Guide to the Design of Anchor Bolts and Other Steel Embedments by R. W. Cannon, D. A. Godfrey, and F. L. Moreadith Preface There has been little published on the design of steel fembedments. Many designers looking for guidanee have found the work of ACI Committee 849, Conerete Nuclear Structures, extremely helpful. Because there may be de- signers who are not aware of this information, which is an appendix to the Code prepared by Committee 849, a mod: ified version is offered here which can be applied outside the design of nuclear structures. Appendix B, “Steel Embedments” of “Code Require- ‘ments for Nuclear Safety Related Conerete Structures (ACT 949.76)" was adopted by the Ameriean Concrete Institute lin August 1979. The authors of this article were principal authors of Appendix B. The appendix was ballotted and ‘revised extensively several times before being accepted by ACT Committee 349. Additionally, the document was ex. tensively reviewed by the ACI Technical Activities Com- mittee (TAC. Following revision and ballotting by ACI 349 and further review by TAC, the document was accepted for ballotting by the general membership of the Institute and published in the August 1978 ACI JOURNAL Proceedings of the American Concrete Institute. It was adopted as part of the Code in June 1970, ‘Appendix B is, for the most part, directly applicable to conerete structures in general, not only to nuclear safety related structures. The parts of this article presented in italicstype represents modifications which the authors feel transform Appendix B into a general guide for designing steel embedments. For the mast part, the changes fall into ‘one of three categories: 1. 1980 proposed revisions to Appendix B. 2. Deleting references to ACT 349-76 and inserting ref- erences to ACI 318-77. 3. Technical changes which the authors feel constitute an improvement in the content of Appendix B. it is important to emphasize that the regular-type por- tons of this artile have been subjected to a rigorous eval uation by ACI Committee 849, TAC, and the general mem- bership of the Institute. This guide defines minimum requirements for design of steel embedments used to transmit loads from attachments into reinforced conerete structures. Loads may be trans ‘mitted into structures by means of tension, bearing, shear, {rietio, or any combination thereot. The design limits have been established using both analytical and test methods. The commentary provides background information on the provisions. Keywords: anchorage (structural); anchor bolts, anchors (fas- ‘twneral: building codes; composite construction concrete and steeD: fembedment; grouting inert; loads (oreesls reinforced concrete: ‘Shear properties; structural design: studs. 1.0 — Notatio imension out to out of bearing edges (see Fig. 52), in A, = reduction in projected area, sq in. A, = loaded area, sq in. ‘A, = maximum area of the portion of the supporting surface that is geometrically similar to and concentric with loaded area, s9 in. b= dimension, out to out of bearing edges (see Fig. 52), in. D_ = major thread diameter of threaded anchor or nominal diameter of anchor, in. specified compressive strength of conerete, psi minimum specified tensile strength of ancho steel, psi f, = minimum specified yield strength of embed- ment steel, psi h_ = overall thickness of member, in. embedment depth for tensile anchorage mea- sured from anchorage bearing surface to con crete surface, in. m = minimum side cover distance from the center of an anchor to the edge of the concrete (see Fig. 541), in. number of threads per in. design pullout strength of concrete in tension, tb U_ = required strength to resist factored loads or related internal moments and forces 4 = strength reduction factor, dimensionless 2.0 Seope 21 — This guide provides minimum requirements for design and anchorage of steel embedments used to transmit loads from attachments into reinforced concrete structures by means of tension, bearing, shear, friction, or any combination permitted by this guide. ‘Typical embedment details and concepts as refer- ‘eneed in this guide are shown in Fig. 21 and 22. In addition to meeting these requirements consid- ‘eration shall be given to the effect of the forces ap- plied to the embedment on the behavior of the overall, structure. 22 — The requirements for the attachment to the embedment shall be in accordance with applicable codes and are beyond the scope of this guide. 23 — Design limits less conservative than those specified in this guide may be used by the engineer if substantiated by experimental or detailed analyt cal investigation. (CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL/JULY 1981i TERS S| rire ane BRB oie es Fig. 21 — Bearing embedments — Typical embed- ‘ment details. 3.0— Definitions Anchor head — A nut, washer, plate, stud, or bolt head or other steel component used to transmit an- chor loads to the conerete by bearing. Attachment — The attachment is that structure external to the surfaces of the embedment which transmits loads to the embedment, Embedment — The embedment is that steel com- ponent in contact with the conerete or grout used to transmit applied loads to the concrete structures. The embedment may be fabricated of plates, shapes, bolts, reinforcing bars, shear connectors, expansion anchors, inserts, or any combination thereof. Expansion anchor — A component installed in hardened conerete for the transfer of loads into strue- tural components by direct bearing and/or friction. Grouted embedment — An embedment located in 4 formed or drilled hole in hardened conerete utilizing 4 grout to provide load transfer from the embedment to the concrete. Inserts — Commercially available, predesigned, and prefabricated embedments installed prior to con: rete placement which are specifically designed for attachment of bolted connections. 4.0 General requirements and ‘combinations 4.1 — The embedment and surrounding concrete or grout shall be designed for transmitting to the con- crete structure all loads used in the design of the at- tachment. (CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL/JULY 1961 LL Seon Fig. 22 — Tension embedments — Typical embed- ment details. 4.2 — Reactions on the embedment due to individ: ual loads such as dead, live (including vibratory loads), thermal and seismic, loads shall be considered, ‘The loading combinations for embedment design shall be in accordance with Section 9.2 of ACI 318-77, 4.3 — Material and testing requirements for ‘embedment steel shall be specified by the engineer to ensure that the intended function of the embed- ‘ment and the attachment is compatible 4.4 — The strength of embedments as affected by the size and grade of steel, spacing, and depth of embedment and any concrete dimensions which limit or restrict the transfer of loads from steel to concrete shall be considered as defined in Sections 6.0, 6.0, and 7.0. 4.5 — Shear lugs that meet the requirements of Sections 5.5 and 6.1.2(b) shall be considered effective only when located in a concrete compression zone developed between the embedment and the concrete and transverse to the direction of the shear force for a given load combination unless adequate reinforce- ‘ment is provided. 4.6 — A combination of bearing and shear friction mechanisms shall not be used to develop the requiredNovus. sis com Fig. 5-1 — Etfective stress area for anchorage pull- out. Fig. 52 — Stress area reduetion for limited depth A,. shear strength defined in accordance with Section 9.2 of ACT 318-77. 5.0 — Design requirements for concrete 5.1 — The design provisions of this guide are based fon the strength design method. ‘The assumptions, principles, and requirements of ACI 318-77 are ap- plicable for all load combinations exeept as modified herein. 52 — Tension — The design pullout strength of conerete P, for any anchorage shall be based on a uniform tensile stress of 44 V & acting on an effective stress area which is defined by the projected area of stress cones radiating toward the attachment from the bearing edge of the anchors. The effective area is limited by overlapping stress cones, by the inter- section of the cones with concrete surfaces, by the bearing area of anchor heads, and by the overall thickness of the eonerete (see Fig. 51 and 52), The inclination angle for calculating projected areas shall be 45 deg. The $ factor shall be taken as 0.65 for an embedded anchor head unless the anchor head is be- yond the far face reinforcement. In such eases a ¢ factor of 0.85 may be used. 53 — Shear — The design shear strength of an- chors subject to shear shall satisfy the requirements of Sections 6.1.2 and 7. 54 — Reinforcement — Ifthe requirements of Sec- tion 6.1 are not satisfied, reinforcement shall be pro- vided to develop the required strength. Reinforce ment requirements shall be in accordance with applicable sections of ACI 818-77 and placed to pre- vent failure of the concrete in tension 5.5 — Bearing 55.1 — The bearing requirements of Sections 10.16 or 18.18 of ACI 318-77 shall apply to the maximum bearing stress at a shear lug or anchor head except as permitted by Section 5.5.2. 55.2 — The bearing requirements of Section 5.5.1 do not have to be met if the anchor head at the base of the tensile stress component satisfies the following conditions: (a) The bearing area of the anchor head (excluding the area of the tensile stress component) is at least 1.5 times the area of the tensile stress component. (b) The thickness of the anchor head is at least 1.0 times the greatest dimension from the outer most bearing edge of the anchor head to the face of the tensile stress component. (c) The bearing area of the anchor head is approxi mately evenly distributed around the perimeter of the tensile stress component. 6.0 — Anchorage requirements 6.1 — Anchorage design shall be controlled by the strength of embedment steel unless otherwise spec ified in this guide. 6.1.1 — Tension. Steel strength controls when the design pullout strength of the concrete P, as deter mined in Section 52 exceeds the minimum specified tensile strength of the tensile stress component of the embedment steel and full load transfer is accom- plished from steel to conerete within the depth of the anchorage by one of the following methods: (a) A mechanical anchor at the base of the tensile stress components which satisfies the requirements of Section 5.5.2. To prevent failure due to lateral bursting forces at an anchor head, the side cover dis- CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL/JULY 1981tance m shall be determined such that the lateral con- crete design strength (based on a uniform tensile stress of 46 VT, acting on an effective area defined by projecting 45 deg rlanes from the anchor head to the free surface) exceeds the lateral bursting force unless the requirements of Section 5.4 are met. The ¢ factor shall be taken as 0.85. (b) Reinforcing bars with development lengths in accordance with the requirements of Chapter 12 of ACT 318-77, for anchor steel composed of reinforce- ment, 61,2 — Shear. For steel strength to control the design shear strength: (a) For anchor bolts, studs, or bars the side cover distance m for shear loading to- ward a free edge shall be such that the concrete de- sign strength (based on a uniform tensile stress of 4 VT. acting on an effective area defined by project- jing 45 deg planes to the free surface from the cen- terline of the anchor at the shearing plane) exceeds the ultimate shear strength of the bolts, studs, or bars (based on f,) unless the requirements of Section 5.4 are met. The ¢ factor shall be taken as 0.86. {b) For shear lugs bearing in the direction of a free edge, the conerete design shear strength shall be de- termined based on a uniform tensile stress of 44 VE acting on an effective stress area defined by pro- jecting 45 deg planes from the bearing edges of the ‘shear lug to the free surface and shall exceed the ultimate shear strength of the steel (based on f,) un: Jess the requirements of Section 5.4 are met. Bearing area of the shear lug shall be excluded from the pro- jected area. The ¢ factor shall be taken as 0.85. 6.1.3 — For combined tension and shear, the depth ‘of embedment shall be in accordance with Section 6.1.1 and the minimum edge distance in accordance with Section 6.1.2). 61.4 — Where reinforcement is provided in ac- cordance with Section 5.4, the side cover distance shall not be less than ‘4 that required by Section 6.1.2, Under no conditions should the edge distance be less than the concrete cover requirements for re- inforcement in Section 7.7 of ACI 318-77. 7.0 — Design requirements 7.1 — Embedment material shall be defined by the Engineer in contract documents. 7.2 — The design strength for embedments shall be based on a maximum steel stress of ¢ f, or $ (0.8 £,), whichever is less. The design yield strength f, shall not exceed 120,000 psi. The following values for 4 shall be used: 7.2.1 — Tension, compression, and bending. $ = 0.9. 72.2 — Shear 72.21 — Structural shapes and fabricated steel sections and shear lugs. ¢ = 0.58. 72.2.2 — The shear-friction provisions of Section 11.7 of ACI 318-77 (as herein modified) shall be ap- plied to bolts, studs, and bars using a ¢ of 0.85. The coefficient of friction w shall be: ‘embedment steel CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL/JULY 1961 (a} 0.9 for concrete or grout against as-rolled steel with the contact plane a full plate thickness below the conerete surface. (b) 0.7 for conerete or grout against as-rolled steel with contact plane coincidental with the conerete sur- face. (c} 0.55 for grouted conditions with the contact plane between grout and as-rolled steel exterior to the conerete surface. 73 — Combined tension and shear 73.1 — For structural shapes and fabricated steel sections, the web shall be designed for the shear and the flanges designed for the tension, compression, and bending. 7.3.2 — For bolts, studs, and bars the area of steel required for tension by Section 7.2.1 and for shear by Section 7.2.2.2 shall be additive. 74 — The tensile stress area of a threaded anchor cnet [o-224] where D is the major thread diameter and n is the number of threads per in. 7.5 — The tensile stress area of Section 7.4 shall be applied to all threaded anchors subject to direct tensile and shear stress. 8.0 — Expansion This section provides minimum requirements for the design of typical expansion anchors used in con- crete structures and does not restriet the use of other expansion anchors provided the expansion anchors are designed and tested in accordance with the re- quirements of this section. 81 — Design requirements — Expansion anchors shall be designed to assure that the design strength of conerete for a given expansion anchor or group of expansion anchors is greater than the strength of the anchor steel except as permitted in Section 82. This requirement shall be met by satisfying the require- ments of Sections 8.1.1 of 81.2. 81.1 — Design by analysis (a) Tension: The design pullout strength of concrete P, shall be as defined in Section 52 except that the effective stress area shall he defined by the projected area of the stress cones radiating toward the concrete surface from the innermost expansion contact surface between the expansion anchor and the drilled hole. Refer to Fig. &1 for typical details. The design pull- out strength of concrete shall be equal to or greater than the minimum specified tensile strength or av- erage tensile strength if a minimum is not defined for the expansion anchor. The minimum edge distance requirement of Section 6.1.1(a) shall be satisfied. (b) Shear: Expansion anchors subject to shear shall meet the requirements of Section 6.1.2a). anFig. 8:1 — Typical details of expansion anchors. (c) For combined tension and shear, the depth of embedment shall be in accordance with Section 8.1.1(a) and the minimum edge distance in accordance with Section 8.1.1(b). (d) The design requirements for embedment steel shall be in accordance with Section 7.0. 8.1.2 Design by testing. Tests shall be conducted to verify that the conerete will develop the steel strength of the expansion anchors. Design by test. results shall be restricted to tests that are represen- tative of the anchor spacing and load application. 81.8 Strength reduction factors. The requirements of Section 7.1 shall apply except that the } factors for expansion anchors shall be 0.9 times the values spec- ified in Seetion 72. 82 — Alternative design requirements — For ex- pansion anchors that do not meet the requirement of Section 8.1, the design strength shall be 0.35 times the average test failure load. This factor applies to tension and shear test failure loads. The average test failure load shall be equal to the average of the test loads carried by test anchors at failure (maximum Joad) or at a magnitude of displacement of test an- cchors as specified by the engineer. A linear interac: tion shall be used for combined tension and shear. 83 — A single expansion anchor used to anchor an attachment shall be designed for ‘2 of the design strength defined herein. 84 — Testing 84.1 — Expansion anchors designed in accordance with the guide shall be tested to verify anchorage or to determine the average test failure load. Tests shall bbe conducted by a testing agency other than the an- chor manufacturer and shall be certified by a profes sional engineer with full description and details of the testing program, procedures, results, and conclu 84.2 — The expansion mechanism of the anchor shall be tested for the installed condition by one of the following methods: (a) The mechanism shall be actuated and tested during installation by preloading the expansion an- chor to a minimum value as specified by the engineer. (b) A random selection of the installed anchors shall be load tested to a minimum of 100 percent of the required strength. The testing program shall be es- tablished by the engineer. 85 — Expansion anchor selection — The engineer shall review the expansion anchor design features, failure modes, test results, and installation proce- dures prior to selecting a specific expansion anchor for an application. Expansion anchors shall not be used to resist vibratory loads in tension zones of con- crete members unless tests are conducted to verify the adequacy of the specifie anchor and application. 9.0 — Inserts Concrete inserts shall be specified in accordance with Section 7.1 and tested in accordance with Sec- tion 8.4.1 9.1 — Design requirements — When inserts cannot be designed to meet the requirements of Seetions 5.0, 6.0 and, 7.0, the design strength shall be based on actual test data of tests performed on inserts embed- ded in concrete. The tests shall cover the full range of possible loading conditions. 92 — Strength reduction factor — When inserts cannot be designed to meet the requirements of Sec- tions 5.0, 6.0, and 7.0, a $ factor of 0.5 shall be applied to the average test failure loads in determining the design strength. 10.0 — Grouted embedments 10.1 ~ Grouted embedments shall meet the appli- cable requirements of Sections 5.0, 6.0, and 7. 10.2 — For general grouting purposes the material requirements for cement grout shall be in accordance with Chapter 3 of ACI 318-77. Special grouts used to achieve certain properties such as high strength, low shrinkage, or expansion shall be the responsibility of the engineer and specified in contract documents. 10.3 — Grouted embedments shall be tested to ver- ity anchorage strength. Grouted embedments.in- stalled in tension zones of concrete members shall be capable of sustaining design strength in cracked con- rete. Tests shall be conducted by an independent testing agency and shall be certified by a professional engineer with full description and details of the test- ing programs, procedures, results, and conclusions. (CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL/JULY 1961