Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A) The null hypothesis, H0’ represents a theory that has been put forward either
because it is believed to be true or because it is to be used as a basis for
argument, but has not been proved.
B) The final conclusion once the test has been carried out is “reject H0 in favor
of H1” or ‘do not reject H0’.
C) Rejecting null hypothesis then suggests that the alternative hypothesis may
be true.
D) ‘do not reject H0’ necessarily means that null hypothesis is true.
E) The final conclusion once test has been carried out is ‘rejectH1’ or ‘accept H1’.
10. Which of the following statements regarding the Discussion section of a scientific
article is correct?
A) the fundamental question to answer in the Discussion section include,’Do your
new findings agree with what other have shown?’
B) The function of Discussion section is to interpret your results in light of what was
already known about the subjects of the investigation.
C) The fundamental question to answer in the Discussion section include, ‘Do your
results provide answers to your testable hypotheses?’
D) Wrong answer.
E) Function of Discussion section is to explain our new understanding of the
problem after taking your results into consideration.
11.
12.
A) the smaller p value is, the more convincing is the rejection of null
hypothesis
B) Smaller p value, indication of the strength of evidence for say,
rejecting null hypothesis H0.
C) Small p value suggests that null hypothesis is unlikely to be true.
D) P value is probability of getting a value of test statistic as extreme or
more extreme than that observed by chance alone, if null hypothesis
H0 is true.
E) P value is probability of wrongly rejecting null hypothesis if it is in fact
true.
15) Which of the following statements regarding randomized controlled trials (RCT)
are correct?
A) Blinding means that all patients allocated to each arm of treatment regimen are
analyzed together as representing that treatment arm whether or not they received or
completed the prescribed regimen.
B) The higher NNT (Number Needed to Treat), the more effective the new therapy is.
C) Randomization ensures that the base line characteristics of test and control
groups are more or less similar in order to provide a valid basis for comparison.
D) Intension-to-treat principle means that neither the person nor the physician responsible
for treatment is informed of treatment assigned.
E) The aim of blinding is to ensure that outcome ascertainment is done without any
bias
Answers: c………not sure about ‘e’
16) –
17)-
18) Which of the following statements regarding hypothesis testing are correct?
A) In a hypothesis test, a type II error occurs when null hypothesis H0 is not
rejected, when it is in fact false.
B) In a hypothesis test, a type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected,
when in fact it is true.
C) Type I error is often considered to be more serious and therefore more important
to avoid that a type II error.
D) a type II error is frequently due to sample sizes being too small.
E) in a hypothesis test, a type I error occurs when the alternative hypothesis is rejected
when in fact it is true.
Answers: a, b, c, d
19) Which of the following statements regarding types of study design are correct?
A) The term experimental study is used for analytical study which entails an
intervention.
B) Examples of observational study are cohort, case control and cross sectional.
C) Studies where the primary objective is to evaluate the relationship between a cause
and an effect, an exposure (risk factor or a protective factor) and a disease are called
descriptive studies.
D) The term observational study is used for analytical study which investigates
natural course of events.
E) Studies which seek to delineate the magnitude of the problem in different segments of
population ,say, in terms of prevalence and incidence , are called analytical studies.
Answers: a, b, d
20) which of the following method are relevant in explore association between
variables?
A) For categorical variables – Chi-square test.
B) For interval variables normally distributed - Chi-square test
C) For categorical variable - Pearson correlation
D) For ordinal variable – Spearman rank correlation
E) For interval variable normally distributed – Pearson’s correlation.
Answers: a,d,e
21) Which of the statement regarding the method in method and material section of
the scientific article are correct..
A) the method section should establish the content of the work being reported
B) The method section should provide the protocol for collecting data
C) the method section should explain how data were analyzed
D) the method section should provide the description of study site
E) the method section should explain the subject used in the study
Answer b, c, d, e
23) Which of the following statements regarding study validity are correct?
A) Bias can be a threat to validity.
B) Confounding can be a threat to validity.
C) Chance can be a threat to validity.
D) Bias is caused by random variation.
E) Selective bias maybe due to inaccurate measurement of outcomes.
Answer a, b, c.
24) Which of the following statements regarding pie diagram are correct?
A) Pie is circular diagram divided into segment
B) Pie diagram are the best way to describing quantitative data.
C) The comparability in groups of unequal size is not very well achieved in pie
diagrams.
D) The categories should preferably be on nominal or ordinal scale.
E) Each segment representing frequency in a category.
Answer a, b, d, e page-80
26) Which of the following statements regarding the title of the scientific articles are
correct..
A) The title should be long
B) The title should be artistic that poorly associated with the content of the paper
C) The title should not contain the key word describing the work presented
D) The title does not describe the content of the paper
E) The title should be unambiguous
Answer: e.
27. Which of the following regarding the diagnosis study are correct?
A) The positive predictive value of a test is the probability that the patient has the
disease when restricted to those patients with test positive.
B) The negative predictive value of a test is the probability that the patient will not
have the disease when restricted to all the patients who are test negative.
C) A large sensitivity means that a negative test can rule in the disease.
D) The specificity of a test is the probability that the test will be negative among
patients who do not have the disease.
E) the sensitivity of a test is the probability that the test is positive when given to a
group of patients with disease.
Answers: a, b.
29. Which of the following statements regarding presenting data in graphical format
are correct?
A) A histogram is drawn by joining mid points of the bars in the polygon including those
with zero frequency at the two ends.
B) In a histogram the bars are drawn for each interval of values such that the area is
proportional to the frequency in that group.
C) Visual display is considered a powerful medium of communication.
D) A polygon is drawn by joining mid points of the bars in the histogram including
those with zero frequency at the two ends.
E) The impression received from figures seems to be more vivid and lasts longer
than the impression from numeric data.
Answers: b,c,d,e page 77.
30) Which of the following statements regarding case control studies are correct?
A) Case control studies are usually prospective.
B) Where outcome is rare, case control studies are not a feasible approach.
C) Case control studies cannot be used to calculate relative risks.
D) Case control studies cannot be used to calculate odds ratios.
E) case control studies determine the relative importance of a predictor in relation
to presence or absence of the disease.
Answers: c,e
Answers: a,b,c,e
32) Which of the following statements regarding diagnosis studies are correct?
A) In general, when the prevalence of the disease you are testing is rare, it becomes
harder to positively diagnose that disease.
B) The pre-test odds is the likelihood that the patient would have a specific disease after
testing.
C) The likelihood ratio for a negative result (LR-) tells you how much the odds of
the disease decrease when a test is negative.
D) The likelihood ratio for a positive result (LR+) tells you how much the odds of
the disease increase when a test is positive.
E) Prevalence play a large role in determining how effective a diagnostic test is.
Answer: b, c, d, e
33) Which of the following statements regarding abstract of a scientific article are
correct?
A) The abstract contains the question(s) you investigate (or purpose)
B) Abstract contains the major findings.
C) Abstract contains the method used.
D) The abstract length usually should be about 3000 words.
E) The abstract contains a brief summary of your interpretation and conclusion.
Answer: a,b,c,e
Answers: a,b,c,d
35) Which of the following tests is appropriate for comparing two survival curves?
Answers: a
36) Which of the following can be found in most journal-style scientific papers?
A) Introduction
B) Results
C) Discussion
D) Methods
E) Abstract
Answers: a, b,c,d,
37) Which of the following statements regarding case reports are correct?
Answers: b,c,e
38) Which of the following statements regarding scientific format are correct?
A) Scientific format is thought to be very complex so few scientists can understand it.
B) News papers are written in scientific format.
C) Scientific format has an identical structure to novels.
D) Scientific format has a rigid structure which is different from writing in the
humanities.
E) Scientific format is a mean of efficiently communicating scientific findings to
a broad community of scientists in a uniform manner.
Answers: d,e
39) Which of the following statements regarding cohort studies are correct?
A) a disadvantage of cohort studies is that a single study can examine only one
outcome variable.
B) In retrospective cohort studies over a period of time the people in the sample are
observed whether they develop the outcome of interest.
C) The studies may be only retrospective
D) Prospective cohort studies use data already collected for other purposes.
E) These are the best method for determining the incidence and natural history
of a condition.
Answers: e
40) Which of the following statements regarding the Results section of a scientific
article are correct?
A) The function of the Results section is to present your key results in an illogical order.
B) Past tense should be used in this section.
C) Important negative results should be reported.
D) The function of the Results section is to objectively present the key results.
E) The function of the Results section is to objectively present the interpretation of the
key results.
Answers: c, b, d,
54) In a study, the computed value of a correlation coefficient between weight and height
of some patient was r=0.87, with an associated test of significance p=0.045, how do you
interpret the obtained result?
A) between the two variables there is a relationship of inverse proportionality
B) there is not a good correlation between the two variables since r is close to 1
C) between the two variables there is a relationship of direct proportionality
D) there is a good correlation between the two variables since r is close to 1
E) there was an error in the study
58) Combined analysis of data from mutliple studies in order to produce a unique
estimation is known as:
a) interferential statistic
b) systematic review
c) power of a study
d) effect size
e) meta-analysis
59) The following constitute medical tests that can be published in a specialized journal:
a) summary of a doctorate
b) original article
c) summary of licence thesis
d) didactic article
e) clinical cases or clinical observation
60) According to the vancourver system of citations, references are inserted in the text:
a) between citations marks
b) only at the end of the sentence of phrase
c) immediately after the referred statement
d) only at the end of the paragraph that debates the referred statement
e) just before the referred statement
61) The chapter material and methods of a scientific paper must:
a) stimulate the interest of the reader
b) be reproducible
c) be concise
d) present in the history of the presented subject
e) be complete and explicit
64) In a study evaluating a diagnostic test using a case control data collection type, of the
70 patients with disease 52 were correctly detected by the new test, and from 130 healthy
subjects 82 werde correctly classified as unaffected. Compute Sensitivity and Specifitiy
a) 0.74; 0.63
b) 0.74; 0.53
c) 0.64; 0.63
d) 0.4;0.3
e) cannot be computed
a) Student test for pairs, there were statistical significant differences between the groups
b) student test for equality of variances, there were statistically differences between
groups
c) student test for unequal variances, no statistical significant difference between the
groups
d) student test for equality variances, no statistical significant difference between the
groups
e) student test for unequal variances, there were statistical significant difference between
the groups