Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2
17. In case you notice any abnormal condition in your circuit ( like insulation
heating up, resistor heating up etc ), switch off the power to your circuit immediately
and inform the staff member.
18. Keep hot soldering iron in the holder when not in use.
19. After completing the experiment show your readings to the staff member and
switch off the power to your circuit after getting approval from the staff member.
20. While performing load-tests in the Electrical Machines Laboratory using the
brake-drums:
a. Avoid the brake-drum from getting too hot by pour just enough water into the
brake drum at intervals; use the plastic bottle with a nozzle (available in the
laboratory ) to pour the water.(When the drum gets too hot, it will burn out the
braking belts)
b. Do not stand in front of the brake-drum when the supply to the load-test circuit
is switched off. (Otherwise, the hot water in the brake-drum will splash out on
you)
c. After completing the load-test, suck out the water in the brake-drum using the
plastic bottle with nozzle and then dry off the drum with a sponge which is
available in the laboratory.(The water, if allowed to remain in the brake-drum,
will corrode it)
21. Determine the correct rating of the fuse to be connected in the circuit after
understanding correctly the type of the experiment to be performed: no-load test or
full-load test, the maximum current expected in the circuit and accordingly use that
fuse-rating.(While an over-rated fuse will damage the equipment and other
instruments like ammeters and watt-meters in case of over load, an under-rated fuse
may not allow one even to start the experiment)
22. At the time of starting a motor, the ammeter connected in the armature circuit
overshoots, as the starting current is around 5 times the full load rating of the motor.
Moving coil ammeters being very delicate may get damaged due to high starting
current. A switch has been provided on such meters to disconnect the moving coil of
the meter during starting. This switch should be closed after the motor attains full
speed. Moving iron ammeters and current coils of wattmeters are not so delicate and
hence these can stand short time overload due to high starting current. No such switch
is therefore provided on these meters. Moving iron meters are cheaper and more
rugged compared to moving coil meters. Moving iron meters can be used for both a.c.
and d.c. measurement. Moving coil instruments are however more sensitive and more
accurate as compared to their moving iron counterparts and these can be used for d.c.
measurements only. Good features of moving coil instruments are not of much
consequence for you as other sources of errors in the experiments are many times
more than those caused by these meters.
23. Some students have been found to damage meters by mishandling in the
following ways:
a. Keeping unnecessary material like books, lab records, unused meters etc.
causing meters to fall down the table.
b. Putting pressure on the meter (especially glass) while making connections
or while talking or listening somebody.
Copy these rules in your Lab Record. Observe these yourself and help your friends to
observe.
3
I have read and understand these rules and procedures. I agree to abide by these rules
and procedures at all times while using these facilities. I understand that failure to follow
these rules and procedures will result in my immediate dismissal from the laboratory and
additional disciplinary action may be taken.
4
special graph paper is required, affix the graph permanently into the notebook. Give all graphs a short
descriptive title. Label and scale the axes. Use units of measure. Label each curve if more than one on
a graph.
9.Results:
The results should be presented in a form which makes the interpretation easy. Large amounts of
numerical results are generally presented in graphical form. Tables are generally used for small
amounts of results. Theoretical and experimental results should be on the same graph or arrange in the
same table in a way for easy correlation of these results.
10.Conclusion:
This is your interpretation of the results of the experiment as
an engineer. Be brief and specific. Give reasons for important discrepancies.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
10. No load and Blocked rotor test on single phase induction motor
5
INDEX
Staff
S.NO Name of the Experiment Marks
Sign
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
6
Expt. No. Date:
REGULATION OF THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR BY EMF
AND MMF METHOD
AIM:
The aim of the experiment is to predetermine the regulation of three phase alternator by
EMF and MMF methods.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Amps:
KVA:
7
RPM:
FUSE RATING:
125% of rated current (full load current)
For Alternator:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
APPARATUS
1. Ammeter (0-2)A MC 1
2. Ammeter (0-10)A MI 1
3. Voltmeter (0-600)V MI 1
4. Voltmeter (0-300)V MI 1
5. Rheostat 350Ω,2A Wire wound 1
6. TPST Switch - - 1
7. Tachometer - Digital 1
8. Connecting wires - As required
FORMULA USED:
EMF METHOD:
1. Armature resistance Ra = 1.6*Rdc
Rdc = Resistance in dc supply
2. Synchronous impedance Zs = Open circuit voltage(E1(ph))/ Short circuit current(Isc)
(From the graph)
3. Synchronous impedance Xs = √(Zs2 – Ra2)
4. Open Circuit voltage Eo = √(Vrated CosФ + IaRa) 2+ (Vrated sinФ + IaXs)2(For
lagging power factor)
5. Open circuit voltage Eo = √Vrated + IaRa)2 + (IaXs)2 (For unity power factor)
6. Percentage regulation = Eo-Vrated / Vrated *100
(For both EMF and MMF method)
THEORY:
EMF METHOD:
i) Open circuit characteristics are plotted from the data obtained from the open
circuit test.
ii) Short circuit characteristics are drawn from the data given by the short circuit test.
It is a straight line passing through the origin.
Consider a field current If. The open circuit voltage corresponding to this field current is
Eo. When winding short circuited the terminal voltage is zero. Hence it may be assumed
that the whole of this voltage Eo is being used to circulate the armature short circuit
current Ia against the synchronous impedance Zs,
8
Eo= IaZs
iii) Knowing Ra and Xs, Vector diagram can be drawn for any load and any power
factor.
MMF METHOD:
This method also utilizes open and short circuit data and it is the converse of the emf
method in the sense, that armature leakage reactance is treated as an additional armature
reaction.
Now field ampere turn (AT) required to produce a voltage of V on full load is the
vector sum of the following.
i) Field AT required to produce rated voltage V on no load. This can be found from
open circuit curve.
ii) Field AT required to overcome the demagnetizing effect of armature reaction on
full load. This value is found from short circuit test. The field AT required to
produce full load current on short circuit balances the armature reaction and the
impedance drop.
The impedance drop can be neglected because Ra is usually very small and Xs is also
small. Under short circuit power factor is almost zero lagging and the field AT are used
entirely to overcome the armature reaction which is wholly demagnetizing. AT on full load
are equal and opposite to the field AT required to produce full load current on short circuit.
PRECAUTIONS:
i) The motor field rheostat should be kept in minimum resistance position.
ii) The alternator field rheostat should be in maximum position.
iii) Initially all switches are in open position.
PROCEDURE:
i) Note down the name plate details of motor and alternator.
ii) Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
iii) Give the supply by closing the DPST switch.
iv) Using 3 point starter, start the motor to run at the synchronous speed by varying
the motor field rheostat.
v) Conduct an open circuit test by varying the rheostat of alternator for various
values of field current and tabulate the corresponding open circuit voltage
readings.
vi) Conduct a short circuit test by closing the TPST switch and adjust the rheostat of
alternator to set the rated armature current , tabulate the corresponding field
current.
vii) Conduct a stator resistance test by giving connections as per the circuit diagram
and tabulate the voltage and current readings for various resistive loads.
9
ii) Draw the short circuit characteristics curve (short circuit current Vs If).
iii) Draw the line OL to represent If, which gives the rated generated voltage (V).
iv) Draw the line LA at an angle (90 +or –Ф) to represent If which gives the rated full
load current (Isc) on short circuit. {(90+Ф) for lagging power factor and (90-Ф)
for leading power factor.
v) Join the points O and A and find the field current (if) by measuring the distance
OA that gives the open circuit voltage (Eo) from the open circuit characteristics.
vi) Find the percentage regulation by using suitable formula.
RESULT:
TABULAR COLUMN:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
Open
Field
Circuit Open Circuit
Speed Current
S.NO Line Phase Voltage
(RPM) (If)
Voltage(VL) (Vph) (volts)
(amps)
(volts)
Model Graph:
10
Sl.No Power sin 0 No-Load phase % Regulation
factor cos voltage, Eo (volts)
0
Lagging Leading Lagging Leading
pf pf pf pf
1. 0
2. 0.2
3. 0.4
4. 0.6
5. 0.8
6. 1.0
To find the regulation by MMF Method:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1) What are synchronous machines?
11
The machines generating ac emf are called alternating or synchronous
generators. While the machine accepting input from ac supply to produce mechanical output
are called synchronous motors. Both these machines work at a specific constant speed called
synchronous speed and hence in general called synchronous machines.
2) Define voltage regulation. Name two methods used to determine voltage regulation
of alternators.
%Reg = E-Vrated / Vrated *100
Where E = No load voltage
Vrated = Rated voltage
Two methods to determine voltage regulation:
i) EMF method
ii) MMF method
10) What is the other name for EMF and MMF method?
The other name for EMF method is called as Synchronous impedance method
and MMF method is called as Ampere turn method.
EMF method – Pessimistic method
MMF method – Optimistic method
12
Expt. No. Date:
REGULATION OF THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR BY ZPF
AND ASA METHOD
AIM:
The aim of the experiment is to predetermine the regulation of three phase alternator by
ZPF and ASA methods.
CIRCUITS DIAGRAM:
Amps:
KVA:
13
RPM:
FUSE RATING:
For Alternator:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
APPARATUS
1. Ammeter (0-2)A MC 1
2. Ammeter (0-10)A MI 1
3. Voltmeter (0-600)V MI 1
4. Voltmeter (0-75)V MC 1
5. Rheostat 350Ω,2A Wire wound 2
6. Inductive load 3 phase - 1
7. Tachometer - Digital 1
8. Connecting wires - - As required
FORMULA USED:
1. Percentage regulation = Eo – Vrated / Vrated *100
(For both ZPF and ASA method)
THEORY:
ZERO POWER FACTOR METHOD:
ZPF method is based on the separation of armature leakage reactance and armature
reaction effects. To determine armature leakage reactance and armature reaction mmf
separately, two tests are performed on the alternator. The two tests are
1. Open circuit test
2. Short circuit test
3. Zero power factor tests
ASA METHOD:
ASA means American standard Association method. This is a modification of mmf
method. In these methods, the magnetic circuit is assumed to be unsaturated. If we consider
the saturated magnetic circuit, the resultant excitation is not If, but it is If’. This additional
excitation can be obtained by ASA method.
PRECAUTIONS:
i) The motor field rheostat should be kept in minimum resistance position.
ii) The alternator field rheostat should be in maximum position.
iii) Initially all switches are in open position.
14
PROCEDURE:
i) Note down the name plate details of motor and alternator.
ii) Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
iii) Give the supply by closing the DPST switch.
iv) Using 3 point starter, start the motor to run at the synchronous speed by varying
the motor field rheostat.
v) Conduct an open circuit test by varying the rheostat of alternator for various
values of field current and tabulate the corresponding open circuit voltage
readings.
vi) Conduct a short circuit test by closing the TPST switch and adjust the potential
divider to set the rated armature current, tabulate the corresponding field current.
vii) Conduct a ZPF test by adjusting the potential divider for full load current passing
through either inductive load or capacitive load with zero power and tabulate the
readings.
viii) Conduct a stator resistance test by giving connection as per the circuit diagram
and tabulate the voltage and current readings for various resistive loads.
PROCEDURE TO DRAW THE POTIER TRIANGLE: (ZPF METHOD)
1. Draw the open circuit characteristics curve (Generated voltage per phase Vs field
current).
2. Mark the point A at X axis, which is obtained from short circuit test with full load
armature current.
3. From the ZPF test, mark the point B for the field current to the corresponding rated
armature current and the rated voltage.
4. Draw the ZPF curve which is passing through the point A and B in such a way parallel
to the open circuit characteristic curve.
5. Draw the tangent for the OCC from the origin (Air gap line).
6. Draw the line BC from B towards Y axis which is parallel and equal to OA.
7. Draw the parallel line for the tangent from c to the OCC curve.
8. Join the point B and D also draws a perpendicular line DE to BC.
DE = Armature leakage reactance drop
BC=Armature reaction excitation
PROCEDURE TO DRAW THE POTIER TRIANGLE: (ASA METHOD):
1. Draw the open circuit characteristics curve (Generated voltage per phase Vs field
current).
2. Mark the point A at X axis, which is obtained from short circuit test with full load
armature current.
3. From the ZPF test, mark the point B for the field current to the corresponding rated
armature current and the rated voltage.
4. Draw the ZPF curve which is passing through the point A and B in such a way parallel
to the open circuit characteristic curve.
5. Draw the tangent for the OCC from the origin (Air gap line).
6. Draw the line BC from B towards Y axis which is parallel and equal to OA.
7. Draw the parallel line for the tangent from c to the OCC curve.
8. Join the point B and D also draws a perpendicular line DE to BC.
DE = Armature leakage reactance drop
BC=Armature reaction excitation
9. Extend the line BC towards the Y axis up to the point O. The same line intersects the air
gap line at point G.
15
10. Mark the point I in Y axis with the magnitude of Eair and draw the line from I towards
OCC curve which should be parallel to X axis. Let this line cut the air gap line at point H and
the OCC curve at point F.
11. Measure the length of O’G, HF and OA
RESULT:
TABULAR COLUMN:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
S.NO Field Current (If) Open Circuit Voltage(VL) Open Circuit Phase Voltage
(amps) (volts) (Vph) (volts)
VIVA OUESTIONS:
1. Why is the field system of an alternator made as a rotor?
16
The field system of an alternator is made rotating to avoid interaction of
mechanical and electrical stress. So with rotating field system, it is easier to collect
currents at very high voltages from stationary member. The insulation required is less;
the problem of sparking is avoided.
6. Whether the results obtained by ASA method is reliable for salient pole machines.
Yes, it is reliable for salient pole and Non salient pole machines.
7. Compare EMF method and Potier method.
S.no EMF METHOD POTIER METHOD
1. Regulation of alternator of any load Separate curves foe every load
condition and power factor condition can be condition are to be plotted if
determined. regulation at various load condition is
required.
2. It is also called as pessimistic method. It is also called as Potier reactance
method.
9. What are the different methods available to determine the voltage regulation of an
alternator?
1. Direct loading method
17
2. Synchronous Impedance method or EMF method
3. Ampere Turn method or MMF method
4. Zero Power Factor method or Potier method
5. ASA method
6. Two reaction theory
FUSE RATING:
125% of rated current (full load current)
18
For Alternator:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
APPARATUS
1. Ammeter (0-5) A MI 1
2. Voltmeter (0-150)V MI 1
3. Rheostat 350Ω,2A Wire wound 1
4. 3 Ф Auto transformer - - 1
5. Tachometer - Digital 1
6. Connecting wires - - As required
FORMULA USED:
THEORY:
In non salient pole alternators air gap length is constant and reactance is also constant.
Due to this the mmfs of armature and field act upon the same magnetic circuit all the time
hence can be added vector ally. But in salient pole alternators the length of the air gap varies
and reluctance also varies. Hence the armature flux and field flux cannot vary sinusoid ally in
the air gap. So the reluctance of the magnetic circuit on which mmf act is different in case of
salient pole alternators. This can be explained by two reaction theory.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The motor field rheostat should be kept in minimum resistance position.
2. The alternator field should be kept open throughout the experiment.
3. The direction of rotation due to prime mover and due to the alternator run as the
motor should be same.
4. Initially all the switches are kept open.
PROCEDURE:
1. Note down the name plate details of motor and alternator.
2. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
3. Give the supply by closing the DPST switch.
4. Using the three point starter start the motor to run at the synchronous speed by
varying the motor field rheostat at the same time check whether the alternator field
has opened or not.
19
5. Apply 20% to 30% of the rated voltage to the armature of the alternator by
adjusting the autotransformer.
6. To obtain the slip and maximum oscillations of pointers, the speed is reduced
slightly lesser than the synchronous speed.
7. Maximum current, minimum current, maximum voltage and Minimum voltage are
noted.
8. Find out the direct and quadrature axis impedance (Zd,Zq).
RESULT:
TABULAR COLUMN:
TO FIND OUT THE DIRECT AXIS IMPEDANCE (Zd) :
Speed of the alternator:
Minimum Voltage applied to the stator:
(Nearly 20% to 30% of rated voltage)
S.NO Minimum current per Maximum Direct axis Direct axis
phase (Imin) (amps) Voltage per impedance per Reactance per
phase (Vmax) phase (Zd) phase (Xd)
(volts) (Ohms) (Ohms)
VIVA QUESTIONS:
20
Most of the alternators have the pole shoes slotted for receiving copper bars of a
grid or damper winding. They are useful in preventing the hunting in generators
and are needed in synchronous motors to provide the starting torque.
2. It is employed with hydraulic turbines or Used in high speed turbine like steam
diesel engines. turbines.
21
Expt. No. Date:
MEASUREMENT OF NEGATIVE SEQUENCE AND ZERO SEQUENCE
IMPEDANCE OF ALTERNATOR
AIM:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S. No Name of the apparatus Range Type Qty
1. Voltmeter (0-600) V MI 1
2. Ammeter (0-2) A MC 1
3. Ammeter (0-10) A MI 1
4. Wattmeter (600 V, 10A) UPF 2
5. Rheostat 350Ω, 2A Wire Wound 1
6. Rheostat 700Ω, 2A Wire Wound 1
7. Connecting Wires - - Req.
THEORY:
Positive sequence quantities makeup the normal voltage & current observed on power
system during typical and steady state condition.
PROCEDURE:
22
1. Connection are given as per the circuit diagram
2. Keep the Motor side field rheostat at minimum and SPST should be opened.
3. Switch ON the Supply and start the motor using starter & the motor runs its rated
speed.
4. Close the SPST Switch and vary the Alternator Side Field Rheostat keep the Short
Circuit current.
5. The above said procedure repeated up to reach the rated current.
6. Reduce the current step by step and switch OFF the supply.
TABULAR COLUMN: M.
F=
Vo Wattmeter
S.No ISC (A) Zs = V/ YZ = ZS [W/VIK]
(V) Obs Act
23
X2 =
PROCEDURE:
Vo Wattmeter
S.No IO (A) Zs = V/3I YZ = e
W/2 Obs Act
RESULT:
The the negative and Zero Sequence reactance of a synchronous alternator was
determined
24
II. Zero Sequence Reactance Yz =
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
25
Volts:
Amps:
KVA:
RPM:
FUSE RATING:
125% of rated current (full load current)
For Dc excitation:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
APPARATUS
1. Ammeter (0-10) A MI 1
2. Ammeter (0-2) A MC 1
3. Voltmeter (0-600) V MI 1
4. Wattmeter 600V,10 A UPF 2
5. Tachometer - Digital 1
6. DPST Switch - - 1
7. Connecting wires - - As required
THEORY:
Synchronous motor is constant speed motor which are not self starting in nature, so
that we have to start this motor by any one of the following starting methods,
1. Pony motor method starting
2. Auto induction starting
3. DC exciter starting
4. Damper winding method of starting
By construction there is no difference between synchronous generator and
synchronous motor. It is capable of being operated under wide range of power factor,
hence it can be used for power factor correction.
The value of excitation for which back emf is equal to applied voltage is known as
1005 excitation. The other two possible excitations are over excitations and under
excitation if the back emf is more or less to the applied voltage respectively.
The variations of armature current with field current are in the form of V curves
and the variation of power factor with field current are in the form of Inverted V
curves.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The potential divider should be in the maximum position.
2. The motor should be started without any load.
26
3. Initially TPST switch is in open position.
PROCEDURE:
1. Note down the name plate details of motor.
2. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
3. Close the TPST switch.
4. By adjusting the auto transformer from minimum position to maximum position the
rated supply is given to the motor. The motor starts as an induction motor.
5. In order to give the excitation to the field foe making it to run as the synchronous
motor close the DPST switch.
6. By varying the field rheostat note down the excitation current, armature current and
the power factor for various values of excitation.
7. The same procedure has to be repeated for loaded condition.
8. Later the motor is switched off and the graph is drawn
TABULAR COLUMN:
W1 W2
S. No VL IL IF PF
Obs Act Obs Act
RESULT:
27
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define V and Inverted V curves.
The magnitude of armature current varies with excitation. If graph of armature current
drawn by the motor against field current is plotted then we get V curves.
If the power factor is plotted against field current then the shape of the graph looks
like an inverted V and are called as Inverted v curves.
2. When Synchronous motor is is said to receive 100% excitation?
The value of excitation for which back emf is equal to the applied voltage is known
as 100% excitation or when the power factor of the synchronous motor is unity.
Eb=V or cosФ =1
3. Define critical excitation.
When the excitation is changed, the power factor changes. The excitation for which
the power factor of the motor is unity is called critical excitation.
4. What do you mean by under excitation and over excitation?
When the excitation is adjusted in such a way that the magnitude of induced emf is
less than the applied voltage the excitation is called under excitation (lagging power
factor)
When the excitation is adjusted in such a way that the magnitude of induced emf is
greater than the applied voltage the excitation is called over excitation (leading power
factor).
5. What is synchronous capacitor?
When synchronous motor is over excited it takes leading power factor current. This
characteristic is similar to a normal capacitor which always takes leading power factor
current.
Hence over excited synchronous motor operating on no load condition is called as
synchronous condenser or synchronous capacitor. This is the property due to which
synchronous motor is used as a phase advancer or as a power improvement device.
6. What is hunting?
When synchronous motor is on no load, the stator and rotor pole axis coincide with
each other. When motor is loaded, the rotor pole axis falls back with respect to stator.
If the load connected to motor is suddenly changed by a large amount , the rotor tries
to take its new equilibrium position. But due to inertia of rotor, it cannot achieve
equilibrium instantaneously while achieving new position, it passes beyond its final
position corresponding to new load. This will produce more torque than demanded.
So the load angle is reduced and rotor swings in other direction.
Such oscillations of the rotor about its new equilibrium position, due to sudden
application or removal of load is called hunting.
7. Mention some application of synchronous motor.
1. Constant speed load service
2. Reciprocating compressor drives
3. Power factor correction
4. Voltage regulation of transmission lines
8. What could be the reasons if a synchronous motor fails to start?
It is usually due to the following reasons
1. Voltage may be to low
2. Some faulty connections in auxiliary apparatus
3. Too much starting load
4. Open circuit in one phase or short circuit
5. Field excitation may be excessive.
28
9. A synchronous motor starts as usual but fails to develop its full torque. What could be
due to?
1. Exciter voltage may be too low
2. Field spool may be reversal
3. There may be either open or short circuit in the field
10. What are the various methods of starting synchronous motor?
1. Pony motor method starting
2. Auto induction starting
3. DC exciter starting
4. Damper winding method of starting
11. What significant characteristic of a synchronous motor is revealed by its V-curves?
The V curves of synchronous motor reveals the fact that its power factor is
controllable by means of its excitation.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Amps:
KVA:
RPM:
29
FUSE RATING:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
APPARATUS
1. Ammeter (0-10) A MI 1
2. Voltmeter (0-600) V MI 1
3. Wattmeter 600V,10 A UPF 2
4. Tachometer Digital 1
5. Connecting wires As required
FORMULA USED:
1. Torque T =(S1~S2) (R+t/2)*9.81 N-M
Where S1, S2 = Spring balance readings in Kg
R = Radius of the brake drum in m, t = Thickness of the belt in m
2. Input power = (W1+W2 )watts
W1, W2 = wattmeter readings in watts
3. Output Power = 2ЛNT / 60 watts
N = Rotor speed in RPM
T = Torque in N-M
4. Percentage efficiency = ( Output power/Input power ) *100
5. Percentage slip = (Ns-N)/Ns *100
Ns = synchronous speed in rpm
N = speed of the motor in rpm
6. Power factor = (W1+W2 )/√3VLIL
THEORY:
Induction motor is a machine which converts AC electrical energy into mechanical energy.
In this motor the rotor does not receive electric power by conduction but by induction in
exactly as the secondary of 2 – winding transformer receives its power from the secondary.
That is why such motors are known as rotating transformer. When you give three phase
supply to the three phase stator winding then it is called as three phase induction motor.
30
The effect of applying load on the speed, slip, stator current, power factor, efficiency
and torque are discussed below:
EFFECT ON SPEED:
When the induction motor is on no load the speed is slightly below the synchronous speed.
The current due to induced emf in the rotor is responsible for torque production required at no
load, as the load is increased the rotor speed is slightly reduced. The emf induced in the rotor
and hence the current increases to produce higher torque required until the torque is equal to
the torque required by the load on the motor.
EFFECT ON SLIP:
Synchronous speed depends upon of frequency stator supply voltage and number of poles
for which that motor winding is made. Therefore if poles and frequency are constant,
synchronous speed is constant. Thus with increase in load on the motor, rotor speed
decreases, slip will increase.
%slip = (Ns – N /Ns) *100
EFFECT ON TORQUE:
The torque will increases with increase in loads, with increase in output.\
APPLICATIONS:
1. Squirrel cage induction motor having moderate starting torque and constant speed
characteristics preferred for driving fans, blowers, water pumps, grinders, lathe machine,
printing machines and drilling machines.
2. Slip ring induction motors can have high starting torque as high as maximum torque. Hence
they are preferred for lifts, hoists, elevators, cranes, compressors.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The motor should be started without any load.
2. The supply should not be switched OFF before the motor is unloaded.
3. While running on load, the brake drum is cooled by pouring cold water.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. The TPSTS is closed and the motor is started using on line starter to run at rated
speed.
3. At no load, the speed, current, voltage and power are noted down.
4. By applying the load gradually with the help of spring balance and brake drum
arrangement, the speed, current, power and spring balance readings are noted for
various loads up to the rated current.
5. The load is released late and the motor is switched off and the graph is drawn.
GRAPH:
1. Output Power Vs Speed
2. Output Power Vs Line current
31
3. Output Power Vs torque
4. Output Power Vs Power factor
5. Output Power Vs Efficiency
6. Output Power Vs %Slip
RESULT:
TABULAR COLUMN:
Radius of the Brake Drum: Multiplication Factor:
Thickness of the belt:
S. IL VL W1 W2 N S1 S2 S1~S2 T O/P η S PF
W1 +W2
No Obs Act Obs Act rpm Kg Kg Kg N-m Power % % CosФ
Model graph:
32
VIVA OUESTIONS:
1. What is the function of slip rings and brush assembly in three phase induction motor?
Slip rings are used to connect external stationary circuit to the internal rotating
circuit. Hence in induction motor, the external resistances can be added with the help
of brushes and slip ring arrangement in series with each phase of rotor winding.
2. List the difference between squirrel cage rotor and slip ring rotor
S.no SLIP RING ROTOR SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR
1. Rotor consists of winding similar to the Rotor consists of bars which are short
stator winding. circuited at the ends with the help of
end rings.
33
b. The resultant always keeps on rotating with certain speed in space, and the speed
is given by Ns = 120f / P
7. What is induction generator?
When run faster than its synchronous speed, an induction motor runs as a generator
called as induction generator. Slip is negative.
8. What is the effect of slip on frequency, induced emf, current, power factor, Reactance,
Impedance?
a. Fr = Sf b.E2r = S E2 c.X2r = S X2 d.I2r = E2r / Z2r
e. Cos Ф 2r = R2 / Z2r d.Z2r = √ R2 2 + (S X2) 2
9. What are the types of three phase induction motor?
1. Squirrel cage induction motor.
2. Slip ring induction motor
10. Can N = Ns in three phase induction motor?
When rotor starts rotating it tries to catch the speed of rotating magnetic field.
If it catches the speed of rotating magnetic field, the relative motion between
rotor and RMF will vanish. In fact the relative motion is the main cause for the
individual emf in the rotor. So induced emf will vanish and hence there cannot be
rotor current and rotor flux which is essential to produce the torque on the rotor.
Eventually motor will stop. The induction motor never rotates at synchronous speed.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
No-Load Test:
34
Blocked Rotor Test:
FUSE RATING:
35
No Load: 25% of rated current (full load current)
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
APPARATUS
1. Ammeter (0-10) A MI 1
2. Voltmeter (0-600) V MI 1
3. Voltmeter (0-75) V MI 1
4. Wattmeter 600V,10 A LPF 2
5. Wattmeter 150V, 10 A UPF 2
6. 3Ф Auto transformer 415/(0-470) V - 1
7. Connecting wires - - As required
FORMULA USED:
NO LOAD TEST:
1. No load power factor (CosФ0) = W0/ √3V0I0
Where W0 = No load power per phase in watts
V0 = No load voltage per phase in volts.
I0 = No load current per phase in amps
W0 = W1+ W2 (watts)
2. Working component current (Iw) = I0 CosФ0 / √3 amps
3. Magnetizing component current (Im) = I0 SinФ0 / √3 amps
4. No load resistance R0 = V0 / Iw ohm
5. No load reactance X0 = V0 / Im ohm
THEORY:
An induction motor is simply an electric transformer whose magnetic circuit is separated
by an air gap into two relatively movable portions, one carrying the primary and the other the
secondary winding. Alternating current supplied to the primary winding induces an opposing
36
current in the secondary winding, when later is short circuited or closed through an external
impedance. Relative motion between the primary and secondary ie, stator and rotor is
produced by the electromagnetic forces corresponding to the power thus transferred across
the air gap by induction.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The auto transformer should be kept at minimum voltage position.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. For no load test by adjusting autotransformer apply rated voltage and note down the ammeter,
voltmeter and wattmeter readings. In this test the rotor is free to rotate.
3. For blocked rotor test by adjusting autotransformer apply rated current and note down the
ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings. In this test the rotor is blocked.
4. After that make the connections to measure the stator resistance as per the circuit diagram.
5. By adding the load through the loading rheostat note down the ammeter, voltmeter readings
for various values of load.
37
11. Draw the tangent to the semicircle in such a way that should be parallel to the output line. Let
the point of tangent be H.
12. Join the points H and C that will be perpendicular to the output line then draw a line parallel
to the Y axis from H to output line. The point at where the parallel line meets the output line
is names as H’.
13. Here the HH’ will be the maximum output power.
14. Draw the tangent to the semicircle in such a way that should be parallel to the torque line. Let
the point of tangent be I.
15. Join the points I and C that will be perpendicular to the torque line then draw a line parallel to
the Y axis from I to torque line. The point at where the parallel line meets the output line is
named as I’.
16. Here the II’ will be the maximum torque line.
17. Draw the tangent to the semicircle in such a way that should be parallel to the X axis. Let the
point of tangent be J.
18. Join the points J and C and extend the same up to X axis. The point at where the line meets
the input line is named as J'.
19. Here the JJ’ will be the maximum input power.
20. From the circle diagram find maximum input power, maximum torque, maximum output
power, rotor Cu loss, stator Cu loss and slip.
To find the total input power on short circuit with normal voltage P SN by following
formula,
PSN = Wsc (Vrated / Vsc) 2 and value of line BE equal to PSN, so power for 1 cm is equal to
ratio between PSN and length of EB in cm.
38
RESULT:
TABULAR COLUMN:
NO LOAD TEST:
Multiplication Factor:
No load Power Total No
No load current
No Load Voltage (Vo) load Power
S.no (Io) W1 W2 W1+W2
(Amps) (Volts) Obs Act Obs Act (Watts)
39
Multiplication Factor:
Short circuit Short circuit Voltage No load Power Total load
current (Isc) (Vsc) Power
S.no W1 W2 W1+W2
(Amps) (Volts) Obs Act Obs Act (Watts)
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Enumerate the possible reasons if a three phase motor fails to start?
1. One or more fuses may be blown
2. Voltage may be too low
3. The starting load may be too heavy
4. Worn bearings due to which the armature may be touching field laminae, thus
introducing excessive friction.
2. What happens if single phasing occurs when the motor is running? And when it is
stationary?
1. If already running and carrying half load or less, the motor will continue
running as a single phase motor on the remaining single phase supply,
without damage because half loads do not blow normal fuses.
2. If motor is very heavily loaded, then it will stop under single phasing and
since it can neither restart nor blow out the remaining fuses, the burn out prompt.
A stationary motor will not start with one line broken. In fact due to heavy
standstill current, it is likely to burn out quickly unless immediately
disconnected.
3. What is meant by plugging?
Plugging means stopping a motor by instantaneously reversing it till it stops.
4. What are the starters used in three phase induction motor?
1. Primary resistance starter
2. Auto transformer starter
3. Direct on line starter
4. Star Delta starter
5. Rotor resistance starter
5. What are the different methods of speed control of three phase induction motor?
1. Control from stator side:
i) By changing the supply voltage
ii) By changing the supply frequency
iii) By changing the number of poles
2. Control from Rotor side:
i) Rotor rheostat control
ii) By operating two motors in cascade or concatenation
iii) By injecting an emf in the rotor circuit
40
7. What is meant by cogging or magnetic locking?
The rotor of a squirrel cage induction motor sometimes refuses to start at all, particularly
when the voltage is low. This happens when the number of stator teeth is equal to the number
of rotor teeth and is due to the magnetic locking between the stator and rotor teeth. That is
why this phenomenon is also called as teeth locking.
8. What are the advantages of skewing?
1. It reduces magnetic humming.
2. It helps in reducing the locking tendency of the rotor. ie, the
tendency of the rotor teeth to remain under the stator teeth due to
the magnetic attraction between the two.
9. What is jogging?
Jogging means inching a motor ie, make it to move a little at a time by constant starting and
stopping.
10. What are the indications of winding faults in an induction motor?
1. Excessive and unbalanced starting currents
2. Some peculiar noises and
3. Over heating
AIM:
The aim of the experiment is to separate the no load losses in three phase squirrel cage
induction motor as core loss and mechanical loss.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
41
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
3Ф Induction motor
Volts:
Amps:
KVA:
RPM:
FUSE RATING:
Load: 10% of rated current (full load current)
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
APPARATUS
1. Ammeter (0-10) A MI 1
2. Voltmeter (0-600) V MI 1
3. Wattmeter 600V,10 A LPF 1
4. 3Ф Auto transformer 415/(0-470) V - 1
5. Connecting wires - - As required
FORMULA USED:
1. Input Power W = (W1 + W2) watts
2. Stator cu loss = 3Io2Ra watts
3. Constant loss / phase Wc = (W - 3Io2Ra )/3 watts
4. Core loss/phase Wi = Constant loss/phase – Mechanical loss
Here the mechanical loss Wm will be the distance from the origin to the point at
where the constant loss/phase Vs voltage curve cuts the y axis.
THEORY:
42
The no load losses are the constant losses which include core loss and friction and
windage loss. The separation between the two can be carried out by the no load test
conducted from variable voltage, rated frequency supply.
When the voltage is decreased below the rated value, the core loss reduces as nearly
square of voltage. The slip does not increase significantly the friction and windage loss
almost remains constant.
The voltage is continuously decreased, till the machine slip suddenly begins to increase
and the motor tends to stall. At no load this takes place at a sufficiently reduced voltage. The
graph showing no load losses versus voltage is extrapolated to V =0 which gives friction and
windage loss as iron or core loss is zero at zero voltage.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The auto transformer should be kept at minimum voltage position.
2. The motor should not be loaded throughout the experiment.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. By giving the three phase supply through the autotransformer, start the motor.
3. The auto transformer should be varied till the motor attains its rated speed and no
voltage and current.
4. Repeat the same procedure for some more low values of the voltage and tabulate the
readings.
5. Find the stator copper loss and constant loss by respective formula.
6. Draw the suitable graph to find the mechanical loss.
7. Obtain the core loss by separating the mechanical loss from the constant loss.
8. To measure the stator resistance, connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
9. By adding the load through the loading rheostat note down the ammeter, voltmeter
readings for various values of load.
GRAPH:
The graph drawn between constant loss and input voltage.
RESULT:
TABULAR COLUMN:
NO LOAD TEST:
Multiplication Factor:
W1 W2 Constant Core
S. Stator
(Io) (Vo) W1+W2 loss per loss per
No Obs Act Obs Act Cu loss
phase phase
43
Io = No load Current
Vo = No load voltage
W1, W2 = Wattmeter readings
W1 + W2 = Total no load input power
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Mention the losses that occur in induction motor.
1. Stator losses
i) Stator core loss
ii) Stator copper loss
2. Rotor Copper loss
3. Mechanical losses
2. What are the no load losses?
The no load losses are the constant losses which include core loss and friction and
windage loss.
3. In which type of induction motor can resistance be introduced in the rotor circuit?
In slip ring induction motor the resistance can be introduced in the rotor circuit.
4. The squirrel cage rotor is also known as short circuited rotor. Why?
In squirrel cage rotor, the copper bars are placed in the slots. These bars are short
circuited at each end with the help of conducting copper ring called end ring. The
entire rotor resistance is very small. Hence this rotor is also called as short circuited
rotor.
5. Why air gap length is minimum in an induction motor?
The air gap length is kept minimum in induction motor
i) To reduce the magnetizing current which is required to set up the flux.
ii) To improve the power factor.
6. Define operating torque, starting torque and breakdown torque. Which of these is the
largest?
Operating Torque: Torque from light load to full load
Starting Torque: Torque at start ie, speed = 0 or slip = 1
Breakdown Torque: Maximum torque that motor can develop.
If loaded beyond this torque the motor will decelerate and come to standstill.
Breakdown torque is the largest among these for normal induction motor.
7. Why do induction motor runs at low power factor when lightly loaded?
At no load an induction motor draws large magnetizing current to create flux in the
air gap. This current has very low power factor of the order 0.2 lag. The power is
mainly drawn to provide for core loss. As the motor is loaded, it draws a load
component of current with much higher power factor. Therefore the power factor of
the net current drawn from main increases with load. It rises to 0.8 - 0.85 at full load.
At light load the power factor will be slightly more than that at no load.
8. Why an induction motor is not operated under conditions of maximum load?
Maximum power output condition corresponds to matching of the load resistance in
the circuit model to the circuit impedance as seen by the load resistance. This
condition corresponds to much larger than the normal operating slip and hence larger
current than the full load value. As copper loss is proportional to square of motor
current, the motor efficiency under condition of maximum power output is well below
50% which is unacceptable for a power device. Acceptable efficiencies are about 85%
or higher.
44
9. Why an induction motor is called asynchronous motor?
Since the induction motor runs always at a speed lesser than the synchronous
speed, it is called asynchronous motor.
10. Why is the efficiency of a three phase induction motor less than that of a transformer?
In induction motor, there are mechanical losses due to the rotation of the rotor.
Hence the efficiency of an induction motor is less than that of the transformer.
AIM:
The aim of the experiment is to conduct the load test on single phase induction motor
and to draw the performance characteristics.
45
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
FUSE RATING:
125% of rated current (full load current)
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
APPARATUS
1. Ammeter (0-10) A MI 1
2. Voltmeter (0-300) V MI 1
3. Wattmeter 300V,10 A UPF 1
4. Tachometer Digital 1
5. Connecting wires As required
FORMULA USED:
1. Torque T =(S1~S2) (R+t/2)*9.81 N-M
Where S1, S2 = Spring balance readings in Kg
R = Radius of the brake drum in m, t = Thickness of the belt in m
2. Input power = (W) watts
3. Output Power = 2ЛNT / 60 watts
N = Rotor speed in RPM
T = Torque in N-M
4. Percentage efficiency = ( Output power/Input power ) *100
5. Percentage slip = (Ns-N)/Ns *100
Ns = synchronous speed in rpm
46
N = speed of the motor in rpm
6. Power factor = (W)/√3VLIL
THEORY:
Single phase motors are manufactured in fractional kilowatt range to be operated an
single phase supply and for use in numerous applications like ceiling fans, refrigerators, food
mixers, hair driers, portable drills, vaccum cleaners, washing machines etc.
A single phase induction motor has two main parts namely stator and rotor. A single
phase supply is connected to the stator winding. This produces an alternating current to the
stator winding. This current produces an alternating flux in the air gap between the stator and
the rotor. The alternating flux passes over the rotor conductors and induces an emf into it due
to transformer action. Due to this induced voltage, current starts flowing through the rotor
conductor. This current will then produces its own flux called the rotor flux. The main flux
produced by the stator winding interacts with the rotor flux to produce the torque. The rotor
flux gets produced due to the principle of induction hence the name of the motor is induction
motor. Single phase induction motors are not self starting like the dc motors.
Depending upon the method of starting, they are classified into,
i) Split phase induction motor
ii) Capacitor start induction motor
iii) Capacitor run induction motor
iv) Capacitor start capacitor run induction motor
v) Shaded pole induction motor
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The motor should be started without any load.
2. The supply should not be switched OFF before the motor is unloaded.
3. While running on load, the brake drum is cooled by pouring cold water.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. The TPSTS is closed and the motor is started using on line starter to run at rated
speed.
3. At no load, the speed, current, voltage and power are noted down.
4. By applying the load gradually with the help of spring balance and brake drum
arrangement, the speed, current, power and spring balance readings are noted for
various loads up to the rated current.
5. The load is released late and the motor is switched off and the graph is drawn.
47
TABULAR COLUMN:
Radius of the Brake Drum: Multiplication Factor: W1 =
RESULT:
48
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. A single phase induction motor is not self starting. Why?
When a single phase supply is connected across a single phase winding, a pulsating
magnetic field is produced. The force experienced by the upper conductors of the
rotor will be downward and the force experienced by the lower conductors will be
directed upward. The two sets of force will cancel and the rotor will experience no
torque. Hence the rotor will not rotate.
2. What is the rating of single phase machines? State its applications.
The rating of the single phase machine is from 1/8 to ¾ hp range. They are
widely used for fans, washing machines, refrigerators, blowers, centrifugal pumps
etc.
3. How will you change the direction of rotation of a split phase induction motor?
The direction of rotation of a split phase induction motor can be changed by
changing the direction of current either in the starting winding or in the running
winding.
4. What type of motor is used for ceiling fans?
Permanent magnet capacitor motor is used for ceiling fans.
5. Why single phase induction motor has low power factor?
The current through the running winding lags behind the supply voltage by a very
large angle. Hence the power factor is low in single phase induction motor.
6. What is the use of shading coil in the shaded pole motor?
The copper shading coil is used to produce rotating magnetic field moving from
the unshaded to shaded portion of the pole. Hence the motor produces a starting torque.
7. Why are centrifugal switches provided on many single phase inductions motor?
The centrifugal switches are provided on many single phase induction motors,
because when the motor is running at 75% of the synchronous speed, the centrifugal switch
connected in the auxiliary winding operates and disconnect the auxiliary winding from the
supply.
8. What could be the reasons if a split phase motor runs too slow?
1. Wrong supply voltage and frequency
2. Overload
3. grounded starting and running windings
4. Short circuited or open winding in field circuit
9. What could be the reasons if a split phase motor fails to start and hums loudly?
It could be due to the starting windings being grounded or burnt out.
10. What is universal motor?
Universal motor is a series motor of rating less than 1Kw which is designed to
operated on both dc and ac supply. They are widely used for food mixers, vaccum cleaners,
hair driers, electric shavers, portable drills, sewing machines etc.
49
Expt. No. Date:
NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON SINGLE
PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
Expt.no: Mark:
Date: Remark:
AIM:
The aim of the experiment is to conduct the no load and blocked rotor test on single
phase induction motor and to draw the equivalent circuit.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
No Load Test:
50
FUSE RATING:
Load: 125% of rated current (full load current)
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
APPARATUS
1. Ammeter (0-10) A MI 1
2. Voltmeter (0-300) V MI 1
3. Voltmeter (0-150) V MI 1
4. Wattmeter 300V,10 A LPF 1
5. Wattmeter 150V, 10 A UPF 1
6. 1Ф Auto transformer 230/(0-270) V 1
7. Connecting wires As required
FORMULA USED:
NO LOAD TEST:
1. No load power factor (CosФ0) = W0/ V0I0
Where W0 = No load power in watts
V0 = No load voltage in volts.
I0 = No load current in amps
2. Working component current (Iw) = I0 CosФ0 amps
3. Magnetizing component current (Im) = I0 SinФ0 amps
4. No load resistance R0 = V0 / Iw ohm
5. No load reactance X0 = V0 / Im ohm
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:
6. Motor equivalent impedance referred to stator Zsc = (Vsc / Isc) ohm
7. Motor equivalent resistance referred to stator Rsc = Zsc CosФsc ohm
= Wsc / Isc2 ohm
8. Power factor CosФsc = Wsc / VscIsc
9. Motor equivalent reactance referred to stator Xsc = √Zsc2 – Rsc2 ohm
10. Rotor resistance referred to stator R2’ = Rsc – R1 ohm
11. Rotor reactance referred to stator X2’ = Xsc / 2 = X1 ohm
Where R1 = Rac = 1.6 *Rdc
R1 = stator resistance
X1 = stator reactance
12. Magnetizing reactance Xm = 2(Xo –X1 – X2’/2)
13. Slip = (Ns-N)/Ns
Ns = synchronous speed in rpm
N = speed of the motor in rpm
THEORY:
The equivalent circuit of a single phase induction motor can be developed by using
double field revolving theory. By using the equivalent circuit the performance of the single
phase induction motor can be obtained.
51
The single phase induction motor can be visualized to be made of single stator
winding and two imaginary rotors. The developing torques of the induction motor is forward
torque and backward torque.
When the single phase induction motor is running in the direction of forward
revolving field at a slip S, then the rotor currents induced by the forward field has frequency
sf. The rotor mmf rotates at slip speed with respect to the rotor but at synchronous speed with
respect to the stator. The resultant forward stator flux and the rotor flux produce a forward air
gap flux. This flux induces the voltage in rotor. Thus due to the forward flux, the rotor circuit
referred to stator has an impedance of R2’ /2s + jX2’/2.
The backward flux induces a current in the rotor at a frequency (2-s)f. the
corresponding rotor mmf rotates in the air gap at synchronous speed in the backward
direction. The resultant backward stator flux and the rotor flux produce a backward air gap
flux. This flux induces the voltage in rotor. Thus due to backward flux the rotor circuit
reffered to stator has an impedance of R2’/2(2-s )+ jX2’/2
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The auto transformer should be kept at minimum voltage position.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. For no load test by adjusting autotransformer apply rated voltage and note down the ammeter,
voltmeter and wattmeter readings. In this test the rotor is free to rotate.
3. For blocked rotor test by adjusting autotransformer apply rated current and note down the
ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings. In this test the rotor is blocked.
4. After that make the connections to measure the stator resistance as per the circuit diagram.
5. By adding the load through the loading rheostat note down the ammeter, voltmeter readings
for various values of load.
RESULT:
TABULAR COLUMN:
NO LOAD TEST:
Multiplication Factor:
No load current W1
S.no No Load Voltage (Vo)
(Io) Obs Act
52
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST: Multiplication Factor:
Short circuit Short circuit Voltage W1
S.no
current (Isc) (Vsc) Obs Act
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the function of capacitor in a single phase induction motor?
Capacitor is used to improve the power factor of the motor. Due to the capacitor
connected in series with the auxiliary winding, the capacitive circuit draws a leading
current which increases the split phase angle α between the two current I m and Ist.
2. Define double field revolving theory.
According to this theory, any alternating quantity can be resolved into two rotating
components which rotates in opposite directions and each having magnitude as half of
the maximum magnitude of the alternating quantity.
3. What are the classifications of single phase induction motor based on the method of
starting?
1. Split phase motor
2. Capacitor start motor
3. Capacitor run motor
4. Capacitor start Capacitor run motor
5. Shaded pole motor
4. What design features are incorporated in a split phase motor to make it starting?
The split phase motor is provided with windings, main winding and auxiliary
winding. These two windings are excited from the same voltage. The currents in the
two windings can be made out of phase by adjustment of the impedance of the
auxiliary winding in relation to the main winding. As a result the mmf of main
winding and mmf of auxiliary winding constitute an unbalanced field set with 900
electrical space phase relationship. The two symmetrical components now being
unequal the forward rotating field is made stronger than the backward rotating field,
which results in the net production of starting torque. Thus the two windings with
phase difference make the split phase motor self starting.
5. What is the advantage of a capacitor start motor over a resistance split phase motor?
In case of capacitor start, it is possible to have the phase angle between the two
currents. Therefore this type of motor has high starting torque as compared to
resistance split phase motor and used for heavy loads such as compressors, conveyors,
pumps, certain machine tools, refrigerators and air conditioning equipment.
6. In which direction does a shaded pole motor runs?
It runs from the unshaded to the shaded part.
7. Give the function performed by induction motor starter.
1. To improve the starting torque
2. To limit the initial in rush of current during starting conditions, which would
otherwise produce larger line voltage drop affecting equipments connected to
the same line.
8. What do you mean by synchronous condenser?
53
A single machine which is available to convert ac to dc is known as synchronous
converter or rotary converter. A synchronous converter combines the function of a
synchronous motor and a dc generator.
9. What type of motor is used in computer drives and wet grinders?
For computer drives – Permanent magnet dc motors
Wet grinders – Universal motor
10. What is the difference between the dc motors and single phase induction motor?
An important difference between the two is that the dc motors are self starting
while single phase induction motors are not self starting.
54
LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR
AIM
PRECAUTION
1. The motor field rheostat should be kept in the minimum resistance position.
2. The alternator field potential divider should be in the minimum voltage position.
3. Initially all switches are in open position.
PROCEDURE
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
55
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
1Ф Induction motor
Volts:
Amps:
H.P.:
RPM:
FUSE RATING:
Load: 125% of rated current (full load current)
TABULATION
MODEL GRAPH:
56
Vph vs IL
Vph in volts Resistive load
Inductive load
IL in Amps
RESULT
Thus the load test on 3 phase alternator is successfully completed and the graph is
plotted.
57
AIM:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
CIRCUIT DIGRAM:
FUSE RATING:
Load: 125% of rated current (full load current)
PRECAUTION:
58
The motor should be started without any load.
PROCEDURE:
W1 W2 Input Output
S. IL VL Speed
S1 S2 S1~S2 Torque Power Power %η %Slip
No Amps Volts RPM
obs act obs act (Watts) (Watts)
MODEL GRAPHS:
59
(A) Mechanical Characteristics (B) Electrical characteristics
Output power in
watts
RESULT:
Thus the load test on three phase slip ring induction motor was performed and
electrical and mechanical characteristics have been drawn.
60