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Purpose
Introduction
For capacitors the equivalent capacitance for series and parallel combinations is as follows:
SERIES
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Cp = C1 + C2 + .... + Cn
Cp = C1 + C2 . (2)
PARALLEL
If a capacitor is charged to a certain voltage, and then disconnected from the voltage source,
the voltage on the capacitor will stay at the same value for a long time (determined by the
leakage resistance of the capacitor).
Vo Vo 0
Vo
Vo C C R C
However, if the capacitance is connected to a resistance R, it will discharge; the time it takes
to discharge is governed by R and C. Circuit theory indicates that the voltage at time t after
the voltage source is disconnected is:
V = Vo e-(t/RC) (3)
Here Vo is the initial voltage and e is the base of natural or Naperian logarithms, e =
2.71828...
In this experiment we will measure the "1/k" time, T1/k, that is, the time needed for the
voltage to change from Vo to Vo/k. Here k is a number in the range 1 < k < ∞ .
In this experiment your instructor will assign each student a different value of k.
Data
1. Chose one of the capacitors given and connect the circuit shown below.
switch
47Ω S
a
voltmeter
Power + + C
supply _ _ 15 V range
15.0
x 103
Ω
2. With the switch closed, turn on the power supply and adjust it until the voltmeter
reads some convenient voltage, say 10 volts. This is Vo .
3. Open the switch and start the stopwatch. Measure the time for the voltage to fall from
Vo to Vo/k. This is T1/k.
4. Use equation (3) to derive a relation between T1/k and RC, for your assigned value of
k, similar to equations (4).
Use the derived equation and the value R = 15.0 x 103 ohms to calculate the
capacitance of the first capacitor. (R is the effective resistance of the voltmeter.)
a a
Connect the resistor that you are provided in series with the voltmeter. In this case
discharging takes place much more slowly. Collect data to make a curve of V vs t in the
following way. Charge the capacitor to the full range of the voltmeter. Open the switch and
start your stopwatch. Record the reading of the voltage across the capacitor when t = 3 s.
Plot curves of V vs. t and ln V vs. t. Draw a smooth curve through your point. The curve of
lnV vs. t should be a straight line. This can be proved by taking the logarithm of both sides of
eq. 3.
ln V(t) = ln Vo – ( t / RC )
Find the RC time constant from your graph. This is the time where V has fallen to 1/e of its
initial value. It is also equal to the negative inverse of the slope of the line in lnV vs. t.
1. Calculate the expected series capacitance based on equation (1) and your
measurements in parts 4 and 5; what is the percent difference between this and the
measured value in part 6?
4. Give a mathematical or physical argument why k cannot have values in the range
0 ≤ k ≤ 1. .
5. Derive an expression for the current through the voltmeter while the capacitor is
discharging.