 2 and 3 provide some data concerning
the austenitic phase stability. It is observed that
lower nickel, even with high manganese
contents, reduces the solubility limit of
chromium in the austenitic phase. Hopefully the
manganese additions increase the solubility of
the nitrogen in the austenitic phase which , by
the way, has a powerful effect on austenitic
Figure 1. Stainless Steel Crude Production by
categories in %.
The experimental data provided are issued from
tests performed on industrial plates collected in
different countries. Chemical analysis are
presented Table II. Figure 4 presents the
different grades plotted versus
Mn. and Ni. contents. Most of the 200-series
grades are plotted on a line joining 10%Ni and
16%Mn.
Almost complete replacement of Nickel is
possible by combined Mn. and Nitrogen + Carbon
additions. Lower nickel addition requires more
manganese and nitrogen to stabilize the
austenitic phase. To conclude, austenitic
manganese stainless steels with a nickel content
of 1% or less requires about 10 %Mn with and
more than 0.25% N. to stabilize the austenitic
phase. The strength of the grades due to high N.
contents is about 30% higher than a 304 grade.
Higher draw ability properties may be obtained
with lower nitrogen additions but than chromium
content must be reduced down to 14-15% in
order to preserve the austenitic phase.
Table II. Chemical analysis of different 200 series industrial plates and sheets.

Country Cie Usual name UNS Cr Ni Mn Cu C N S (ppm) Rp0.2 Rm Md

Europe U&A 16-4Mn S20100 16,3 4,1 6,5 0,09 0,16 40 400 770 39,99
U&A 16-7Mn † S20400 16 1,6 7,5 2,9 0,05 0,19 < 10 390 710 28,92
KTN H400 18 3,8 6,8 0,035 0,16 7 450 770 48,35
USA Nitronic 30 S20400 16 2,5 8,5 0,02 0,17 390 830 101,82
Nitronic 19D * S32001 20 1,6 5 0,5 0,02 0,13 500 850 105,8
Allegheny 219 S21904? 21 6 9 0,03 0,25 460 780 -113,86
S.Amer. Acesita P201A - 15,2 1,1 9 1,7 0,1 0,1 <10 370 870 95,36
Acesita P202A - 15,1 4 7,2 1,6 0,06 0,05 <10 310 730 71,87
Acesita P300A † S20400 16,1 1,5 7,4 2,9 0,05 0,18 3 370 745 35,89
Asia Jindal J1 - 15 4 7 1,6 0,06 0,05 60 300 700 74,88
Jindal JI - 16,1 4 7,1 1,7 0,06 0,07 31 46,85
Jindal J4 - 15,5 1 10 1,6 0,09 0,14 60 470 820 74,99
Jindal J4 - 15,9 1 9,7 1,6 0,1 0,15 82 62,73
NTK D10 - 17,5 4,8 3,7 2,8 0,06 0,15 10 355 675 -36,51
Posco 204M S20400 16 2,5 8 0,03 0,25 480 840 64,34
Posco 202 2D - 15,5 4,8 7,4 1,2 0,06 0,07 10 43,91
Posco 204 2D - 14,4 1,04 10,3 1,2 0,05 0,16 5 107,28
CHX1 - - 15 1,1 9,6 1,7 0,1 0,14 123 74,7
CHX2 - - 11,3 1,1 12,8 0,08 0,13 0,045 60 176,16

Figure 4. Ni and Mn contents in stainless steels

Figure 2. Effect of Cr and Mn on nitrogen
alloys
solubility.

Figure 3. Austenite stability at 1075 °C (Franks) Figure 5. Mechanical properties of several S.S.

metallurgy: high strength

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4 Combining high manganese, high nitrogen and
chromium additions, make it possible to design a
family of grades having very high mechanical
properties ( Figure 5 : yield strength ) . Those
grades have limited draw ability properties.
Copper additions have been considered for their
austenite forming properties. Those copper
containing 200 series can be designed for an
equivalent level of nickel, manganese and
chromium with lower nitrogen additions. The
grades are softer and deep drawing properties,
without needing high power equipments, can be
achieved. An alternative solution for the copper
additions, instead of decreasing the nitrogen
additions, is to make a further decrease of the
nickel content – from 4 to 1 % Ni. ( substitution
of nickel by copper, an austenite forming
element ).
DEFORMATION AND PHASE
STABILITY
Isothermal tensile tests were performed on an
Instron 8082 machine at room temperature and
60°C. The strain rate was 1% per min. Automatic
measuring system of strain ( ASAME) was used.
The sigma-meter was used to quantify the
magnetism. Figure 6 presents the % of
martensite versus the strain %. Testing
temperature is very sensitive since the Md
temperature is close to room temperature. J1
and J4 grades tested had a more stable
austenite. This can be correlated to their relative
higher content in nitrogen compared to the
equivalent grades.
Figure 6. Volume fraction of martensite alpha
versus % of deformation. Tests performed at
20°C.
All grades were free of martensite in the as
received conditions and tested samples at 60°C
exhibited very few martensite after 40%
elongation even for the grades having huge
transformation at room temperature (figure 7).
Although several Md formula are available, no
one is really designed for such compositions.
Indicative Md temperatures are provided table II
( Nohara kind formula ).
Figure 7. Volume fraction of martensite alpha
versus % of deformation. Tests performed at
60°C.
The very sensitive effect of temperature explain
why testing conditions may greatly modify the
measured martensite level in the grades.
Heating effects due to deformation in non
isothermal conditions may reduce significantly
the amount of transformed austenite. No epsilon
martensite was detected by X-ray investigations.
To conclude 200 series grades are sensitive to
martensitic transformations particularly when
nitrogen and or carbon contents are reduced in
order to reduce the strength of the grades. As a
result higher draw ability properties are often
correlated to unstable microstructures .
DEEP DRAWING AND DELAYED
CRACKING
Figure 8 presents the risk of delayed cracking
versus deep drawing ratio for several stainless
steels. It is observed that unless the austenitic
304 grade is know to undergo a partial alpha
martensitic transformation during deformation,
the grade in those conditions do not present
cold cracking phenomenon’s. On the opposite, 4
% Ni 200 series grades and, even more, the
1%Ni grade are sensitive to cold cracking
phenomenons. To conclude, the 1%Ni grade even
with copper additions is very sensitive to cold
cracking phenomenon’s. When necessary post
heat treatment must be considered in order to
avoid such undesirable phenomenon.
Figure 8. Delayed cracking tests data.
CORROSION RESISTANCE PROPERTIES
Figures 9 presents current density data
recorded on several stainless steels (ferritic,
manganese austenitic and nickel austenitic
grades ) being immersed in sulfuric 2M acid
solution at 23°C. Corrosion resistance is directly
linked to the chromium content. The current
density data are plotted on a logarithmic scale.
This underlines the powerful effects of
chromium content on the corrosion resistance of
stainless steels in acidic conditions.
High corrosion rates
Figure 9. Current density data measured on
ferritic 430, 441 and austenitic grades in a 2M
H2SO4 solution at 23°C.
Figures 10 to 12 presents some data concerning
the resistance to pitting for several stainless
steels. Data are recorded by polarization curves.
Higher voltage for pit initiation means better
resistance to pitting.
Figure 10. Pitting potential of several stainless
steels performed in a NaCl 2M solution at 23°C.
It is clearly observed that pitting corrosion
resistance is directly related to the chromium
content of the grades. Higher sulfur contents
have a negative effect on pitting corrosion
resistance (Figure 11). This is a well know
phenomenon since sulfide inclusions are
preferential sites to initiate pits. The grades
newly manufactured particularly in China have
the worst pitting corrosion resistance and in no
case may perform as an austenitic 304 grade.
Figure 12 presents data performed on a multipit
cell. About 20 samples per plate have been
tested. It is confirmed that the new developed
grades of 4 and 1 Ni. families are more sensitive
to pitting than a 304 grade even if the testing
conditions are not severe.
Figure 11. Pitting potential of 1Ni and 4 Ni manga-
nese containing austenitic stainless steels. Tests
performed in NaCl 2M solution at 23°C.
When increasing the temperature from room to
50°C we observe that pitting corrosion is as
expected reduced but that the 1% Ni grades are
more affected than the 4%Ni grades (figure 13 ).
metallurgy: high strength
5
6 spectacular on the edges. Clearly the grades do
not perform equally to 304 austenitic grades.
The grades are not suitable for sea shore
applications.

Figure 12. Pitting corrosion resistance of several

stainless steel grades. ( 20 samples per plate
tested) .

Figure 14. Typical depassivation pH of Stainless

Steel grades. Data obtained by means of polari-
zations curves in 2M NaCl solution at several pH.
Figure 13. Effect of temperature on the pitting
corrosion resistance. Tests performed in NaCl
2M sol.

Crevice corrosion resistance of the different

grades has been also investigated by means of
polarization curves. Tests were performed in a
2M NaCl solution at various Ph in order to
investigate the depassivation pH – pH under
which the grade is no more passive – as well as
the kinetics of corrosion of the different grades
under the depassivation potential. Those data
provide us useful information concerning the
effects of alloying elements and structure on the
crevice corrosion resistance. Data are provided
figures 14 and 15.

It is observed once again that the 4 Ni and 1Ni

grades do not perform like a 304 grade. The 1 Ni
particularly with low chromium and high sulfur
content are the worth. The grade are really
subject to crevice corrosion in relatively non
severe conditions. It is obvious that the use of
such grades in acidic conditions like
encountered In process industry is prohibited.
The alloys are also not to be considered for uses
in sea water or sea shore conditions.
Complementary salt spray tests have been
conducted on 304, 4 Ni, 1 Ni and 439 ferritic
grades. The two austenitic 4 Ni and 1 Ni exhibited
corrosion marks. Corrosion was particularly
Figure 15. Crevice corrosion propagation rate.
Tests performed in a 2M NaCl solution at pH of
1.5.
Inter granular corrosion tests have also been
performed on several plates issued from the
Chinese market. Strauss-test and red. Strauss-
test (35°C) testing conditions have been
selected. TIG welds and spot welds structures
have been considered. It is clearly observed that
in those conditions grades having more than
0.09 carbon present in both base and weld
deposit areas cracks. When welding such grades
with high carbon level, at least for thicknesses
higher than 2 mm., PWHT must be considered to
obtain satisfactory inter granular corrosion
resistance properties.
304 4 Ni 1 Ni 439
Figure 16. Salt spray tests performed during 575
Hours on several stainless steels.
Figure 17. Inter granular corrosion resistance
test results performed on 1 and 4 Ni grades
issued from the Chinese market.
DISCUSSION
The partial or almost total substitution of Ni by
combined Mn and nitrogen additions in the
stainless steel grades makes it possible to
produce austenitic grades with lower Ni.
content. Furthermore, manganese additions
have a beneficial effect on the increase of the
nitrogen solubility in the austenitic structure.
This has lead, for now many years, to the
development of high strength austenitic grades.
Nowadays more than 1 % N is considered. Hot
and cold rolling are more difficult due to the
strengthening effect of nitrogen additions. Most
of those grades concern a very marginal
tonnage and are dedicated to specific
applications.
Some thousands of tons of grades equivalent to
201, 202 or 205 grades with lower nitrogen
levels ( 0.12/0.25) are produced by big players in
the stainless steel business. This concerns US,
Europe and Asia. The classical production route
– electrical furnace, AOD, continuous casting,
hot rolling with a steckel mill or tender mill plus
cold rolling on ZS – is selected with some
specificities ( capture of the fumes, … more
power needed for rolling, specific conditions for
pickling… ) which explain that some extra
production costs must be considered. Their main
advantage is an increase of the mechanical
properties of nearly 30 % which allows the
designers to cut weight. The grades had more or
less successes taking in to account the nickel
price. Once again the grades are well defined
and used for many years in specific applications
like transport industry.
India, for many decades, decided to restrict
sharply the imports of nickel metal to save
foreign currency and by the way develop internal
mining resources. This resulted in local
production of Mn austenitic grades for the Indian
market. 304 grades were selected only when in
service applications including safety aspects
requested their use. With time and experiences
several applications could be considered as
potential areas for the use of Mn containing
austenitic grades. ( non critical applications
when considering corrosion resistance, internal
building and architecture stainless steel uses,
household applications..).In the nineties India
started to produce huge quantities of the so
called 4 and 1 Ni grades with copper - another
austenite stabilizing element - which made it
possible to achieve a further decrease of the
costly nickel or with the same Ni level, reduce
the nitrogen content. This latest possibility
made it possible to develop grades with
improved drawing properties. Some grades were
also developed in order to reduce the costly
alloying elements. Grades with 1 Ni and even less
started to be more and more popular since with
the new century since nickel price jumped to
new records. The need of low cost austenitic
grades equivalent to 304 to fill up the growing
demand in Asia started to be a strong driving
force for new material selection. Deep drawing
properties were requested as well as “ soft “
grades because the manufacturing equipments
were designed for the 304 grades. The 1 Ni grade
with copper additions started to be the best
candidate. Unfortunately has earlier presented
the chromium content of 18% is not compatible
with such low nickel grade without forming
ferrite. Chromium content was thus reduced
down to 16 % … 15% and now even for some
producers 14 %... 13 %! Clearly those grades
have not equivalent corrosion resistance than
304 grades! The chromium content is the key
factor for the corrosion resistance. Furthermore
manganese and to some respect copper may
have specific detrimental effects. Repassivation
metallurgy: high strength
7
8 properties are lowered and particularly in
acidified conditions which are developing under
deposit corroded areas or in crevices their rate
of dissolution is 10 to 100 time higher than that
of the 304 grades. The 1 Ni grades are also know
to be much more sensitive to stress corrosion
cracking. The grades particularly with low
nitrogen content have an unstable austenite
which transforms in to alpha martensite when
deformed. In such conditions the grades are
very sensitive to cold cracking phenomenons.
Cracks easily develop. And on top of all this
detrimental aspects, hundred of thousands of
tons are produced in China with poor
equipments. Chemistry is not precisely
controlled, carbon level exceed the acceptable
ranges, sulfur contents reach 80 .. even more
than 100 ppm. … This affect the corrosion
resistance properties of the grades! Their
properties are much closer to than of a 409
grade than a 304!!!!
Development takes place at an extraordinary
speed and production has rose to more than a
million of tons. Most of the grades do not fulfill
international standards, traceability do not exist
and grades are provided to distributors with
“black” marketing : cheaper and equivalent to
304 !!! Such development is a real nightmare for
our stainless steel industry since it may ruin the
image of confidence of our products. Some
failures have already occurred ( petrochemical
plant ) and many outdoor applications presents
an unusual rusty appearance for stainless steel!
More will occurred since part of that production
will be included in final products for export. Set
of 4 pans issued from China and sold in Europe
presented 4 different chemistries : from 301 to 4
and 1 Ni grades! More will have to be done in
traceability and international rules! In the
future, recycling the scraps will be complicated
and scrap dealers will have to certify the real Ni
content of the grades. Copper when used as a
standard alloying element in 4Ni. and 1Ni. grades
will pollute the standard 304 chemistry….
Definitively we need to stay professional in our
business and keep on the safety area. Traceability
must be a general goal and teaching all the actors
– producers, suppliers, layers, transformators, end
users...- concerning the real properties of the
different stainless steel grades a need.
CONCLUSION
The paper has presented the so-called Mn austenitic
stainless steels of which Ni is partially replaced – up
to 90% - by combined Mn and nitrogen additions.
The main following conclusions can be addressed :
- Austenitic stainless steels with lower Ni
contents – down to 1Ni max – can be produced
thanks to combined Mn. and N. additions .
- Several grades were developed for many years,
at a marginal scale, with success for their
combined high strength and ductility
properties. This include the “classical” 200-
serie grades as well as extra high nitrogen
containing grades ( 0.5….1,2 %N ). Their uses
are well controlled and their low tonnage do
not affect the scrap recycling business.
- India at a “country scale” has developed a local
economy were Mn austenitic grades play a
major role. Grades are specified for specific
applications; mainly non critical and non highly
corrosive applications. With time, learning
about their restricted uses has growth. The
grades are not called “equivalent to 304”.
- With the new century, the booming Asian and
particularly the Chinese economies combined
with a jump to new record of Ni prices, has
encouraged the uses of cheaper austenitic
stainless steels. Hundred thousands of tons of
mainly 1 Ni but also 4 Ni grades were imported.
Local producers started also to produce the
grades with low cost driven approach
conducting to melt grades with lower alloying
elements – including Cr.- and no control of
residual elements like S, C, O. Grades were
called “ equivalent to 304 and cheaper”!
- Corrosion resistance of such grades is
drastically lower than a 304 kind material.
This concerns the general, pitting, crevice,
stress corrosion and inter granular corrosion
resistance! They are clearly not designed for
corrosive conditions encountered in process
industry, sea shore applications and even will
rust if used in water systems!
- The products will through exports of final
products reach all countries around the world.
Since they behave not like 304 rusty and
corroded products will be observed after few
months when improperly used. Recycling will
be more difficult since stainless steel scrap
may be contaminated. ( Cu, Mn... ).
- Traceability and conformity to standards, codes
and norms must be a common habit. Material
specification must be written taking in to
account the real properties of the products and
in service conditions. If not , uses should be
prohibited. Poor quality products should be
restricted to marginal local applications if not
banished.
- Education is of first concerns! Scientific data
should be provided to all the actors in order to
preserve the image of the stainless steel
industry.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Many thanks to the team of U&A RC for making

many of the data here presented. This includes
P.O. SANTACREU, J.D. DENIS, A. MORIZOT and L.
PEGUET.
Thanks also to TKN R&D and particularly Dr
KRAUTSCHICK for the data provided with
regards to the delayed cracking and inter
granular corrosion.
I would like also to express many tanks’ to Dr
SINGHAL of Jindal for the useful informations
provided concerning the Mn. austenitic grades
produced in India as well as his work on the
history of the Mn austenitic grades.
My acknowledgements are also addressed to
members of the ISSF team and particularly
Staffan Malm for his continuous
encouragements.

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