3 New communication networks

Communication
Systems

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3 New communication networks

CHAPTER 3:
New communication networks
for triple-play services

3.6 : Access network

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3 New communication networks

Twister pair access

3.6.2
network evolution

Federico Alvarez

Master Universitario en Ingeniería de Telecomunicación. SISTEMAS DE COMUNICACIONES 3

 3 New communication networks

Twister pair Access Technologies

FTTE FTTCab FTTC FTTH/B

ONU
ADSL ( < 6 KM )
NT
< 8 Mb/s
Central Office downstream

PSTN OLT ONU

ADSL2+/VDSL ( < 1 KM ) NT
VoIP Service < 26 Mb/s
IP Network
IPTV Service ONU
Internet Service VDSL2 ( < 300m )

NT
<100 Mb/s

Can we
FTTE- Fiber To The telecom Enclosure improve
FTTCab- Fiber to The Cabinet VDSL2?
ONT
FTTC- Fiber to The Curb
FTTH/B- Fiber To The Home/Building
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3 New communication networks

xDSL Spectrum Use: remember it’s a twister pair!

• xDSL normally uses Discrete multitone modulation with Coded orthogonal frequency-
division multiplexing in the higher bands of the twisted pair

• Governed by the Twisted pair fundamental equations and usual parameters

• Remember different interferences (such as cross-talk) NEXT and FEXT
• Spectrum balancing is possible
• Attenuation with distance is killing the channel capabilities

• Different techniques to increase reliability and speed up to the Shannon-Hartley bound.

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3 New communication networks

xDSL Recommendations evolution New

VDSL2 G.993.2
G998.4
to be published
Bonding
ADSL2 2015
G.998.1/2 2012
G.992.3 2005 2010
G.992.4
2002 2004 2006
2003
2000
G.998.4
1999
VDSL VDSL2 Vectoring G.993.5
G.993.1 G.993.2
SHDSL Phantom mode
ADSL G.991.2 E-SHDSL
G.992.1 G.991.2 (new Amd.)
G.992.2 ADSL2+
G.992.5

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3 New communication networks

Introduction

• In this chapter we will explain:

– Which are the main xDSL technologies and their
evolution
– evolution of the twister pair network architecture and
techniques to increase speed and reliability
– Progress to G.FAST: towards a gigabit network using
twisted pair

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 3 New communication networks
-6,0
Main effects: noise –
-8,0

-10,0
Φ=0.51 mms / L=1 Kms
attenuation - crosstalk
(dB)

-12,0
H(f)

-14,0
Φ=0.405 mms / L=1 Kms
-16,0

Frequency (kHz)
-18,0

1.000
1.050
1.100
1.150
1.200
450
400

500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900

950
150
200
250
300
350

attenuation increased by f1/2 in high frec

65,0 NEXT 1 ADSL

NEXT in long loops,
Subchannel rate (Kbps)

60,0
whereas FEXT dominant
55,0
NEXT 2 ADSL
in short loops
50,0 ADSL
3
45,0
40,0 Loop Lenght (Kms) – for ADSL
35,0
0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0 5,5 6,0 6,5 7,0 7,5 8,0

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3 New communication networks
Modulation and bit allocation: DMT
(Discrette MultiTone)
NOISE LEVEL

FREQUENCY
BITS per subcahhel

N-1
N-3 N-2
0 1 2
FREQUENCY

ADSL 2+ -> improvement over ADSL

2x bandwidth 25,875 138 2.208 (kHz)
Echo Cancellation – allowing band overlap
All digital mode – VoIP to increase the band
25,875 138 2.208 (kHz)

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3 New communication networks
Noise and capacity
• Apart from AWGN, NEXT and FEXT are calculated as:
H NEXT  f   k NEXT  f Hz3  0,85 1014  n 0,6  f Hz3
2

H FEXT  f   H PAIR  f   2,5 10 17  n 0, 6  f Hz

2 2

PSDNEXT  PSD pair _ of _ int erference  H NEXT  f  PSDFEXT  PSD pair _ of _ int erference  H FEXT  f 
2 2

S  PRCX
 
 N  PRCX  H FEXT  PRCX  H NEXT  W 
2 2

• Bit loading: Capacity

 
 3(S / N )i   N 1   N 1 
ni  log2 1 
2  PES
 C   ni   f 0    ni   W
  2  Ln( i 
)  i 0   i 0 
 Ki 
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3 New communication networks

Crosstalk
M subcarriers (M subchannels)

N xDSL systems
Only same channel number
••••••••• of other systems can cause
interference
•••••••••

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3 New communication networks

VDSL2 (G.993.2)
• ADSL2+ is improved by VDSL2: improving the
speed and capabilities by reducing the distance to
the user

Different modes (symmetrical and non-symmetrical)

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3 New communication networks

VDSL2 improvements
• Including Echo Cancellation, trellis coding, PTM-TC
(Packet Transfer Mode – Transmission
Convergence),... Some of them in ADSL2+ as well
Power (dBm)
vs profile in VDSL2
capacidad (Mbps)

alcance (metros)

60 120 180 240 300 360 420

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3 New communication networks

How to improve the rate and quality?

• There 3 ways to improve:
– Model the bundle of pairs -> bonding (create 1 big DSL pipe)
– Eliminating crosstalk -> Vectoring
– Use 2 copper pairs -> Phantom mode

* Figure from Alcatel-Lucent

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3 New communication networks
DSL vectoring
• Starting with autonomous, i.e. non-cooperative (“Water
filling” is adding 2dBs – spectrum management) or
• coordinated (DSM-Vectoring, MIMO)
– “Eliminate” crosstalk (Self FEXT)
– Increase to 500 Mbps in VDSL2

Spectrum
Maintenance
Center

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3 New communication networks

Water filling: autonomous mode

Water-Filling  Iterative process where
power is modelled as “water”
Noise ≡ N(f) over noise level N(f) in the DSL
system considered taking into
P (f1) account the whole AWGN,
NEXT, FEXT, …
P f   N  f   Cte.

N (f1)  More power in those

frequencies with lower noise,
Frequency
with only delivering the
necessary energy to
guarantee the requested
rate.

 First approach to OSB (Optimal Spectrum Balancing).

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3 New communication networks

DSL bonding
• Bonding uses two copper pairs from the DSLAM to the residence
and joins them logically at the data layer as one pipe.
• For ADSL and VDSL up to a 4:1 bit rate delta on the pairs can be
supported.
• Doing this almost doubles the bit rate
• is a standardized technique
– G.998.1 — ATM-based multipair bonding,
– G.998.2 — Ethernet-based multipair Bonding (ADSL2+, VDSL2),
– G.998.3 — Multipair bonding using time-division inverse multiplexing

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3 New communication networks

DSL phantom mode

• Adds a virtual, phantom pair to two copper pairs.
• The two typical DSL copper pairs operate in a differential mode, while the third
signal is injected in common mode via a passive coupling device.
• Thus, phantom mode, indicated below, adds a “third pair” data path without
having to add a third copper pair (2 lines as differential mode and injecting a
virtual common mode)
• BUT…common mode is less sensitive to NEXT/FEXT, but it injects noise into the
differential mode lines 1 and 2. Vectoring is thus required to reduce crosstalk in
the bonded group.

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3 New communication networks

As summary this is what we can get in VDSL2

* Figures from John Williams, JDS

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3 New communication networks
G.FAST overview (2015)*
Capacity vs. Max Bandwidth in AWGN=-140 dBm/Hz
(100% crosstalk cancellation)

*thanked and referenced to Frank Van der Putten, Alcatel-Lucent, ITU-T Q4/SG15 rapporteur.
G.FAST summit 2014
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3 New communication networks

Coexistence with other standards

Coexistence with xDSL: VDSL2 to G.fast migration

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3 New communication networks

G.fast key functionalities (1/4)

Duplexing method: TDD
Can easily vary Downstream/Upstream asymmetry
ratio
Easily supports low-power states
Discontinuous operation allows trade-off of
throughput vs. power consumption
TDD Frame
Tds Tg2 Tus Tg1

Downstream transmission opportunity Upstream transmission opportunity time

Downstream-upstream-guard-time Upstream-downstream-guard-time

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3 New communication networks
G.fast key functionalities (2/4)
Bandwidth increase vs. VDSL2:
106 MHz profile in the 1st version
212 MHz profile in a future amendment
Configurable start and stop frequencies, PSD
shaping and notching
Modulation:
Discrete multi-tone (DMT) with 2048 sub-carriers
for 106 MHz, 4096 subcarriers for 212 MHz
Sub-carrier spacing 51.75 kHz
Default symbol rate 48.00 kHz
Bit loading of ≤12 bits/sub-carrier
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3 New communication networks
G.fast key functionalities (3/4)
PHY layer retransmission
improved robustness against impulsive noise
events (up to 10 ms duration) without loss of
data while maintaining low latency
Mandatory support for vectoring
Far-end self crosstalk (FEXT) cancellation
Linear precoding in the 1st version, non-linear
precoding in a future amendment
Forward error correction (FEC)
Trellis code + Reed Solomon of VDSL2
(G.993.2) with the retransmission block (DTU)
interleaving defined in G.998.4
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3 New communication networks

G.fast key functionalities (4/4)

Fast rate adaptation (FRA)
To quickly adapt the data rate
depending on
changing channel or noise
conditions
Uses a robust management
channel (RMC) to make rapid
changes (TDD frame rates, <1
ms)
Expected reach
Intended to operate over
loops up to approximately
250 m of 24 AWG (0.5
mm) wire pair
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