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AS/NZS 2947.2:2002 Insulators - Porcelain and glass for overhead power lines
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AS/NZS 2947.2:2002
AS/NZS 2947.2
Australian/New Zealand Standard™

Licensed to Lycopodium Engineering Pty Ltd on 25 May 2007. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.
Insulators—Porcelain and glass for

overhead power lines—
Voltages greater than 1000 V a.c.
Part 2: Characteristics
AS/NZS 2947.2:2002
This Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard was prepared by Joint Technical
Committee EL-010, Overhead Lines. It was approved on behalf of the Council of
Standards Australia on 13 August 2002 and on behalf of the Council of Standards
New Zealand on 2 October 2002. It was published on 25 October 2002.
The following are represented on Committee EL-010:

Australasian Railway Association
Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry

Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry
Australian Electrical and Electronic Manufacturers Association
Australian Porcelain Insulators Association
Electricity Engineers Association of New Zealand
Electricity Supply Association of Australia
Keeping Standards up-to-date

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on the back cover.
This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 95266.

AS/NZS 2947.2:2002
Australian/New Zealand Standard™

Insulators—Porcelain and glass for

overhead power lines—
Originated as part of AS C67—1939 and AS C67 Supplement—1947.

Previous edition AS 2947.2—1989.
Jointly revised and designated AS/NZS 2947.2:2002.
COPYRIGHT
© Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written permission of the
publisher.
Jointly published by Standards Australia International Ltd, GPO Box 5420, Sydney, NSW 2001
and Standards New Zealand, Private Bag 2439, Wellington 6020
ISBN 0 7337 4795 7
AS/NZS 2947.2:2002 2
PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand
Committee on Overhead lines to supersede AS 2947.2—1989.
The objective of this Standard is to provide manufacturers and suppliers with specifications
of the characteristics and dimensions of particular types of porcelain and glass insulators.
Major changes to the previous edition are as follows:
(a) Changes to the designations and dimensions of pin insulator units.
(b) Alignment of insulation withstand voltages with AS 1824.1—1995, Insulation
co-ordination, Part 1: Definitions, principles and rules.
(c) The addition of requirements for string insulator units for use in polluted conditions.
(d) Omission of string insulator units with a failing load of 190 kN.
This Standard is Part 2 of a three-part Standard arranged as follows:
AS/NZS
2947 Insulators—Porcelain and glass for overhead power lines—
2947.1 Part 1: Test methods
2947.2 Part 2: Characteristics (this Standard)
2947.3 Part 3: Couplings
In the preparation of this Standard, consideration was given to the following IEC
Standards:
IEC 60305 Insulators for overhead lines with a nominal voltage above
1000 V—Ceramic or glass insulator units for a.c. systems—
Characteristics of insulator units of the cap and pin type
IEC 60433 Characteristics of string insulator units of the long rod type
IEC 60720 Characteristics of line post insulators
Acknowledgment is made of the assistance received from those sources.
The term 'informative' has been used in this Standard to define the application of the
appendix to which it applies. An informative appendix is for information and guidance
only.
3 AS/NZS 2947.2:2002
CONTENTS
Page
SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL

1.1 SCOPE......................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 DEFINITIONS............................................................................................................. 4
1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS................................................................................... 4
SECTION 2 STRING INSULATOR UNITS OF THE CAP AND PIN TYPE

2.1 GENERAL................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 CHARACTERISTICS ................................................................................................. 6
2.3 DESIGNATION AND MARKING.............................................................................. 6
SECTION 3 STRING INSULATOR UNITS OF THE LONG ROD TYPE

3.1 GENERAL................................................................................................................. 10
3.2 CHARACTERISTICS ............................................................................................... 10
3.3 DESIGNATION AND MARKING............................................................................ 11
SECTION 4 LINE POST INSULATORS

4.1 GENERAL................................................................................................................. 14
4.2 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS....................................................................... 14
4.3 MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS..................................................................... 14
4.4 DIMENSIONAL CHARACTERISTICS ................................................................... 14
4.5 FIXING ARRANGEMENTS..................................................................................... 14
SECTION 5 PIN INSULATORS

5.1 GENERAL................................................................................................................. 23
5.2 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS....................................................................... 23
5.3 MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS..................................................................... 23
5.4 DIMENSIONAL CHARACTERISTICS ................................................................... 23
APPENDIX A GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF

INSULATORS FOR OVERHEAD POWER LINES................................... 31
AS/NZS 2947.2:2002 4
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND
Australian/New Zealand Standard

Insulators—Porcelain and glass for overhead power lines—
S EC TION 1 S C OP E AND G E NER A L

1.1 SCOPE
This Standard specifies electrical and mechanical characteristics and principal dimensions
for porcelain and glass insulators of the following types:
(a) String insulator units of the cap and pin type.
(b) String insulator units of the long rod type.
(c) Line post insulators.
(d) Pin insulators.
This Standard does not apply to insulators for electric traction lines which use special metal
fittings.
NOTES:
1 Ball and socket couplings and clevis and tongue couplings are specified in AS 2947.3.
2 Manufacturers wishing to claim compliance with this Australian/New Zealand Standard on
products, on packaging or on related promotional material are advised to ensure that such a
claim is capable of being verified.
1.2 DEFINITIONS
The definitions given in AS/NZS 2947.1 apply.
1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

The following documents are referred to in this Standard:
AS
1154 Insulator and conductor fittings for overhead power lines
1154.2 Part 2: Dimensions
1214 Hot-dip galvanized coatings on threaded fasteners (ISO metric coarse thread
series)
1824 Insulation co-ordination
1824.1 Part 1: Definitions, principles and rules
2947 Insulators—Porcelain and glass for overhead power lines—Voltages greater
than 1000 V a.c.
2947.1 Part 1: Test methods—Insulator units
2947.3 Part 3: Couplings
4436 Guide for the selection of insulators in respect of polluted conditions
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5 AS/NZS 2947.2:2002
IEC
60305 Insulators for overhead lines with a nominal voltage above 1000 V—Ceramic
or glass insulator units for a.c. systems—Characteristics of insulator units of
the cap and pin type
60507 Artificial pollution tests on high-voltage insulators to be used on a.c. systems
ESAA
D(b)19 1975 Insulator pollution guide
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AS/NZS 2947.2:2002 6
S EC TION 2 S TR ING INS U LA TOR UN ITS OF

THE C AP AND P IN TYP E
2.1 GENERAL
This Section applies to string insulator units of the cap and pin type, with either ball and
socket couplings or clevis and tongue couplings, with insulating parts of ceramic material
or glass, intended for a.c. overhead lines with a nominal voltage greater than 1000 V and a
frequency not greater than 100 Hz, such overhead lines being in lightly polluted areas and
moderately polluted areas. It applies also to insulators of similar design used in substations.
For string insulator units for use on overhead lines in areas characterized by very heavy
pollution levels and for other particular or extreme environmental conditions, it may be
necessary for certain dimensions to be changed and insulator units having different
creepage distances, spacing and forms may be preferred (such as flat profile, hemispherical
etc.). Insulators for use on d.c. systems may also need different dimensions. Standardized
mechanical characteristics and coupling sizes should be retained.
The objective of this Section is to prescribe specified values for the mechanical
characteristics and for the main dimensions of string insulator units of the cap and pin type.
NOTES:
1 Wet power frequency, lightning impulse and puncture impulse withstand voltages are not
specified characteristics of string insulator units.
2 For the definition of pollution levels see AS 4436.
2.2 CHARACTERISTICS
String insulator units of the cap and pin type shall be standardized by the following
characteristics:
(a) Electromechanical or mechanical failing load.
(b) Specified maximum diameter of the insulating part.
(c) Nominal spacing.
(d) Nominal minimum creepage distance.
(e) Nominal coupling.
The corresponding values shall be as indicated in Tables 2.1 and 2.2.
Except for nominal spacing, the tolerances for dimensions indicated in AS 2947.1 shall be
applicable to all nominal values including nominal maximum diameter and nominal
minimum creepage distance values given in Tables 2.1 and 2.2.
Nominal spacing tolerance shall be—
±(0.03P + 0.3) mm
where
P = nominal spacing expressed in millimetres.
2.3 DESIGNATION AND MARKING

String insulator units shall be specified by the letter U followed by a number indicating the
specified electromechanical or mechanical failing load in kilonewtons (see Tables 2.1 and
2.2).
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7 AS/NZS 2947.2:2002
A letter B following the insulator rating shall specify a ball and socket coupling and the
letter S or L shall specify a short or long spacing, as appropriate (see Table 2.1).
A letter C following the insulator rating shall specify a clevis and tongue coupling (see
Table 2.2).
Extra-long creepage distances for polluted areas shall be designated by the final letter P
(see Tables 2.1 and 2.2).
Each insulator shall be marked, either on the dielectric or on a metal part, with the name or
trade mark of the manufacturer and the year of manufacture. In addition, each string
insulator unit shall be marked with the specified electromechanical or mechanical failing
load, whichever is applicable. These markings shall be legible and indelible.
The failing load may be indicated by using the first part of the designation given in the first
column of Tables 2.1 and 2.2, e.g. the insulator may be marked U 70 for the units U 70 BS
and U 70 BL.
Example
U 70 BLP
where
U = cap and pin insulator
70 = minimum failing load in kilonewtons
B = ball and socket coupling
L = long spacing
P = extra-long creepage distance for polluted areas.
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AS/NZS 2947.2:2002 8
TABLE 2.1
SPECIFIED VALUES OF MECHANICAL AND DIMENSIONAL
CHARACTERISTICS FOR STRING INSULATOR UNITS WITH BALL
AND SOCKET COUPLINGS
Standard
Nominal maximum Nominal
Electromechanical Nominal coupling in
diameter of the minimum
Designation or mechanical spacing accordance
insulating part creepage
failing load with
(P) distance
(D)
AS 2947.3
kN mm mm mm
U 70 BS 70 255 127 295 16
U 70 BL 70 255 146 295 16

U 70 BLP 70 280 146 440 16
U 120 B 120 255 146 295 16
U 120 BP 120 280 146 440 16
U 125 BS (Notes 1 & 2) 125 255 146 295 20
U 160 BS 160 280 146 315 20
U 160 BSP 160 330 146 440 20
U 160 BL 160 280 170 340 20
NOTES:
1 The U 125 BS is not an IEC Standard string insulator unit.
2 For other designations see IEC 60305.
FIGURE 2.1 STRING INSULATOR UNIT WITH BALL AND SOCKET COUPLING
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9 AS/NZS 2947.2:2002
TABLE 2.2
SPECIFIED VALUES OF MECHANICAL AND DIMENSIONAL
CHARACTERISTICS FOR STRING INSULATOR UNITS WITH CLEVIS
AND TONGUE COUPLINGS
Standard
Nominal maximum Nominal
Electromechanical Nominal coupling in
diameter of the minimum
Designation or mechanical spacing accordance
insulating part creepage
failing load with
(P) distance
(D)
AS 2947.3
kN mm mm mm
U 70 C 70 255 146 295 16C
U 70 CP 70 280 146 440 16C
FIGURE 2.2 STRING INSULATOR UNIT WITH CLEVIS AND TONGUE COUPLING
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AS/NZS 2947.2:2002 10
S EC TION 3 S TR ING INS U LA TOR UN ITS OF

THE LONG R OD T YP E
3.1 GENERAL
This Section applies to string insulator units of the long rod type with insulating parts of
ceramic material and with external metal fittings intended for a.c. overhead lines with a
nominal voltage greater than 1000 V and a frequency not greater than 100 Hz. The smallest
standard insulator unit has a lightning impulse withstand voltage of 125 kV. It applies also
to insulators of similar design, used in substations.
This Section is also applicable to string insulator units for use on overhead lines situated in
lightly polluted areas, the creepage distances given in Table 3.1 having been established
accordingly. In some very lightly polluted areas, however, shorter creepage distances may
be used and in heavily polluted areas it may be necessary to use longer creepage distances.
In either case, the mechanical characteristics and the lengths (L 2 ) (see Clause 3.2) should be
used unless the need for exceptionally long creepage distances requires values of L 2 greater
than those given in Table 3.1.
NOTES:
1 This Section may be applied to insulators for use on d.c. overhead lines.
2 The application of this Section to insulators of other materials is under consideration.
3 This Section is not applicable to insulators for electric traction lines which use special metal
fittings.
3.2 CHARACTERISTICS
String insulator units of the long rod type shall be standardized by the following
characteristics:
(a) Lightning impulse withstand voltage.
(b) Wet power frequency withstand voltage.
(c) Mechanical failing load.
(d) Nominal minimum length (L 1 ) between metal parts.
(e) Nominal coupling length (L 2 ) of the insulator.
(f) Nominal maximum diameter of the insulating part.
(g) Nominal minimum creepage distance.
(h) Standard coupling.
The corresponding values shall be as specified in Table 3.1.
The tolerances for dimensions indicated in AS 2947.1 shall be applicable to all nominal
values including nominal maximum diameter and nominal minimum creepage distance
values given in Table 3.1.
NOTES:
1 Lightning impulse withstand voltage and wet power frequency withstand voltage are specified
in Table 3.1 for single-unit string insulators.
Values of withstand voltages of insulator strings consisting of more than one unit are not
included in this Standard.
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11 AS/NZS 2947.2:2002
2 The total spacing for a long rod unit and correspondingly the total length of a long rod string
depends on the coupling piece used and is determined by adding the length of the coupling
piece (∆L) to L2 (see Figures 3.1 to 3.2).
∆L, determined in accordance with the requirements of AS 2947.3, is for twin ball pins not
suitable for fixing protecting devices, whereas ∆L for twin ball pins suitable for fixing
protecting devices is not given in any publication.
Therefore, for guidance only, Table 3.2 gives approximate values for ∆L for different
coupling pieces. The values are as far as possible based on the requirements of AS 2947.3;
other values are in accordance with actual practice.
3 The rod diameter is not specified since it depends on the mechanical characteristics of the
insulating material.

Long rod insulators shall be designated by the letter L, followed by a figure indicating the
specified mechanical failing load in kilonewtons. Then follows the letter B indicating ball
and socket couplings followed by the letter E indicating external metal fittings (see
Table 3.1). The last figure indicates the nominal minimum length (L 1 ) between metal parts,
in millimetres.
Example
L 160 BE 1000
where
L = long rod insulators
160 = minimum failing load 160 kN
B = ball and socket coupling
E = external metal fittings
1000 = minimum nominal length (L 1 ) between metal parts in millimetres.
trade mark of the manufacturer and the year of manufacture. In addition, each insulator
shall be marked with the specified failing load. These markings shall be legible and
indelible.
The failing load may be indicated by using the first part of the designation given in the first
column of Table 3.1: for example, the insulator may be marked L 160 for the units with
160 kN specified failing load.
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AS/NZS 2947.2:2002
TABLE 3.1
SPECIFIED CHARACTERISTICS FOR LONG ROD INSULATORS
WITH EXTERNAL FITTINGS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Withstand voltage Nominal minimum Nominal maximum Standard

length between diameter of Nominal
Lightning Wet power Mechanical Nominal coupling coupling in
Designation metal parts insulating part minimum
impulse frequency failing load length (L 2) accordance with
creepage distance
(L1 ) (D) AS 2947.3
KV kV kN mm mm mm mm
L 70 BE 175 125 50 70 175 180 400 325 16
L 70 BE 245 170 70 245 500 395
L 70 BE 310 200 70 310 650 460
L 70 BE 380 250 95 380 800 530
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L 125 BE 550 325 140 125 550 200 1200 885 20

L 125 BE 820 450 185 820 1800 1055
12
L 125 BE 1000 550 230 1000 2200 1230
L 125 BE 1160 650 275 1160 2500 1410
L 160 BE 550 325 140 160 550 210 1200 905 20
L 160 BE 820 450 185 820 1800 1070
L 160 BE 1000 550 230 1000 2200 1240
L 160 BE 1160 650 275 1160 2500 1430
13 AS/NZS 2947.2:2002
FIGURE 3.1 STRING INSULATOR UNIT WITH EXTERNAL FITTINGS

AND BALL AND SOCKET CONNECTION, BE TYPE
FIGURE 3.2 DETAILS OF DIMENSIONS L 2 AND ∆L IN FIGURE 3.1
TABLE 3.2
APPROXIMATE VALUES OF ∆L FOR LONG ROD INSULATORS
WITH AND WITHOUT THE POSSIBILITY OF USING ARCING
PROTECTING DEVICES
Standard coupling in Value of ∆ L (see Figure 3.2)

Mechanical
accordance with With protecting Without protecting
failing load
AS 2947.3 devices devices
kN mm mm
70 16 100 60
125 20 120 80
160 20 120 80
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AS/NZS 2947.2:2002 14
S E C T ION 4 LIN E P OS T IN S U LAT OR S
4.1 GENERAL
This Section applies to line post insulators with insulating parts of porcelain intended for
a.c. overhead lines with a nominal voltage higher than 1000 V and a frequency not higher
than 100 Hz.
The Section applies to tie-top type line post insulators intended for vertical or horizontal
mounting (see Figure 4.1) and clamp-top type line post insulators intended for vertical
mounting (see Figure 4.3) and for horizontal mounting (see Figure 4.4). For common
dimensions of clamp-top bracket and details of a typical cap gauge see Figures 4.5 and 4.6.
This Section applies to line post insulators with normal creepage distance for use on
overhead lines situated in clean areas and to line post insulators with longer creepage
distance for use on overhead lines situated in polluted areas.
4.2 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Each line post insulator is characterized by the specified rated lightning impulse withstand
voltage and rated wet power frequency withstand voltage in accordance with AS 1824.1.
NOTE: The operating voltage is not specified because, depending on service conditions, it may be
necessary to choose insulators of different impulse withstand voltage levels for a given operating
voltage.
4.3 MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Each line post insulator is characterized by the specified minimum bending failing load.
The bending load is applied at the centre of the side groove in the case of a tie-top type
insulator and at the centre of the clamp top bracket in the case of a clamp-top type insulator.
values including nominal minimum diameter and nominal minimum creepage distance
values given in Tables 4.1 and 4.2.
4.4 DIMENSIONAL CHARACTERISTICS

4.4.1 General
The dimensional characteristics shall be as follows:
(a) Nominal minimum creepage distance.
(b) Nominal minimum diameter of bottom metal fitting.
(c) Recess and centre hole thread dimensions of bottom metal fitting (see Figure 4.7).
4.4.2 Tie-top insulators
The dimensions of the heads of tie-top insulators shall be as specified in Figure 4.2.
4.4.3 Clamp-top insulators
The dimensions of clamp-top brackets shall be as specified in Figure 4.5. The clamp top
bracket shall be checked with a gauge of the type shown in Figure 4.6.
4.5 FIXING ARRANGEMENTS

The fixing arrangements of centre hole threaded types shall be in accordance with
Figure 4.7. The centre hole diameters shall have ISO metric threads tapped oversize in
accordance with AS 1214. They shall be suitable for steel pins having standard threads
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15 AS/NZS 2947.2:2002
before galvanizing. The fixing arrangements of other types shall be by agreement between
the purchaser and manufacturer.

Line post insulators shall be designated by the letter R followed by figures indicating the
bending failing load in kilonewtons. Then follows the letter E indicating external fixing of
the metal parts. (This Standard does not allow for internal fixing of metal parts.) This is
followed by the letter T, C or H indicating tie-top type, vertical mounting clamp-top type or
horizontal mounting clamp-top type, as appropriate. See Tables 4.1 and 4.2.
The following number shall indicate the specified lightning impulse withstand voltage in
kilovolts. The letter N or L which then follows, shall indicate normal or longer creepage
distance, as appropriate.
Example
R 12.5 ET 325 N
where
R = line post insulator
12.5 = minimum bending failing load of 12.5 kN
E = with external fixing
T = tie-top type
325 = lightning impulse withstand voltage of 325 kV
N = normal creepage distance.
trade mark of manufacturer and year of manufacture. In addition, each insulator shall be
marked with the specified failing load and creepage distance designation, e.g. R 12.5 N.
These markings shall be legible and indelible.
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AS/NZS 2947.2:2002 16
TABLE 4.1
CHARACTERISTICS OF TIE-TOP TYPE LINE POST INSULATORS
Nominal
Lightning Wet power- Nominal
Line post Minimum minimum Centre hole
impulse frequency minimum
insulator bending diameter of thread of bottom
withstand withstand creepage
designation failing load bottom metal metal fitting
voltage voltage distance
fitting (d)
kV kV mm kN mm
R 8 ET 95 N 95 38 250 8 90 M20
R 8 ET 95 L 95 38 350 8 90 M20
R 8 ET 145 N 145 50 450 8 100 M20
R 8 ET 145 L 145 50 660 8 100 M20
R 8 ET 145L
R 8 ET 200 N 200 70 620 8 120 M20
R 8 ET 200 L
R 8 ET 200 L 200 70 900 8 120 M20
R 11 ET 145 N 145 50 610 11 124 M24
(see Notes 1 & 2)
R 11 ET 250 N 250 95 1250 11 120 M24
(see Note 1)
R 11 ET 325 N 325 140 1320 11 138 M24
(see Notes 1 & 3)
R12.5 ET 95 N 95 38 250 12.5 90 M20
R12.5 ET 95 L 95 38 350 12.5 90 M20
R12.5 ET 145 N 145 50 450 12.5 100 M20
R12.5 ET 145 L 145 50 660 12.5 100 M20
R12.5 ET 200 N 200 70 620 12.5 120 M20
R12.5 ET 200 L 325 140 1800 12.5 140 M24
R12.5 ET 325 N 200 70 900 12.5 120 M20
R12.5 ET 325 L 325 140 1200 12.5 140 M24
NOTES:
1 These insulators are not covered by IEC Standards but are included because of their widespread use in Australia and
New Zealand.
2 Nominal distance from centre of side groove to top edge of metal base is 380 mm.
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TABLE 4.2
CHARACTERISTICS OF CLAMP-TOP TYPE LINE POST INSULATORS
Nominal Centre
Lightning Wet power Nominal minimum hole
Line post Minimum
impulse frequency minimum diameter of thread of
insulator bending
withstand withstand creepage bottom bottom
designation failing load
voltage voltage distance metal fitting metal
(d) fitting
kV KV mm kN mm
R 8 EC 95 N 95 38 250 8 90 M20
R 8 EH 95 N
R 8 EC 95 L 95 38 350 8 90 M20
R 8 EH 95 L
R 8 EC 145 L 150 50 660 8 100 M20
R 8 EH 145 L
R 8 EC 200 L 200 70 900 8 115 M20
(see Note 1)
R 8 EH 200 L
(see Note 1)
R 11 EC 145 N 145 50 634 11 124 M24
(see Notes 1 & 2)
R 11 EH 145 N
(see Notes 1 & 2)
R 11 EC 250 N 250 95 1250 11 140 M24
(see Note 1)
R 11 EH 250 N
(see Note 1)
R 11 EC 325 L 325 140 1315 11 138 24
(see Notes 1 & 3)
R 11 EH 325 L
(see Notes 1 & 3)
R12.5 EC 95 N 95 38 250 12.5 90 M20
R12.5 EH 95 N
R12.5 EC 95 L 95 38 350 12.5 90 M20
R12.5 EH 95 L
R12.5 EC 145 N 145 50 450 12.5 100 M20
R12.5 EH 145 N
R12.5 EC 145 L 145 50 660 12.5 100 M20
R12.5 EH 145 L
R12.5 EC 200 N 200 70 620 12.5 120 M20
R12.5 EH 200 N
R12.5 EC 200 L 200 70 900 12.5 120 M20
R12.5 EH 200 L
(continued)
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AS/NZS 2947.2:2002 18
TABLE 4.2 (continued)
Nominal Centre
Lightning Wet power Nominal minimum hole
Line post Minimum
impulse frequency minimum diameter of thread of
insulator bending
withstand withstand creepage bottom bottom
designation failing load
voltage voltage distance metal fitting metal
(d) fitting
kV KV mm kN mm
R12.5 EC 325 N 325 140 1200 12.5 — —
R12.5 EH 325 N
R12.5 EC 325 L 325 140 1800 12.5 — —
R12.5 EH 325 L
R12.5 EC 650 N 650 275 2400 12.5 — —

R12.5 EH 650 N
R12.5 EC 650 L 650 275 3300 12.5 — —
R12.5 EH 650 L
R19 EC 325 N 325 140 1200 19 — —
R19 EH 325 N
R19 EC 325 L 325 140 1800 19 — —
R19 EH 325 L
R19 EC 650 N 650 275 2400 19 — —
R19 EH 650 N
R19 EC 650 L 650 275 3300 19 — —
NOTES:
1 These insulators are not covered by IEC Standards but are included because of their widespread use in Australia and
New Zealand.
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FIGURE 4.1 TIE-TOP TYPE LINE POST INSULATOR
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
FIGURE 4.2 STANDARD HEAD HORIZONTAL OR VERTICAL

MOUNTING FOR TIE-TOP INSULATORS
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AS/NZS 2947.2:2002 20
FIGURE 4.3 CLAMP-TOP TYPE LINE POST INSULATOR—VERTICAL MOUNTING
FIGURE 4.4 CLAMP-TOP TYPE LINE POST INSULATOR—HORIZONTAL MOUNTING
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21 AS/NZS 2947.2:2002
NOTE: Dimensions a, b, e and maximum or minimum indicated dimensions are checked by gauge (see Figure 4.6).
FIGURE 4.5 COMMON DIMENSIONS OF CLAMP-TOP BRACKET

FOR VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL LINE POSTS
NOTE: Tolerance of ±0.05 mm, except as shown.
FIGURE 4.6 CAP GAUGE
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AS/NZS 2947.2:2002
22
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FIGURE 4.7 RECESS AND HOLE THREAD DIMENSIONS OF BOTTOM METAL FITTING
23 AS/NZS 2947.2:2002
S EC TION 5 P IN INS U LAT O R S
5.1 GENERAL
This Section is applicable to pin insulators with insulating parts of porcelain or glass,
intended for a.c. overhead lines with a nominal voltage greater than 1000 V and a frequency
not greater than 100 Hz.
It also applies to insulators of similar design used in substations.
NOTE: In coastal areas the use of copper thimbles is common Australian and New Zealand
practice.
5.2 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Each pin insulator shall be characterized by the rated lightning impulse withstand voltage
and rated wet power frequency withstand voltage, in accordance with AS 1824.1.
5.3 MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Each pin insulator shall be characterized by the specified minimum bending failing load.
values including nominal maximum diameter and nominal minimum creepage distance
values given in Table 5.1.
5.4 DIMENSIONAL CHARACTERISTICS

The dimensional characteristics shall be as follows:
(a) Nominal minimum creepage distance.
(b) Nominal total height.
(c) Nominal maximum diameter of insulating part.
(d) Thread pattern.
(e) Tie-top head dimensions.
These dimensions are specified in Table 5.1 and in Figures 5.1 to 5.12.

Pin insulators shall be designated by a letter and digit code as follows:
First designator—three letters.
The first letter representing shed profile, i.e.
S—standard type
F—fog type
A—aerodynamic type
The second and third letters are always ‘LP’ which represents ‘Line Pin’.
Second designator—two digits representing the typical operating voltage.
Third designator—three digits representing the nominal minimum creepage distance in
millimetres.
NOTE: AS 4436 provides guidance on the selection of creepage and clearance distances and
profile types.
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AS/NZS 2947.2:2002 24
Example:
SLP/11/180
where
SLP — Standard Line Pin
11 — typical operating voltage of 11 kV
180 — nominal minimum creepage distance in millimetres
Each insulator shall be marked on the dielectric with the name or trade mark of the
manufacturer and the year of manufacture. In addition each insulator shall be marked with
the designation shown in the first column of Table 5.1. These markings shall be legible and
indelible.
NOTE: Appendix A provides guidance on the purpose and application of insulators with different
profiles.
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25 AS/NZS 2947.2:2002
TABLE 5.1
SPECIFIED CHARACTERISTICS FOR PIN INSULATORS
Lightning Wet power Nominal Minimum Recom-

Pin Thread
Figure impulse frequency minimum bending mended
insulator pattern Head type
number withstand withstand creepage failing pin type
designation (Note 1)
voltage voltage distance load (Note 2)
kV KV mm kN
SLP/11/180 5.1 95 28 180 7 A A/130/7 1
FLP/11/360 5.2 95 28 360 7 A A/130/7 1
ALP/11/275 5.3 95 28 275 7 C C/150/7 1
SLP/22/420 5.4 145 50 420 11 C C/200/11 2

ALP/22/450 5.5 145 50 450 11 C C/200/11 1
ALP/22/490 5.6 145 50 490 11 C C/200/11 1
ALP/22/520 5.7 145 50 520 11 C C/200/11 1
FLP/22/480 5.8 145 50 480 11 C C/150/11 1
SLP/33/534 5.9 200 70 534 11 C C/200/7 2
ALP/33/710 5.10 200 70 710 7 C C/300/7 1
ALP/33/920 5.11 200 70 920 7 C C/300/7 1
NOTES:
1 Refer to AS 2947.3 for thread pattern.
2 Refer to AS 1154.2 for recommended pin type.
3 AS 4436 provides guidance on the selection of creepage and clearance distances and profile types.
FIGURE 5.1 INSULATOR DESIGNATION

(SLP/11/180)
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AS/NZS 2947.2:2002 26

(FLP/11/360)

(ALP/11/275)

(SLP/22/420)
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27
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(ALP/22/490)
(ALP/22/450)

AS/NZS 2947.2:2002
AS/NZS 2947.2:2002 28

(ALP/22/520)

(FLP/22/480)

(SLP/33/534)
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29
COPYRIGHT
(ALP/33/920)
(ALP/33/710)

AS/NZS 2947.2:2002
AS/NZS 2947.2:2002 30
NOTE: In Australia and New Zealand it is common practice for pin insulators designation SLP/11/180 to have a side
groove with a radius of 13 mm.
FIGURE 5.12 TYPE 1 HEAD
NOTE: In Australia and New Zealand it is common practice for pin insulators designation SLP/11/180 to have a side
groove with a radius of 13 mm.
FIGURE 5.13 TYPE 2 HEAD
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31 AS/NZS 2947.2:2002
APPENDIX A
GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF INSULATORS FOR
OVERHEAD POWER LINES
(Informative)
A1 GENERAL
Every insulator is expected to withstand the power frequency working voltage specified by
the purchaser and withstand this voltage even when wetted by rain or dew. The wet power
frequency withstand voltages given in the tables in this Standard are in accordance with
AS 1824. It may also be necessary to give consideration to additional requirements as
described in Paragraphs A2, A3 and A4.
A2 SYSTEM INSULATION LEVEL

Many modern high voltage systems are designed on the basis that all equipment will
withstand without breakdown a chosen impulse test voltage, which is then known as the
insulation level of the system. Overhead line insulators will generally be chosen to meet at
least the same insulation level as the rest of the equipment. Standard insulation withstand
levels are specified in AS 1824.1.
In many cases, however, higher test voltages and flashover voltages may be required for
line insulators in order to reduce the frequency of flashover. A decision on this question
will be influenced by economic considerations, taking into account the initial cost of the
line and also factors such as the importance of supply interruption by flashover, the
accessibility of the line for inspection and repair of any damage resulting from flashover,
and the degree of exposure of the line. To reduce the amplitude of surges entering
substations, arcing horns may be fitted to some insulators if they are not used throughout,
or, if they are used, the arcing gaps may be reduced in the neighbourhood of the
substations. Alternatively, additional earth wire shielding may be applied.
A3 ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
Apart from selecting the required impulse withstand level, it is also necessary to ensure that
the insulation will withstand without flashover the atmospheric environment to which it will
be exposed.
The type of pollutants experienced in Australia and New Zealand can be divided into the
following five classes: sea salt, combined salt and industrial pollution, concentrated
industrial pollution, chemical pollution, and natural ground dust. Whilst pollution classes
are generally dependent on the geographical area, it is always possible for a severe
pollution zone to occur within a very localized physical area.
It is possible to obtain satisfactory insulator performance provided the profile and length of
insulation is appropriate for the pollution conditions and climate of the area for which the
insulation is to be used. Due to differences in the types, methods and rates of deposition of
pollution, the frequency and intensity of rain-washing, and meteorological phenomena such
as wind, fog and dew, an insulator design which is satisfactory in one area, may be quite
unsuitable for another.
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AS/NZS 2947.2:2002 32
To achieve adequate insulation in areas of high pollution, without having to use excessively
long insulator coupling lengths, it is common practice to use insulator profiles with a higher
ratio of creepage length to coupling length. Insulators with ‘aerodynamic’ profiles or ‘fog’
profiles are two widely used means of achieving these higher ratios. However extensive
research has shown that these high creepage length profiles are more suited to other
applications.
Aerodynamic or open profile insulators, have little or no ribbing under the sheds and
initially tend to collect pollution on their surface more rapidly than standard profile
insulators, though the final level after some weeks in the absence of rain tends to be less.
Conversely, fog profile insulators, with deep closely spaced ribs, tend to collect pollution
quite slowly at first but become more heavily polluted after long exposures without rain
washing.
Consequently aerodynamic profile insulators have generally shown superior pollution
performance in regions characterized by dry periods of several months or more, while fog
profile insulators tend to perform better in regions characterized by more frequent rain. It is
important to stress that regardless of the type of insulation selected, it is necessary to ensure
that adequate creepage length is used to withstand the particular voltage.
Insulation creepage lengths listed in Table A1 should generally be adequate for use in light
pollution conditions. For insulation installed in locations other than light pollution
environments, creepage lengths should exceed the minimum creepage lengths in Table A1.
Quantitative design guidelines are found in AS 4436—1996.
There is normally some improvement in the pollution performance when insulators that are
designed for use in the vertical orientation are used in an inclined or horizontal orientation.
In the absence of data specific to different orientations, any change in this performance is
usually neglected since it is necessary to maintain electrical coordination between vertically
mounted and horizontally mounted insulation. At nominal system voltages generally of
33 kV and below, insulation should also consider minimum dimensions necessary to ensure
adequate clearances for birds, etc.
More detailed information on pollution characteristics and quantitative insulation design
guidelines are found in AS 4436—1996. Guidance for artificial pollution testing of
insulators may be obtained from IEC 60507. The Electricity Supply Association of
Australia has prepared a manual outlining the performance of outdoor insulation in
Australia (ESAA D(b) 19-1975) and this document should assist engineers in determining
suitable designs.
A4 ALTITUDE
The flashover voltage of insulators and air gaps varies with the relative air density (RAD).
Since laboratory test results are corrected to unity RAD, it may be necessary to make an
allowance for significant variations in RAD under which the system may operate.
The average line altitude is the most important parameter and normal design procedure is to
apply a correction factor proportional to RAD and hence proportional to altitude. An
average correction factor is 1 percent per 100 m of altitude.
NOTE: This value is calculated on the assumption that the site temperature and pressure are
normal for the altitude. The peak ambient temperature at the site is assumed to be less than 40°C
by a decrement of 2°C for each 300 m in excess of 1000 m above sea level.
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33 AS/NZS 2947.2:2002
Since the air gap flashover characteristics are not precise and are subject to variation from
several causes, it is not worthwhile to make corrections for small differences in altitude. It
is usual practice to specify characteristics determined at sea level (i.e. unity RAD) which
are adequate for altitudes up to 1000 m. For insulators for use at altitudes greater than
1000 m a correction is applied which is proportional to the excess altitude, i.e. for
application at an altitude of x metres (x being greater than 1000 m) the test voltage should
be multiplied by—
x − 1000
1 + 0.1
1000
TABLE A1
CREEPAGE DISTANCES
(for earthed or bonded structures)
System nominal voltage (3-phase) Minimum creepage distances
kV mm
3.3 60
6.6 120
11 200
22 390
33 580
66 1160
110 1970
132 2320
220 3920
275 4800
330 5800
500 8400
NOTES:
1 Where the operating voltage is consistently greater than the system
nominal voltage, it is recommended that the minimum creepage
distance be increased proportionally.
2 The minimum creepage distances are based on the light pollution
category of AS 4436.
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AS/NZS 2947.2:2002
34
NOTES
35
NOTES
AS/NZS 2947.2:2002
AS/NZS 2947.2:2002
36
NOTES
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Standards New Zealand is the trading arm of the Standards Council established under the Standards
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LICENCE

Licensee: Lycopodium Engineering Pty Ltd

Date: 25 May 2007

Conditions of use: Click here for full conditions of Licence

This is a licensed electronic copy of a publication where SAI Global Limited

International Standards on-line at www.saiglobal.com/shop

Australian/New Zealand Standard™

Insulators—Porcelain and glass for

The following are represented on Committee EL-010:

Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry

Keeping Standards up-to-date

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 95266.

Australian/New Zealand Standard™

Insulators—Porcelain and glass for

Originated as part of AS C67—1939 and AS C67 Supplement—1947.

SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL

SECTION 2 STRING INSULATOR UNITS OF THE CAP AND PIN TYPE

SECTION 3 STRING INSULATOR UNITS OF THE LONG ROD TYPE

SECTION 4 LINE POST INSULATORS

SECTION 5 PIN INSULATORS

APPENDIX A GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND

Australian/New Zealand Standard

S EC TION 1 S C OP E AND G E NER A L

1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

S EC TION 2 S TR ING INS U LA TOR UN ITS OF

2.3 DESIGNATION AND MARKING

U 70 BL 70 255 146 295 16

U 70 CP 70 280 146 440 16C

S EC TION 3 S TR ING INS U LA TOR UN ITS OF

3.3 DESIGNATION AND MARKING

Withstand voltage Nominal minimum Nominal maximum Standard

L 125 BE 550 325 140 125 550 200 1200 885 20

FIGURE 3.1 STRING INSULATOR UNIT WITH EXTERNAL FITTINGS

FIGURE 3.2 DETAILS OF DIMENSIONS L 2 AND ∆L IN FIGURE 3.1

Standard coupling in Value of ∆ L (see Figure 3.2)

S E C T ION 4 LIN E P OS T IN S U LAT OR S

4.2 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS

4.3 MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS

4.4 DIMENSIONAL CHARACTERISTICS

4.5 FIXING ARRANGEMENTS

4.6 DESIGNATION AND MARKING

TABLE 4.2 (continued)

R12.5 EC 650 N 650 275 2400 12.5 — —

FIGURE 4.1 TIE-TOP TYPE LINE POST INSULATOR

FIGURE 4.2 STANDARD HEAD HORIZONTAL OR VERTICAL

FIGURE 4.3 CLAMP-TOP TYPE LINE POST INSULATOR—VERTICAL MOUNTING

FIGURE 4.4 CLAMP-TOP TYPE LINE POST INSULATOR—HORIZONTAL MOUNTING

FIGURE 4.5 COMMON DIMENSIONS OF CLAMP-TOP BRACKET

NOTE: Tolerance of ±0.05 mm, except as shown.

FIGURE 4.6 CAP GAUGE

S EC TION 5 P IN INS U LAT O R S

5.2 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS

5.3 MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS

5.4 DIMENSIONAL CHARACTERISTICS

5.5 DESIGNATION AND MARKING

Lightning Wet power Nominal Minimum Recom-

SLP/22/420 5.4 145 50 420 11 C C/200/11 2

FIGURE 5.1 INSULATOR DESIGNATION

FIGURE 5.2 INSULATOR DESIGNATION

FIGURE 5.3 INSULATOR DESIGNATION

FIGURE 5.4 INSULATOR DESIGNATION

FIGURE 5.6 INSULATOR DESIGNATION

FIGURE 5.7 INSULATOR DESIGNATION