HARMONIC EXCITATION

VIBRATION ENGINEERING
GROUP 1
Carganilla, Vin Javier
Castillo, Jett Jeromel
Custudio, Remen
Chavez, Romar
Pantaleon, Stephen
Peralta, Manny

Harmonic excitation refers to a sinusoidal external force of a certain frequency applied to a system.

𝑚𝑥 +𝑐𝑥 +𝑘𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑜 sin𝜔𝑡

Homogeneous solution “xh” (Free Response or natural response) which is dies out with time, it is often
referred as a transient response, and

Particular solution “xp” (Forced response) which is known as the steady state response

The response of a system to harmonic excitation is a very important topic because it is encountered very
commonly and also covers the concept of resonance.
Resonance occurs when the external excitation has the same frequency as the natural frequency of the
system. It leads to large displacements and can cause a system to exceed its elastic range and fail
structurally.
Damped Simple Harmonic Motion

When the motion of an oscillator reduces due to an external force, the oscillator and its motion are
damped. These periodic motions of gradually decreasing amplitude are damped simple harmonic motion.
An example of damped simple harmonic motion is a simple pendulum.

In the damped simple harmonic motion, the energy of the oscillator dissipates continuously. But for small
damping, the oscillations remain approximately periodic. The forces which dissipate the energy are
generally frictional forces.
Damped Simple Harmonic Motion

Expression of damped simple harmonic motion

Let’s take an example to understand what damped simple harmonic motion is. Consider a block of mass
m connected to an elastic string of spring constant k. In an ideal situation, if we push the block down a
little and then release it, its angular frequency of oscillation is ω = √k/ m.

However, in practice, an external force (air in this case) will exert a damping force on the motion of the
block and the mechanical energy of the block-string system will decrease. This energy that is lost will
appear as the heat of the surrounding medium.

The damping force depends on the nature of the surrounding medium. When we immerse the block in a
liquid, the magnitude of damping will be much greater and the dissipation energy is much faster. Thus,
the damping force is proportional to the velocity of the bob and acts opposite to the direction of the
velocity. If the damping force is Fd, we have,

Fd = -bυ (I)

where the constant b depends on the properties of the medium(viscosity, for example) and size and shape
of the block. Let’s say O is the equilibrium position where the block settles after releasing it. Now, if we
pull down or push the block a little, the restoring force on the block due to spring is Fs = -kx, where x is
the displacement of the mass from its equilibrium position. Therefore, the total force acting on the mass at
any time t is, F = -kx -bυ.

Now, if a(t) is the acceleration of mass m at time t, then by Newton’s Law of Motion along the direction
of motion, we have

ma(t) = -kx(t) – bυ(t) (II)

here, we are not considering vector notation because we are only considering the one-dimensional motion.
Therefore, using first and second derivatives of s(t), v(t) and a(t), we have,
m(d2x/dt2) + b(dx/dt) + kx =0 (III)

This equation describes the motion of the block under the influence of a damping force which is
proportional to velocity. Therefore, this is the expression of damped simple harmonic motion. The
solution of this expression is of the form

x(t) = Ae-bt/2m cos(ω′t + ø) (IV)

where A is the amplitude and ω′ is the angular frequency of damped simple harmonic motion given by,

ω′ = √(k/m – b2/4m2 ) (V)

The function x(t) is not strictly periodic because of the factor e-bt/2m which decreases continuously with
time. However, if the decrease is small in one-time period T, the motion is then approximately periodic.
In a damped oscillator, the amplitude is not constant but depends on time. But for small damping, we may
use the same expression but take amplitude as Ae-bt/2m

∴ E(t) =1/2 kAe-bt/2m (VI)

This expression shows that the damping decreases exponentially with time. For a small damping, the
dimensionless ratio (b/√km) is much less than 1. Obviously, if we put b = 0, all equations of damped
simple harmonic motion will turn into the corresponding equations of undamped motion.

Principle of Transmissibility
The principle of transmissibility states that the point of application of a force can be moved anywhere
along its line of action without changing the external reaction forces on a rigid body. Any force that
has the same magnitude and direction, and which has a point of application somewhere along the same
line of action will cause the same acceleration and will result in the same moment. Therefore, the
points of application of forces may be moved along the line of action to simplify the analysis of rigid
bodies.
When analyzing the internal forces (stress) in a rigid body, the exact point of application does matter.
This difference in stresses may also result in changes in geometry which will may in turn affect reaction
forces. For this reason, the principle of transmissibility should only be used when examining external
forces on bodies that are assumed to be rigid.
MATHEMATICAL FORMULA:

If the deflection of foundation is neglugible ,

then the force transmitt ed to the foundation is
Ftr e jt  kx  cx
Assume harmonic motion i.e, x  Xe jt
(k  jc) Fo
Ftr 
 ( k   2 m )  j c 
Ftr
define TR F
as the Force Transmissi bility, TR F

Fo
1  (2r ) 2 2r
TR  ,   tan 1
(1  r 2 )  (2r ) 2 (1 - r 2 )
F
Forced Vibration due to Rotating Unbalance

Unbalance in rotating machines is a common source of vibration

excitation. If Mt is the total mass of the system, m is the eccentric
mass and w is the speed of rotation, the centrifugal force due to
unbalanced mass is meω2 where e is the eccentricity.

The vertical component (meω2 sin (ωt) is the effective one because
itis in the direction of motion of the system. The equation of motion
is:

.. .
M t x  c x  kx  me 2 sin t 

Transducers
-are devices that transfer energy from one form to another, and have different configurations. Also, it is
used to measure dynamic forces and vibratory motion.

Flat Response
 Describe a consistent relationship between the amplitude of the source and the output of one
frequency to the next.
 Universal reference for translating the tonal balance of one speaker system to another.

Applications of flat response:

-Headphones
-Home stereo
-Sound systems
-Car Audio
Force Transducers
-are commonly recognized as force sensors that converts an input mechanical force into an electrical
output signal.

How the instruments perform?

It performs with several principle elements such as

Bourdon Tube
 The bourdon tube is a hollow tube with an elliptical cross section.
 When a pressure difference exists between the inside and outside, the tube tends to straighten out
and the end moves that is coupled to a needle on a dial to make a complete gauge.

Piston Type
 Pressure acts directly on the piston and compresses the spring.
 Position of the piston is directly related to the pressure.
 Usually used in hydraulics where the ability to withstand shock, vibration and sudden pressure
changes is needed (shock proof gauge).

Strain Gauge Type

 Gauges are small elements that are fixed to a surface that is strained.
 The change in length of the element produces changes in the electrical resistance.
 This is processed and converted into a voltage.

Piezoelectric Types
 A piece of crystalline material that produces an electrical charge on its surface when it is
mechanically stressed.
 This principle used in the pick-up crystal of a record player, in microphones and even to generate
a spark in a gas ignitor.
 When placed a pressure transducer, the pressure is converted into an electric signal.

Source of error:
-Physical surrounding
-Design of transducer
-Displacement of measurement
-Operational Error
-Force applied does not meet the requirement

How to improve the performance?

-Heat treatment microstructure of the spring material
-Extend measuring range

Vibrometer (Seismometer)
 Low Natural Frequency
 Consist of moving mass within the a coil and a permanent magnet.

Accelerometer
 High Natural Frequency
 Mass is attached to some type of elastic element.