ABSTRACT

1
 ABSTRACT

Our project is entitled as “Intelligent Assistance for Blind Peoples”. It is a

portable electronic device with guides the uninterrupted path for blinds. The
vibration with sound indicator indicates where to stop and helps him to reach the
destination. This can be done with the help of ultrasonic waves.

The objective of the project is to help the blinds based on ultrasonic object
detection. Using the embedded electronics by guiding the correct path of blinds.
Accidents of blinds are minimized in an efficient manner. It can be implemented in
Bio-medical applications.

In this system is developed by PIC microcontroller. We can detect the

nearest object by using ultrasonic transceiver. Estimate and comparing the
minimum distance. Vibration with sound alertness indicate object found. All the
process done with support of embedded C programming.

The project designed mainly for blinds applications by preventing the

accidents and guiding the correct path. By this project the accidents are avoided
and sophisticated development for the modern world.

2
BLOCK DIAGRAM

3
 BLOCK DIAGRAM

POWER UNIT

MICRO
ULTRASONIC
CONTROLLER VOICE CHIP
SENSOR

AMPLIFIER

SPEAKER

4
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

5
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Control unit

V C C (+ 5 V )

0 .1 m f 10M FD

20

U ltr a s o n ic
Sensor 21

V C C (+ 1 2 V )
P IC 1 6 F 7 3

4 .7 K
28
1N 4007
470E 27 Voice
1 Chip
1M F D
26 SPEAKER
560E

LED

22pf

9
4M H z
10
22pf
19

6
 POWER SUPPLY

+12V

4X1N 4007 1 3
IC 7 8 0 5 +5V

2
+ +
A C 220V - +
1 0 0 0 M F D \5 0 V 0 .1 M D F 1 0 0 M F D \2 5 V

12V / 500m A

7
EMBEDDED
SYSTEM

8
 INTRODUCTION

WHY WE ARE USING EMBEDDED SYSTEM?

 Cost of production is very low.

 It is an advanced and latest technology.
 Production time is very less.
 It improves the efficiency of the host machine tremendously.

WHAT IS EMBEDDED SYSTEM?

Embedded System is a small computer system that is generally hidden inside

equipment [machine, electrical appliances, or electronic gadget] to increase the
intelligence of the equipment for better or more efficient functionality. This kind of
system always involves both the software and the hardware co-development.

Embedded Systems are often easier understood in terms of Smart devices,

intelligent or automated equipments. Embedded Systems do not need a complete
operating system, but only the basic functionalities of an operating system. Hence
Embedded System can be defined as follows:

 It is embedding or inserting human intelligence by means of a software into a

Microcontroller chip and designing a hardware for the purpose.

9
 It is a combination of software and hardware with automatic working without
user interface.
 It performs specific functions in host systems like satellites, remote controllers,
televisions, robotics, ATMs, pagers, laser printers, missile launch systems, etc.

EMBEDDED SYSTEM

An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware, software and

additional mechanical parts, designed to perform a specific function .An embedded
system is designed to do a specific task within a given time frame, repeatedly,
without human interaction. Embedded system do not need a complete operating
system, but only the basic functionalities of an operating system in a real-time
environment, that is, a real time operating system. (RTOS). Frequently, embedded
system does not have a user interface.

Application Area of embedded system include aerospace/defense systems,

telecommunication equipments and switches, mobile computing, broadcast,
automotives, industrial process control and monitoring, medical electronics,
consumer electronics, etc. Main hardware components of an embedded system are
microprocessor or micro controller, and supporting ICs. The combination of micro-
controller and ICs are application specific. Commonly used microprocessors
include the following. Motorola 680XX series, IBM PowerPC series processors,
MIPS processors, Intel 386 and compatible CPUs, ARM processors, Sun SPARC
series, etc. Embedded systems need memory for storing programs and data, and
usually programs are stored in ROM or EPROM. Often these systems have a serial
port network interface, I/O interface for interacting with sensors and actuators in
the case of process controlling systems.

10
11
MICROPROCESSOR
Vs
MICROCONTROLLE
R

12
 MICROPROCESSOR Vs MICROCONTROLLER

Microcontroller is a general-purpose device which has an in-built CPU,

Memory and peripherals, which make it function as a mini computer.

Both Microcontroller and microprocessor can be employed for designing

products or applications in Embedded System. But Microcontroller has its own
advantages over microprocessor. They are as follows:

 For transfer of data from external memory to the CPU,

microprocessor needs many operational codes. But in Microcontroller, one or
two codes are enough.
 Microcontroller have many bit-handling inuctions, but microprocessor have
only one or two.
 Microcontroller have built-in peripherals whereas microprocessor lack in-built
peripherals.
 Microcontroller work faster than microprocessor because of rapid movement of
bits within the chip.
 Microcontroller have simple circuit ucture compared to microprocessor.
 Microcontroller have only 35 inuctions whereas microprocessor have 75.
 Microcontroller are costly when compared with microprocessor.
 Microcontroller can function as a mini computer without any additional parts.
 Microcontroller inunctions are simple, single word inuctions.

13
 PIC
(PERIPHERL INTERFACE CONTROLLER)

14
 PIC (PERIPHERL INTERFACE CONTROLLER)

PIC stands for Peripheral Interface Controller as coined by Microchip

Technology, USA. MCU overview and Roadmap Microchip PIC micro MCUs
combine high-performance, low-cost and small package size, offering the best
price/performance ratio in the industry. More than 1.5 billion of these devices are
shipped to customers worldwide since 1990.

PIC (Peripheral Interface Controller) is the IC which was developed to

control the peripheral device, dispersing the function of the main CPU.
When comparing to the human being, the brain is the main CPU and the PIC
shares the part of which is equivalent to the automatic. However, the through out,
the memory capacities are not big. It depends on the kind of PIC but the maximum
operation clock frequency is about 29 MHZ and the memory capacity to write the
program is about 1k to 4k words. It is possible to make the compact circuit when
using PIC.
The point which the PIC is convenient for the calculation part, the memory,
the input/output part and so on are incorporated in to one piece of the IC.

15
 The efficiency and the function are limited but can compose the control unit
only by the PIC even if it does not combine the various IC’s. So the circuit can be
compactly.

Microchip offers five families of MCUs to best fit your application needs:
 PIC12CXXX 8-pin 12-bit/14-bit program word
 PIC16C5X 12-bit program word
 PIC16CXXX 14-bit program word
 PIC17CXXX 16-bit program word
 PIC18CXXX enhanced 16-bit program word

ADVANTAGES IN USING PIC

 Microchip is the world’s first largest chip Manufacturer.

 Focus on high performance cost-effective, field-programmable embedded

control Solutions.

 Microchip is the first Manufacturer of 8 pin RISC MCU.

 Variety of end-user Application-specific Standard Products (ASSP) &

Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC).

 Global network of manufacturing and customer support facilities.

 Non-Volatile memory.

16
 HARDWARE COMPONENTS OF PIC16F73

This powerful yet easy-to-program (only 35 single word instructions) 8-

bit microcontroller packs Microchip's powerful PIC architecture into an 28-pin
package and is upwards compatible with the PIC16C5X, PIC12CXXX and
PIC16C7X devices. The PIC16F73 features, self programming, an ICD, 2
Comparators, 5 channels of 8-bit Analog-to-Digital (A/D) converter, 2 additional
timers, the synchronous serial port can be configured as either 3-wire Serial
Peripheral Interface (SPI™) or the 2-wire Inter-Integrated Circuit (I 2C™) bus and a
Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART). All of these features
make it ideal for more advanced level A/D applications in automotive, industrial,
appliances and consumer applications.

17
PIN DIAGRAM
OF
PIC16F73

18
PIN DIAGRAM OF PIC16F73

19
PIC16F73 BLOCK DIAGRAM

20
 The PIC16F73 has 28 pins. These 28 pins can be connected to different ports
like PORTA, PORTB and PORTC. Apart from these it can be used for transmitting
and receiving different analog signals. Oscillators, Capacitors, Resistors of varying
value can be used with this. The ports in this can be configured as either an output
port or as an input port .If it is configured as output port either LED’s or LCD’s or
Seven segment displays can be used to view the output. If the ports are configured
as input then signals can be received by using keys. These ports have 3-8 pins. Port
A, B, C has eight pins each. Supply of +5v are used in pins 1 and 20 where a
resistor of 1K is used in pin 1.Similarly pin 19 is used as ground. This IC is
particularly used for storing values in its memory. RTC (Real Time Clock) is an
added feature. When there is a need to use three ports or lesser than five ports we
can always go for 72 since it gives us an advantage to use EEPROM, RTC and
different types of input and output.

Oscillators
There are 4 common oscillator modes that are available on most PICmicro
devices. HS, XT, LP and RC.
These modes support crystals, canned oscillator modules, some resonators or
the use of an external resistor and capacitor as a clock source. When using a crystal
or resonator, other components such as capacitors may be needed. The XT mode
stands for “Crystal” mode and will produce a medium drive level. It is designed to
be used with crystals and resonators of about 1 to 4 MHz. XT mode has moderate
power consumption since its drive level is lower than that of HS mode, and
because a lower clock speed is produced. Remember, as a rule: the faster the clock
used, the more current the application will require.

21
Master Clear Resets (MCLR)
Resets can be caused by a signal on the MCLR pin, by powering up
the device, by a Watchdog timer timeout, by a Brown-Out voltage Reset (BOR), by
a software reset instruction, or by a stack overflow or underflow reset. The MCLR
pin can be used to generate a reset. On most PICmicro® devices the MCLR pin is
always active. When the MCLR function of the pin is enabled, it is an active low
Schmitt trigger input. This means that to ensure a reset, the voltage on the pin must
be lower than the maximum input low voltage specified.

22
 PCB
(Printed Circuit Board)

23
PCB (Printed Circuit Board)

24
 CIRCUIT
EXPLANATION

25
POWER SYSTEM

Every electronic system we need low voltage DC power supply in different

electronic circuits operated in different power supplies, the ratings depending upon
load current and voltage. The load current depending on load resisistance i.e load
current is inversely proportional to load resistance. So the matched designation of
power supply is very important to every electronic circuit.

In this circuits we need two power supplies .All ICs are worked on regulated
DC power 5v with GND. Relay derive worked on dc 12v with GND .This unit
consist of transformer, rectifier, filter & regulator. AC voltage typically 230v RMS
is connected to a transformer which steps that AC voltage down to the level of the
desired Ac voltage .A Diode rectifier then provides a bridge rectified voltage that is
initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a DC voltage. This resulting
DC voltage usually has some ripple or Ac voltage variations. A regulator circuit
can use this DC input to provide DC voltage that not only has much less ripple
voltage but also remains the same DC value even the DC voltage varies
somewhat,. OR the load connected to the output DC voltages changes.

BLOCKDIAGRM:

Transformer Rectifier Filter Regulator

26
TRANSFORMER:
A Transformer is a static (or stationary) piece of which electric power in one
circuit is transformed into electric power of the same frequency in another circuit.
It can raise or lower the voltage in a circuit but with a corresponding decrease or
increase in current. It works with the principle of mutual induction. In our project
we are using step down transformer for providing a necessary supply for the
electronic circuits .In our project we are using a (12-0) v/500mA.

RECTIFIER:
The Dc level obtained from a sinusoidal input can be improved 100% using
a process called full wave rectification. It uses 4 diodes in a bridge configuration.
From the basic bridge configuration. we see that two diodes (say D2 &D3) are
conducting while the other two diodes (D1&D4) are in “off” state during the
period t = 0 to T/2.Accordingly for the negative of the input the conducting diodes
are D1&D4.Thus the polarity across the load is the same.

FILTER

The filter circuit used here is the capacitor filter circuit where a capacitor is
connected at the rectifier output, and a DC is obtained across it .The filtered wave
form is essentially a dc voltage with negligible ripples, which is ultimately fed to
the load.

REGULATOR

The output voltage from the capacitor is more filtered and finally regulated.
The voltage regulator is a device, which maintains the output voltage constant
irrespective of the changes in supply variations, load variation and temperature

27
changes. Here we use one fixed voltage regulator namely LM7805.The IC 7805 is
a+5 voltage regulator.

3-Terminal Positive Voltage Regulators

The LM341 and LM78MXX series of three-terminal positive voltage

regulators employ built-in current limiting, thermal shutdown, and safe-operating
area protection which make them virtually immune to damage from output
overloads. With adequate heat sinking, they can deliver in excess of 0.5A output
current. Typical applications would include local (on-card) regulators which can
eliminate the noise and degraded performance associated with single-point
regulation.

 Internal thermal overload protection

 Internal short circuit current-limiting
 Output transistor safe
 ea compensation
 Available in TO-220, TO-39, and TO-252 D-PAK packages
 Output voltages of 5V, 12V, and 15V
 Output current in excess of 0.5A

28
ULTRASONIC
SENSOR

29
 ULTRASONIC SENSOR

The ultrasonic sensor is a device you can use with the microcontroller to
measure how far away an object is. With a range of 3 centimeters to 3.3 meters, it's
a shoe-in for any number of robotics and automation projects. It's also remarkably
accurate, easily detecting an object's distance down to the half centimeter.

HOW DOES THE SENSOR WORK?

Figure shows how the sensor sends a brief chirp with its ultrasonic speaker
and makes it possible for the microcontroller to measure the time it takes the echo
to return to its ultrasonic microphone. The microcontroller starts by sending the
ultrasonic sensor a pulse to start the measurement. Then, the ultrasonic sensor

30
waits long enough for the embedded c program to start logic 1 command. At the
same time the ultrasonic sensor chirps its 40 kHz tone, it sends a high signal to the
microcontroller. When the ultrasonic sensor detects the echo with its ultrasonic
microphone, it changes that high signal back to low. The embedded c logic high
command stores how long the high signal from the sensor lasted in a variable. The
time measurement is how long it took sound to travel to the object and back. With
this measurement, you can then use the speed of sound in air to make your
program calculate the object's distance in centimeters, inches, feet, etc...

The sensor's chirps are not audible because 40 kHz is ultrasonic. What we
consider sound is our inner ear's ability to detect the variations in air pressure
caused by vibration. The rate of these variations determines the pitch of the tone.
Higher frequency tones result in higher pitch sounds and lower frequency tones
result in lower pitch tones. Most people can hear tones that range from 20 Hz,
which is very low pitch, to 20 kHz, which is very high pitch. Subsonic is sound
with frequencies below 20 Hz, and ultrasonic is sound with frequencies above 20
kHz. Since the sensor's chirps are at 40 kHz, they are definitely ultrasonic, and not
audible.

In this activity, you will test the sensor and verify that it gives you echo time
measurements that correspond to an object's distance. You will also modify the
program to convert these times into centimeter or inch measurements.

Specification

Voltage – 5 only required

Current - 30mA Typ. 50mA Max.
Frequency - 40KHz
Max Range – 3.3 m

31
Min Range - 3 cm
Sensitivity - Detect 3cm diameter broom handle at > 2 m
Input Trigger - TTL level pulse
Echo Pulse - Positive TTL level signal
Small Size - 43mm x 20mm x 17mm height

VOICE CHIP

32
VOICE CHIP

33
 APR9600 single chip voice recorder and playback device from Aplus
Integrated Circuits makes use of a proprietary analogue storage technique
implemented using flash nonvolatile memory process in which each cell is capable
of storing up to 256 voltage levels. This technology enables the APR9600 to
reproduce voice signals in their natural form.

The APR9600 is a good standalone voice recorder or playback IC with

nonvolatile storage and playback capability for 32 to 60 seconds. It can record and
play multiple messages at random or in sequential mode. The user can select
sample rates with consequent quality and recording time trade-off. Microphone
amplifier, automatic gain control (AGC) circuits, internal
anti-aliasing filter, integrated output amplifier and messages management are some
of the features of the APR9600 chip.

34
 Voice signal from the microphone is fed into the chip through a differential
amplifier. It is further amplified by connecting Ana_Out to Ana_In via an external
DC blocking capacitor.
A bias signal is applied to the microphone and to save power during playback, the
ground return of this bias network can be connected to the normally open side of
the record switch. Both Mic.in and Mic.Ref must be coupled to the microphone
network through capacitors. Recording signal from the external source can also be
fed directly into the chip using Ana_In, but the connection between Ana_In and
Ana_out is still required for playback. An internal anti-aliasing filter automatically
adjusts its response according to the sampling frequency selected. Then the signal
is processed into the memory array through a combination of the sample-and-hold
circuit and analogue read/write circuit. The incoming voice signals are sampled
and the instantaneous voltage samples are stored in the non-volatile flash memory
cells in 8-bit binary encoded format.
During playback, the stored signals are retrieved from the memory, smoothed to
form a continuous signal, low-pass filtered and then amplified.

The signal level at the speaker terminals SP+ and SP- (pins 14 and 15,
respectively) is at about 12mW power into 16-ohm impedance. The output from
pin 14 (SP+) is further amplified by the low-power amplifier using LM386 as
shown in the figure. The recorded message is reproduced into speaker LS1.
An internal oscillator provides sampling clock to the APR9600. The
frequency of the oscillator and sampling rate depend on the value of resistor R12
[R12(A)+R12(B)] connected across OSCR (pin 7) of the chip and the ground.
Table II shows the sampling frequencies corresponding to different resistor values,
as well as the resulting input bandwidth and duration of recording. Higher
sampling rates improve the voice quality but they also increase the bandwidth
requirement and thus reduce the duration.

35
 Lower sampling rates use fewer memory cells and effectively increase the
recording / playback duration of the device. The RC network (comprising resistor
R9 and capacitor C2 connected) at pin 19 sets the AGC attack time. (The attack
time is defined as the delay present before the AGC circuit begins to adjust gain.)

Table-2

SOFTWARE
36
 MPLAB

INTRODUCTION
MPLAB is a Windows program package that makes writing and developing a
program easier. It could best be described as developing environment for some
standard program language that is intended for programming a PC computer. Some
operations which were done from the instruction line with a large number of
parameters until the discovery of IDE "Integrated Development Environment" are
now made easier by using the MPLAB. Still, our tastes differ, so even today some
programmers prefer the standard editors and compilers from instruction line. In
any case, the written program is legible, and well documented help is also
available.

37
MPLAB CONSISTS OF
 Grouping the projects files into one project (Project Manager)
 Generating and processing a program (Text Editor)
 Simulator of the written program used for simulating program
 Function on the microcontroller.

REQUIREMENTS

 PC compatible computer 486 or higher

 Microsoft Windows 3.1x or Windows 95 and new versions of the Windows
Operating system
 VGA graphic card
 8MB memory (32MB recommended).
 20MB space on hard disc
 Mouse

HITECH C

INTRODUCTION

The HI-TECH C Compiler is a set of software, which translates

programs written in the C language to executable machine code programs. Versions
are available which compile programs for operation under the host operating
system, or which produce programs for execution in embedded systems without an
operating system.

FEATURES
38
 Some of HI-TECH C's features are:

1. A single batch file or command file will compile, assemble and link entire
programs.

2. The compiler performs strong type checking and issues warnings about
various constructs which may represent programming errors.

3. The generated code is extremely small and fast in execution.

4. A full run-time library is provided implementing all standard C input/output

and other functions.

5. The source code for all run-time routines is provided.

6. A powerful general purpose macro assembler is included.

Programs may be generated to execute under the host operating

system, or customized for installation in ROM.

ADVANTAGES
39
 AND
APPLICATION

ADVANTAGES

 To avoid external guidance for blind peoples.

 Maintenance free.

 Highly reliable.

40
  Long life.

 Efficient & Economy.

 Time management.

APPLICATION

 Biomedical Applications
 Blind Assistance System
 Obstacle Detection

BIBLIOGRAPHY
41
 BIBILIOGRAPHY

WEBSITE REFERENCE

www.alldatasheet.com

www.microchip.com

www.google.com

BOOK REFERENCE

42
1. Microprocessor by Nagoor Kani

2. Programming In ANSI C by Balagurusamy

3. Embedded C by jerk

43
 CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

Using the ultra Sensitive Design methodology, we identified clear path that
are important to blind people when using public transit. We also considered how
other stakeholders were affected by conducting surveys with interviewing a deaf-
blind people. We developed technology to support the values, focusing on
increasing independence and safety, and providing blind people.

44
45
ENTREPRENEURSHI
P

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Basics of Entrepreneurship
It is a well-known fact that the scope of for absorbing the ever increasing
number of unemployment in government departments is very much restricted on
account of various factors. Absorption of unemployment people government

46
service takes place either on account of retirement of the existing staff or due to
launching of development programs. The employment so generated covers only a
segment of the unemployed. The private sector is also offering very little
opportunity to the young unemployed people due to various reasons. In such
adverse situation the Indian youth has to wage a bitter fight to solve the problem of
unemployment.

The plan document of our country lays emphasis on self-employment to

reduce unemployment in the country. We are a developing country and there is a
wider scope for the development of self employment to all types of job. Industrial
development in a country depends greatly upon the type of human resources the
country possesses. A country may be rich in material resources and capital, but if
entrepreneurship is lacking, the utilization of resources would not be as expected.
The developing economics of resources would not be as expected.

Concept
Entrepreneurship prevails environment in a country. Entrepreneurship being
an innovator who introduces something new into the economy, a method of
protection not yet tested by experience in the branch of manufactured concerned, a
product with which the consumes are not familiar, a new source or raw materials,
or a new market higher exploited and similar other innovations. An entrepreneur is
one who starts an industrial venture or a business of his own. Entrepreneurship
would include undertaking manufacturing activities, business or crafts etc.,
Entrepreneurship is also associated with a risk assuming function.

Entrepreneur

47
 An entrepreneur is said to be a person who organizes, manages and issue the
risk for a business or enterprise. Commonly entrepreneur is understood to be those
persons who start build their own enterprise rather than taking up a job.
Entrepreneurship is the trait taking up own enterprises.

Role of entrepreneurship

An entrepreneur is a part of industrial society. He is responsible for not only

making his own source of live hood but also for creating avenues of employment
for others and making additions to the gross national product. If a larger number of
entrepreneurs set up enterprise of their own, there is a great deal of transformation
of an area. The industrial entrepreneurs are thus the agents of charge in removing
back wardens and disparities of an area. An entrepreneur has a great social
responsibility.
An enterprise consists of not only those who manage it but a host other segments
of society, workers, consumers, the state and the surrounding community.

Some of the qualities are inherent but the others are mostly acquired. Broody
speaking four qualities are the most important one, e.g. intelligence, motivation,
knowledge and opportunity. While the first one is inherent, a continuous process
generally gains the knowledge, the qualities of entrepreneurs further be sub-
divided as under

48
 Capacity to take risk
 Capacity to work hard
 Desire for deferred consumption
 Capacity to take advantage of an external situation
 Imagination
 Emulation
 Initiative
 Sociability and flexibility
 Inventive ability and
 Knowledge, both informative and technical.

49
Expectation

 Increase number of industries is expected from the

entrepreneurs that they will help to.
 Increase production
 Earn foreign exchange through exports
 Develop the underdeveloped parts of the country.
 Develop economy

Small – scale industries facilitate production of consumer goods locally and

help reduction of prices. Some of the important measures of assistance now
available are briefly noted below:

1. Technical assistance: complete technical, economic and managerial

consultancy services are provided to SSO through Small Industries
Services Institute (SISI) and Industrial Extension centers.
2. Assistance for obtaining raw materials: small – scale units are helped
to obtain controlled indigenous raw materials through state director of
industries and imported raw materials through State Trading
Corporation of India (STC).
3. Supply of machinery Hire Purchase: The National Small Industries
Corporation (NSIC) is giving assistance to small scale units by
supplying machinery to them on deferred credit basis.
4. Marketing assistance: SS units are helped to market their products
through Trade centers and by participating in government’s Stores
Purchase Programme.
5. Assistance to small entrepreneurs: Entrepreneurial Development
programmer is conducted by SSI and Small Industries Development

50
 Organization (SIDO) to give necessary training to young
entrepreneurs. District Industries Centre (DIC) provides under a single
– roof all the services and support required by the small and village
industries at pre – investment, investment, investment and post
investment stages.
6. Financial assistance : SS units are helped by providing various
financial assistance like loans, subsides, and hire – purchase scheme
through various agencies like State Finance Corporation NSIC, State
Directorates of Industries, commercial banks, Industrial Development
Bank of India (IDBI) , and National Bank for Agricultural and Rural
Development (NABARD) .
7. Special incentives : Special inducements like the following are offered
by the government for development of entrepreneurship.
a. Capital subsidy up to 15% in backward areas
b. Income Tax exemption for five years.
c. Exemption from Central excise duty.
d. Deduction of depreciation from net profit.
e. Concessions in Stamp duty.
f. License to import raw material.

Self-employment schemes

The following are the four important government schemes for prompting
self-employment.

i. District Manpower Planning and Employment Generation Council

The Council prepares a list of investment opportunities in the
self-employment in the district. The major objective of the council is to

51
 remove the handicaps and difficult faced by the youth in entering self-
employment project.

ii. Employment Exchange

A special Vocational Guidance Unit functioning in every
Employment Exchange with the object of giving guidance and
motivation to unemployed persons to take up self employment ventures.
In addition to furnishing information on self-employment projects, until
also helps in obtaining loans from the banks.

iii. The Prime Minister Scheme for providing self-employment to

educated Unemployed youth.
The objective of the scheme is to encourage the educated
unemployed youth to undertake self-employment ventures in industry,
service and business through provision of a package of assistance.
The scheme covers all unemployed youth who are matriculates and
above, and in the age group of 18 to 35 years. District Industries Centers
(DIC) are assigned the operational responsibility of the scheme.

iv. Self employment scheme for TRYSEM – trained youth

TRYSEM stands for “Training of Rural Youth for Self-
Employment”, It is a scheme by which rural youth are trained in semi
engineering trades in Industrial Training Institutes and Polytechnics.
lThey youth are provided wit5h financial and other assistance from
Government I the form of subsidy drawn from Integral Rural
Development Program (RDP) and as credit from commercial banks
RS.3000 to Rs.10,000.

52
The Scheme is implemented by a Task Force under the Chairmanship of District
Collector and with District Employment Officer as Member Secretary and Project
officer (DRDA). DDO and Lead Bank Manager as members.
Product Selection

A prospective entrepreneur should first prepare a shore list of product lines

that he wants to establish. Then, he should select the product to be manufactured
based upon market survey and demand survey, financial implementations involved,
technical know-how available, and his own experience in the line.

Market survey involves the following:

 Study similar product available in the market that can be probable

Competitors.
 Analyze them in regards to their utility, quality and cost.
 Check whether it is a seasonal product or needed through out the year.
 Find the probable extend of the market.
 Find whether the product can be exported.
 Explore the possibility of manufacturing in collaboration with a
foreign company.
 A demand survey is made to determine
 Whether survey demand for the product is or inelastic.
 The trend of the demand.
 The composition and pattern of the potential users.

Site Selection
The important factors to be considered in selecting the site for an industry
are given below.

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  Nearness to raw material: It will reduce the cost of transportation of
raw materials to the factory.
 Nearness to market: It will reduce transportation cost of the finished
products and also help to catch the share of the market.
 Easy availability of labor: If highly skilled workmen are required, it is
better to locate the plant near a large town.
 Availability of power and fuel: Electrical power and fuel required for
the plant should be easily obtainable in the area, Reliability of power
supply must be ensured.
 Availability of water: Water for drinking and for other purposes
should be easily available. If the process requires large quantity of
water, then the plant should be located near a major water source.
 Land-topography: Cost, probability of floods. Earthquakes, etc are to
be considered.
 Industrial areas: Notified industrial areas will be advantageous due to
the availability of ready infrastructure and other benefits.
 Other major factors: Presence of related industries, facilities for
expansion, housing facilities, and nearness of public amenities like
hospitals and schools, security problems, local and attitude of local
people.

Plant Layout
Plant layout means the disposition of the various (equipments, material,
manpower, etc) and services of the plant within the area of the site selected. Plant
layout begins with the design of the factory building and goes up lathe location and
movement of a worktable. All the facilities like equipments, raw material,
machinery, tools fixtures,

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Workers, etc, are given a proper place. In deciding the place for equipment, the
supervisors and workers who nave to operate them should be consulted.

There are three types of plant layout:

1. Process Layout (functional layout) in which all machines or process of
the same types is grouped together in the same area.
2. Product Layout (line layout) in which equipments regardless of
process is arranged as per the sequence of operations in which a given
product will be manufactured.
3. Layout by fixed position (static product layout) in which the product
is too big (e.g. ship, airplane) or too heavy to be moved from one
place to another and is consequently fixed in one place, and men and
machines are brought to the product to perform the required
operations. Whatever by the type required, certain basic principles
must be observed. While preparing the plant layout.

These are:
1. Placement of facilities in a logical and balanced manner.
2. Minimum movements for workers and materials
3. Smooth and continuous flow of operations
4. Optimum space utilization.
5. Flexibility
i. Private Limited Company
ii. Public Limited Company
Each one has its own advantages and disadvantages. An entrepreneur’s
choices of the type of the organization will primary depend upon the nature of the
business to be started and his own preferences together with the amount of capital
he can contribute.

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Registration
The prospective entrepreneur in the small – scale sector need not obtain any
Industrial Licenses, provided the item of manufacture is not governed by special
regulations. However, to facilitate identification, the Directorate of Industries
(through District Industries Center - DIC) issues certificates registering a unit as a
Small Scale / Ancillary / Tiny Unit.
Registration is done is two stages, Via, provisional and permanent. The issue
of Provisional certificate almost automatic, with Unit / ail validity of 6 months and
with a further extension for another 6 months.

Financial Assistance
With a view to ensure adequate of funds, the small scale Industrial frame
work for the flow of Financial Assistance to small
scale sector comprises of banks (Commercial Banks, Co-Operative banks,
Regional rural banks). State Financial Corporation, National Small Industries
Corporation INSIC and State Small Industries Corporations (SSIDCS).
The NSIC and SSID’S provide Financial Assistance in the form supply of
Machinery and hire purchase basis.
A National Bank of Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) has
recently been setup to meet the financial requirements of artisans, Small Scale
Industries, Industries those engaged in the field of Handicraft and other rural craft.

Commercial Banks
The Reserve Bank of India issued instructions that no worth wile proposals
of the Small scale unit should be rejected merely on the ground that these are not
supported by adequate security. The commercial Banks have been advised by the
Reserve Bank of India to give special Attention to the needs of the priority sector
borrowers, particularly of the weaker section.

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 Small scale Industrial units also being charged lower rates of interest on
their borrowings from commercial Banks.

State Financial Corporations

Provide medium and long-term Loans to Small Scale Industries, granting
Loans raised by Industrial undertakings and differed payments and subscribing to
stocks, Shares and bonds of an Industrial Concern.

Lead Banks
The Scheme is designed to enable the bank to work effectively as an
Instrument of development. Under the scheme, the district in the country have
allocated to different commercial banks each of whom is expected to act as a
consortium and as a leader of the financial institutions operating in allotted districts
in matters relating to deposit mobilization, identifying of prospective avenues for
financial assistance and ensuring adequate credit flow for the various development
programs of the districts.

Institutional support
The success of Small Scale industries depends solely on the well –
established institutional setup. In order to accelerate the small industries
development, government at the central and state levels has setup a number of
development agencies / institutions. Functions of some these are mentioned.

1. District Industries Center (DIC)

Each district has a DIC at its headquarters. The main responsibility of DIG is
to act as the chief coordinator or multi functional agency in; respect of
various governments can get all assistance from DIC for setting up and
running the industry in rural areas. Each DIC has one General Manager in

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 the rank of Joint Director of industries as the head and seven managers each
looking after separate functional area.
 Identification of Entrepreneurs.
 Selection of Projects
 Provisional registration under SSI
 Purchase of fixed Assets
 Clearances from Various Departments.
 Assistance of Raw Material supplies.
 Interest – Free Sales Tax Loan
 Subsidy Schemes.
 Training Programs
 Self – employment for Unemployed Educated Youth.
District Industries Centers are supposed to provide pre – investment and post
– investment assistance to entrepreneurs under one roof.

2. Small Industries Development Organization

SIDO is a policy-making, co-ordination and monitoring agency for the
development of small – scale entrepreneurs. It maintains a close liaison with
government, financial institutions and other agencies, which are involved in
the promotion and development of small-scale units.

Functions
The main functions of the SIDCD are co-ordination, industrial development
and industrial extension service. Some important functions are:
a. To assess the requirements of indigenous and imported raw materials and
components for the small-scale sector and to arrange their supplies.
b. To collect data on consumer items, which are imported and encourage the
setting up of new units giving them coordinate assistance.

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 c. To prepare model schemes, projects reports and other Technical literature for
prospective entrepreneurs.
d. To assist and advise the Controller of Capital issues in regard to the issue of
import licenses and the imposition of import restrictions on various products
whose manufacture has already been undertaken indigenously be the
existing or new units.
e. To secure reservations of certain products for the SSIS.

3. National Small Industries Corporation Limited (NSIC)

The NSIC was setup in 1955 with the objective of supplying machinery and
equipment to small enterprise on a hire-purchase basis and assisting them in
procuring government orders for various items of stores. The corporation’s
head office is at Delhi and it has four regional officers at Delhi, Bombay,
Madras and Calcutta, and eleven branch offices. It has one central liaison
office at Delhi and depots and sub-centers.

3. The main functions of NSIC are

 To develop small scale units as ancillary units to large scale industries.
 To provide SSIS with machine on hire-purchase basis
 To assist small enterprises to participate in the stores purchase Programme of
the Central Government.
 To assist small industries with marketing facilities.
 To distribute basic raw materials through their depots
 To import ad distribute components and parts actual small scale users in
specific industries and
 To construct industrial estates and establish and run prototype production-
cum-training centers.

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4. Directorates of Industries of the State Governments
The small-scale industries are a state subject and, therefore, the development
and implementation of the schemes of assistance to SSIS is the primary
responsibility of the State Government Directorates of Industries of Industries in
each State do the work relating to the development of industries in general and
small scale industries in particular. Each directorate is staffed with administration
and small scale industries in particular. Each directorate is staffed with
administration and technical officers at State staff in each district.
Forms of Business Enterprise Topics
 Sale Proprietorship
 Partnership
 Private Limited
 Public Limited
 Co-operatives
 State enterprise

Sole Proprietorship
 Ownership when applied to an industrial enterprise means title to and
possessions of the assets of the enterprise, the power to determine the
policies of operation, and the right to receive and dispose of the proceeds.
 It is called a single ownership when an individual exercise and enjoys these
rights in his own interest.
 A business owned by one man is called single ownership.
 Single ownership does well for those enterprises, which require little capital
and lend themselves readily to control by one person.
 Examples of enterprise run by single owner are printing press, auto retail
trades, service industries and small engine forms.

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  In single ownership, one person contributes the original assets to start the
business, maintains and controls business operation, reaps full benefits in
terms of profit and full liable for all debts associated with the business.

Partnership
 A single owner becomes inadequate as the size of the business enterprise
grouse. He may not be in a position to do away with a1 the duty and
responsibilities of the grown business.
 At this stage the individual owner may associate with him more persons who
have either capital to invest or possess special skill and knowledge to make
the existing business still more profitable.
 Such a combination of individual traders is called partnership.
 Partnership may be defined as the relation between persons who have agreed
to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for
all. Individuals with common purposes join and partners and they put
together their property, ability, skill, knowledge, etc, for the purpose of
making profits.
 In brief, partnership is an association of two or more (up to 20) persons to
carry an as co-owners of a business for profit.
 Partnerships are based upon a partnership agreement which i.e. generally
reduced to writing.
 It should cover all areas of disagreement among the partners. It should
define the authority, right and duties of each partner.

It should specify how profit and losses will be divided among the partners, etc.

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Private Limited
 The capital is collected from the private partners; some of them may be
active while others are sleeping.
 Private limited restrict the right to transfer shares, avoids public to take up
shares or debentures.
 The number of members is between two and 50, excluding employee and
ex-employee, share holders.
 The company need not file document such consent of directors, list of
directors, etc. the register of joint stock companies.
 The company need not obtain from the register, a certificate of
commencement of business.
 The company need not circulate the balance sheet, profit and loss account
etc, among its members, but it should hold its annual general meeting and
place such financial state rents in the meeting.
 A private company must get its accounts audited.
 A private company has to send a certificate along with the annual return to
the register of joint stock companies stating that it does not have
shareholders more than 50 excluding the employee and employee
shareholders.
 Actually, a private joint stock company resumes much with partnership and
has the advantage that big capital can be collected than could be done so in
partnership.

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Public Limited
 In public limited company, the capital is collected from public by issuing
shares having small face value (Rs. 50,20,10).
 The number of share holders should not be less than 7, but there is no limit
to their maximum number.

Co-operatives
 The main aim of the co-operative is to eliminate profit and provide goods an
services to the members of the co-operative cost.
 Members pay fees or buy shares the co-operative, and profits are
periodically redistributed to them.
 Since each member has only one (unlike in joint stock companies), this
avoid the concentration of control in few hand.
 In a co-operative, there are share holders, a board of directors and elected
officers similar to the corporation.
 There are periodic meetings of share also.
 Special laws deal with the formation and taxation of co-operatives.
 Co-operative organization is a kind of voluntary, demo craft ownership
formed by some motivated individuals for obtained necessities of everyday
life.

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DATASHEETS

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