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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY TEST REVIEW I FALL2010

CHAPTERS 2,7.8,6,18,19

I. CELLULAR RESPONSE TO STRESS, INJURY , AGING

a. Causes the release of stored calcium

b. Compensatory hyperplasia

c. Replicates and produces intracellular injury

d. Damage cells by destroying cell membrane phospholipids

e. Cell that has altered memebrane permeability

f. Result ofphysiologic processes that oppose change

g. Ability to achieve stability through change

h. Altered cell volume regulation

i. Coagulative necrosis

j. Apoptosis

k. Cellular rupture results in this kind of cell

l. Focus on programmed genetic changes

II. STRESS & ADAPTATION

a. First system response to stress

b. Increased cardiopulmonary rates

c. Hormone secretion associated with stress response

d. Alarm stage

e. Repeat relived memories

f. Increase cell oxygen needs, inactivate or coagulate cell enzymes, and break cell

membranes.

g. Increases blood viscosity and causes vasoconstriction.

h. ATP depletion

III. FLUID , ELECTROLYTES, & ACID BASE BALANCE

a. infant’s kidneys are not mature enough to counter fluids losses

b. adipose cells contain little water; fat is water repelling

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c. results from decreased colloidal osmotic pressure

d. The high sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of brain cells into the blood

vessels causing brain cells to shrink.

e. Caused by water retention & manifested by hypotonicity

f. Hormone deficiency that blocks bone release of calcium

g. Electrolyte involved with DNA replication and transcription

h. Result of renal dysfunction which alters elimination of potassium

i. Syndrome associated with dilutional hyponatremia

j. Accompanied by proportionate sodium losses in isotonic fluid loss

k. Result of increased bicarbonate/carbonic acid regulation

l. type of acidosis associated with deficit in carbonate [HCO3-]

m. type of acidosis associated with increase in pCO2 & normal [HCO3-]

n. conditions for respiratory alkalosis

o. Loss of strong cations and potassium in renal tubulopathy leads to this metabolic

condition

IV. ALTERATIONS IN NUTRITION

a. Tissue that synthesizes triglycerides

b. More nitrogen excreted than consumed

c. Leptin receptor stimulation

d. Indicated by a body mass of 30-40

e. Region of body obesity that suggests heart disease risk

f. Type2 Diabetes is increasing in frequency in this age population

g. Alteration in neutron characterized by this abnormal heart activity

h. Two nutritional disorders which cause imbalance of electrolytes

i. Two nutritional disorders where clients remain overweight

V. DISORDERS OF CARDIAC FUNCTION & HEART FAILURE & CIRCULATORY SHOCK

a. Angina caused by fixed coronary obstruction
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b. Warning: Plaque has a thin fibrous cap over a large lipid core likely to do this!

c. Life threatening condition when this sac fills rapidly & compresses this most

important muscle

d. Classify these patients as high or low risk for myocardial infarction using this

information

e. an acute myocardial infarction is usually caused by acute ventricular arrhythmia

and results in this suddenly

f. ventricular dysfunction characterized by increased thinning of chamber wall

g. congenital heart defect that results in unoxygenated blood flow

h. blood pumped each minute

i. reason for myocardial hypertrophy

j. this type of heart failure is manifested by peripheral edema and weight gain

k. most common cause of left heart failure

l. shock that results from acute intravascular volume loss

m. urine output indicates this about blood flow

n. shock associated with type I hypersensitivity

o. shock complication causes ventilation –perfusion mismatch

p. gastric bleeding is symptom of this type of shock

q. Failure of this valve closure during diastole causes an abnormal drop in diastolic

pressure.

r. This drop in pressure causes decrease in this cardiac function

s. Patients with these 2 conditions classified as low or high risk for acute myocardial

infarction based on characteristics that include significant ECG changes

t. Cardiomyopathay characterized by characterized by increased wall thinning

u. Characteristics include a new or changed heart murmur caused by vegetative valve

destruction
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v.

w. This drop leads to Increase sympathetic stimulation of the heart and blood vessels

x. This constriction has maintained the diastolic pressure.

y. Total obstruction of a coronary artery causes this type of cell death.

z. Persistent chest pain radiating to the left arm; pallor; and a rapid, weak pulse

aa. Elevated Myoglobin and CK-MB

bb. Dyspnea, nausea, and vomiting

cc. Dyspnea, orthopnea, and cough

dd. Valvular regurgitation

ee. Venous return to the heart

ff. This type of shock causes severe hypoxia very quickly because histamine release

causes massive vasodilation.