CONFIDENTIAL 2 EE/JAN2018/ECE730

QUESTION 1

a) With the aid of diagram, explain the role of TCP/IP protocol suite. Relate how
networking devices such as switch and router operation based on this protocol,

(10 marks)

b) You have been given an IP address block of 172.16.64.0/20. Design a variable length

subnetmask (VLSM) IP addressing scheme that can accommodate the following

network that consists of:

i) HQ Office requires 400 hosts;

ii) Sales Office requires 80 hosts;

iii) HR Office requires 40 hosts;

For each subnet, determine the subnet address, subnet mask and available host

range.

(10 marks)

QUESTION 2

a) Figure Q2a shows a typical enterprise network that static routing protocol. A static

routing protocol need to be configured at the ISP based on the route summarization.

i) Differentiate between static and default static routes.

ii) Determine the summarized route to be used.

iii) State two advantages of static routing protocol.

(10 marks)

© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

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CONFIDENTIAL 3 EE/JAN2018/ECE730

202.2.2.0/30

G0/1

S0/0/0 S0/0/1

ISP

GW

192.168.1.64/30 192.168.1.48/30

172.16.16.0/22 S0/0/0
S0/0/1

192.168.1.32/30

G0/0

S0/0/1 S0/0/0
G0/1
Branch1

PC1
G0/1 Branch2

172.16.32.0/23 172.16.56.0/21

PC3 Figure Q2a PC2

© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

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CONFIDENTIAL 4 EE/JAN2018/ECE730

b) Figure Q2b shows a topology which implements end-to-end VLAN.

i) Redesign the network using a local VLAN.

ii) If the switches labeled as DL1 and DL2 are to be replaced with routers, discuss

issues regarding network performance.

(10 marks)

DL1 DL2

VLAN10

AL3

AL1 VLAN10 AL2

VLAN50

VLAN30

VLAN10
VLAN50

VLAN50 VLAN30

Figure Q2b

QUESTION 3

a) The purpose of a spanning-tree protocol (STP) is to create a loop free layer two
network. State three problems that can occur in the network if STP is not enabled. For

the circuit of Figure Q3a, determine the root bridge, root ports, designated and non-

designated ports. Draw a loop free network after STP is converged.

(12 marks)

© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

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CONFIDENTIAL 5 EE/JAN2018/ECE730

DL1 DL2
32768 AL3

24577
32768

F0/1 G0/2 F0/1 F0/2 F0/1

G0/1
G0/2 G0/1
G0/1

F0/2

AL1

32768

G0/1 F0/1 G0/1

G0/2 G0/2

F0/1

G0/1

G0/2
DL3
F0/2 AL2 F0/1 DL4
28673

32768
32768

Figure Q3a

b) Discuss the implementation of DHCP relay in the topology shown in Figure Q3b.
Explain why the DHCP relay needs to be configured in this topology.

(8 marks)

Figure Q3b

QUESTION 4

a) Draw a three layer hierarchical network design using 8 access layer switches, three

distribution layer switches and one core layer switch. Briefly explain the purpose of each

layer. Your topology should consist of at least four VLANs. Apply redundancy link where

possible.

(10 marks)

b) Explain how VTP reduces the complexity of managing and monitoring VLAN networks as

shown in the topology of Figure Q4b.

(10 marks)

© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

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CONFIDENTIAL 6 EE/JAN2018/ECE730

Figure Q4b

QUESTION 5

a) Etherchannel is one of the technologies in switched based Ethernet network.

i) Briefly describe how this technology can improve network performance.

ii) Describe how the performance of Figure Q5a can be improved by implementing Port

Aggregation Protocol (PaGP).

(8 marks)

© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

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CONFIDENTIAL 7 EE/JAN2018/ECE730

CL1

F0/1 Data

Center

DL1 DL2

32768 AL1 AL2

VLAN10 VLAN20
VLAN30

Figure Q5a

© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

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CONFIDENTIAL 8 EE/JAN2018/ECE730

b) Figure Q5b shows a topology that enable inter-vlan routing between different VLANs.

Outline configuration process that needs to be applied to the topology. You need to

consider the following techniques in your design:

i) Appropriate spanning-tree protocol

ii) Gateway redundancy using Hot Spot Redundancy Protocol (HSRP)

iii) Routing Protocols

(12 marks)

CL1

192.168.2.0/24
192.168.1.0/24
G0/2

F0/1

G0/1
Note that all Gigabit

interfaces are Routed Port

G0/1

G0/1

192.168.3.0/24
DL1 DL2

G0/2 G0/2

AL2

AL1

32768 VLAN10 172.16.10.0/24

VLAN20 172.16.20.0/24
VLAN10 VLAN30 172.16.30.0/24

VLAN40 172.16.40.0/24 VLAN30

VLAN20

VLAN40

Figure Q5b

END OF QUESTIONS

Question 1 VLSM

Major network 172.16.64.0/20

Based on /20 mask, host bit size is = 12 bit

Available IP addresses in major network : 4094

Number of IP
© Hak Cipta Universiti addresses
Teknologi MARA needed : 520

Available IP addresses in allocated subnets : 698

CONFIDENTIAL

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3 problems:
① broadcast storm because all ports are in forwarding state
② network failure
③ loops created as there are redundant paths in the network

STP Operation
① switches come up , start root bridge (RB) selection
② each switch transmits a BPDU to the directly connected switch on a per-
VLAN basis
③ each switch compares the BPDU it sends out to the BPDU it receives from
the neighbors .l
④ agree on which switch is the RB based on the lowest bridge ID

3 steps of STP algorithm

step 1: selection of root bridge (less is better)

• one RB per Vlan
• sw with lowest bridge priority (spanning-tree vlan 1 priority *value*)
• if equal priority , sw with lower MAC addr become RB
• at RB, all ports are forwarding state (DP)

Step 2: root port selection

• non-RB must have one Root Port (RP)
• Selection of RP is based on 4 steps sequence

Step 3: other segment should select one port to be DP and one port should be in blocking state
NDP
• rule in one segment: cannot have 2 DPs - can only be combination of RP/DP & DP/NDP
• No DP/DP connection allowed
• to select DP, sw must follow the same 4 steps sequence

4 steps sequence
1. Lowest cost (link capacity)
2. Lowest BID
3. lowest port priority
4. Lowest port id (fa0/1 , fa0/2 ...) BPDU - Bridge Protocol Data Unit
- sent by switches

- priority + MAC address

- default priority 32768

- priority can be modified

- priority + vlan id = priority of the switch

issues regarding performance:

① packet switching in routers handled

by software that runs on a microprocessor

rather than using dedicated application-specific

integrated circuit (ASIC) hardware.

(router a little slower than multilayer switch)

② router can provide WAN-type ports

(serial, T1, T3, etc) which are not available on L3 switches

③ router can provide services like NAT, Net flow & QoS

④ router lacks a large number of Ethernet ports that are available

on L3 switches

① Client request for IP address by sending DHCP DISCOVER broadcast message to DHCP
Server.
② Gateway Layer 3 doesn’t allow the broadcast message to pass through.
③ Configure Layer 3 with IP HELPER to enable the multilayer switch to forward
DHCP v4 broadcasts to the DHCP Server (IP HELPER acts as a relay)
④ DHCP server picks up the request and offer IP address using DHCP OFFER in the
form of a unicast message.
⑤Client accepts the offer by sending DHCP REQUEST broadcast.
⑥ Server acknowledge the acceptance by sending DHCPACK unicast.

e
Vlan Vlan Vlan Vlan Vlan Vlan Vlan Vlan

10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30

Core layer- connect LANs, inter-VLAN routing

→ faster path determination (high speed backbone)

→ dynamic scalability to accommodate growth

Distribution

→ acts as a services and control boundary between access layer and core layer.

→ availability , fast path recovery, load balancing,QoS

Access

→ grant the user access to network applications and functions.

→ provides connectivity to workstations, IP phones, access points and PCs.

interconnects end-devices,PC, printers, scanner

As SW1 is configured as VTP Server, every new VLAN configured will be distributed through
all switches in the domain.

In VTP server mode:

• can create, modify and delete VLANs
• Specify VTP version and VTP pruning
• Advertise their VLAN configuration to other switches in the same VTP domain
• Synchronize their VLAN configuration with other switches based on advertisements received
over trunk links

This reduces the need to configure the same VLAN everywhere -(at SW2 & SW 3 configured
as VTP client)

whenever we make a VLAN change in a VTP device, the configuration revision number is
incremented by one. The revision number is used to determine whether the received
information is more recent than the current version.

In case the VTP server crashes, any VTP client in the domain can be changed to VTP server to
restore back the operation as the configuration revision is still the same even though the
server crashed.


i) Ether channel combines multiple physical FastEthernet links into one logical channel.
Allows load sharing of traffic among the links + redundancy in case of one or more links in
the channel fail.

using PaGP protocol, a switch learns the identity of partners whether they support this
protocol as well

switch dynamically groups interfaces with similar config into a single logical channel

PaGP groups the interfaces with the same:

- speed
- duplex mode
- native VLAN
- VLAN range
- trunking status
- trunking type

PAgP configuration😐

active
-active negotiation state
- interface starts negotiations with other interfaces through the send of LACP packets

auto
-passive negotiation slate
- interface responds to PAgP packets that it receives but does not start PAgP packet
negotiation

desirable
-active negotiation state
- interface starts negotiations with other interfaces through the send of PAgP packets


Local VLAN

DLT DL2

fI

Eet Eet Eet

i
Th hE

E I oI E

o o o

ULANIO ULAN50

Local VLAN

- VLANs based on physical location

- VLANs dedicated on each access layer switch cluster

- VLAN 10 PCs are on the same L3 switch (DL1)

; not exist on the other L3 network (DL2)

- VLAN 30 and VLAN 50 available on both L2 switches

under the same L3 switch (DL2) but not available under DL1 network