REGULATED

DC POWER SUPPLY
 Power Supply
• a device that transform the voltage of a power source to a level
usable to the load
• a device that regulates the power supplied to a system
◦to regulate means to control a parameter (usually the voltage and in
some cases the current)
• almost all electronic devices require dc power to operate
• a battery is a good dc power source but its operating time is limited
• a more practical source is the 220 V AC/ 60 Hz wall outlets, to be
converted to dc power
Block Diagram of a Power Supply

220𝑉 𝑉𝑜 𝑑𝑐
60𝐻𝑧 Transformer Rectifier Filter Regulator
220𝑉 𝑉𝑜 𝑑𝑐
60𝐻𝑧 Transformer Rectifier Filter Regulator
Transformer
• an electrical device that transfer ac power from the
primary (where the source is connected) to the
secondary where the induced secondary voltage can
produce current in the load that is connected across
the secondary winding
• transforms electrical energy by electromagnetic
induction
• an application of mutual inductance
Transformer
Faraday’s Law Conservation of energy

𝑉𝑠 𝑁𝑠 Ideal Transformer
𝑃𝑝 = 𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑝 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠 = 𝑃𝑠
= The voltage ratio equals the
𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑝 turns ratio, and power in
equals power out
Transformer Equations
(Electrical Transformation)
• Power Transformation:
◦Ideally the same in primary and secondary windings
𝑃𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 𝑃𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦
• Voltage Transformation:
◦Voltage per turn are the same in primary and
secondary windings 𝑁 𝑁𝑠
𝑝
=
𝑉𝑝 𝑉𝑠
 Transformer Equations
(Electrical Transformation)
• Current Transformation:
◦Ampere – turns are the same in primary and
secondary windings
𝑁𝑝 𝑁𝑠
=
𝐼𝑠 𝐼𝑝
• Impedance Transformation: 𝑁 2 𝑍𝑝
𝑝
=
𝑁𝑠 𝑍𝑠
Transformer
Types According to Function
◦Step Down
◦Step Up
◦Isolation
Transformer
Step – Down Transformer

www.jaycar.com.au

RONEL VIDAL, PECE

Center – Tapped Transformer Multi – Tapped Transformer

https://www.jaycar.co.nz
AliExpress.com

RONEL VIDAL, PECE

220𝑉 𝑉𝑜
60𝐻𝑧 Transformer Rectifier Filter Regulator 𝑑𝑐
Rectification
• RECTIFICATION : the process of converting an AC signal to a
pulsating DC signal
• RECTIFIER : the circuit that is used in the process of rectification
• Types of Rectifier
•Half – wave (uses only one diode)
•Full – wave
◦Bridge – type (uses four diodes)
◦Center – tapped transformer (uses two diodes and a center –
tapped transformer)
Half – Wave Rectifier
• Uses only one diode
• Allows current to flow through the load for only one – half
of each cycle
• During the positive (+) alternation of the input signal, the
diode conducts thus allowing current to flow into the load
• During the negative (–) alternation of the input signal, the
diode is reverse bias (off/open) thus causing zero potential
across the load
Half – Wave Rectifier

Resulting waveforms
◦Input waveform
◦Output (rectified) waveform
Bridge – Type Full Wave Rectifier
• Allows the current to flow through the load for one
full cycle
• Consists of 4 DIODES arranged so that one full cycle
of current can flow in only one direction through the
load
• Does not require a transformer except for isolation
and to provide a voltage other than the available from
the line
Bridge – Type Full Wave Rectifier
Resulting waveforms
◦Input waveform
◦Output (rectified)
waveform
Bridge – Type Full Wave Rectifier
Center – Tapped Transformer Full Wave Rectifier
• Uses two diodes and a center – tapped transformer
• Allows current to flow through the load for one full
cycle
• When the center – tapped is grounded, the voltage at
the opposite ends of the secondary are 180o out of
phase with each other
Center – Tapped Transformer Full Wave Rectifier

Resulting waveforms
◦Input waveform
◦Output (rectified)
waveform
Center – Tapped Transformer Full Wave Rectifier

Positive Alternation
Center – Tapped Transformer Full Wave Rectifier

Negative Alternation
Center – Tapped Transformer Full Wave Rectifier
Associated Waveforms
𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 1

𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 2

Load Voltage
Rectifier Diode Bridge Rectifier Diode

AliExpress.com
http://www.protostack.com/diodes

RONEL VIDAL, PECE

 Advantages & Disadvantages
Rectifier Advantages Disadvantages
Half Wave • simple & Low cost • not efficient since only one – half of the
• requires only one diode and can be used input is used
with or without transformer • average output voltage (dc voltage) is low
• Ripple frequency is hard to filter
Full Wave • more efficient since it operates on both • requires four diodes
(Bridge Type) half cycle of the input signal • expensive than half wave
• ripple frequency is easier to filter
• can be operated without a transformer
• for a given transformer, the output
voltage from a bridge is higher
Full Wave • more efficient since it operates on both • Requires a center – tapped transformer
(Center Tapped half cycle of the input signal • Diodes require higher PIV rating
Transformer) • ripple frequency is easier to filter
Rectifier Parameters
Half Wave Rectifier
Parameter
Ideal Diode Si Diode
𝑉𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 − 0.7𝑉
𝑉𝑜 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑉𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘

𝑉𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑉𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 − 0.7

𝑉𝑜 𝑑𝑐
𝜋 𝜋
𝑉𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑉𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 − 0.7
𝑉𝑜 𝑟𝑚𝑠
2 2
Rectifier Parameters
Bridge Type Full Wave Rectifier
Parameter
Ideal Diode Si Diode
𝑉𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 − 1.4𝑉
𝑉𝑜 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑉𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘

2𝑉𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 2 𝑉𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 − 1.4𝑉

𝑉𝑜 𝑑𝑐
𝜋 𝜋
𝑉𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑉𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 − 1.4
𝑉𝑜 𝑟𝑚𝑠
2 2
Rectifier Parameters
Center Tapped Transformer
Parameter Full Wave Rectifier
Ideal Diode Si Diode
𝑉𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 − 0.7𝑉
𝑉𝑜 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑉𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘

2𝑉𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 2 𝑉𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 − 0.7𝑉

𝑉𝑜 𝑑𝑐
𝜋 𝜋
𝑉𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑉𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 − 0.7
𝑉𝑜 𝑟𝑚𝑠
2 2
 Ripple Factor
• a power supply filter reduces ripple to a low level
the actual effectiveness of the filter can be checked
with measurement and a simple calculation
𝑉𝑎𝑐 𝐼𝑎𝑐
𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝛾 = =
𝑉𝐷𝐶 𝐼𝐷𝐶

𝑉𝑎𝑐 𝐼𝑎𝑐
%𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 = × 100% = × 100%
𝑉𝐷𝐶 𝐼𝐷𝐶
Rectifier’s Efficiency
% Efficiency, %:
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
%𝜂 = × 100%
𝑃𝑖𝑛
for a rectifier, % Efficiency, %:
𝑃𝐷𝐶
%𝜂 = × 100%
𝑃𝑎𝑐
Rectifier Parameters

Parameter Half Wave Full Wave

% efficiency 40.5% 81%

Ripple Factor, 𝛾 1.21 0.48

Output
𝑓𝑖𝑛 2𝑓𝑖𝑛
Frequency
Rectifier Parameters
Full Wave
Parameter Half Wave Full Wave (CTT)
(Bridge)
PIV per Diode
𝑃𝐼𝑉 ≥ 𝑉𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑃𝐼𝑉 ≥ 𝑉𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑃𝐼𝑉 ≥ 2𝑉𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘
(w/o capacitor)
PIV per diode 𝑃𝐼𝑉 ≥ 2𝑉𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘
𝑃𝐼𝑉 ≥ 𝑉𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑃𝐼𝑉 ≥ 2𝑉𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘
(with capacitor)
Diode Current 𝐼𝐷𝐶
𝐼𝐷𝐶 𝐼𝐷𝐶 2
Rating 2

RONEL VIDAL, PECE

220𝑉 𝑉𝑜
60𝐻𝑧 Transformer Rectifier Filter Regulator 𝑑𝑐
Why Use Filter
• the output of a rectifier is a pulsating dc, but most electronic
circuits require a substantially pure dc for proper operation
• a pure dc output is provided by single or multi section filter circuits
placed between the output of the rectifier and the load
• a single or multi section filter circuits placed between the output of
the rectifier and the load provide a steadier dc output
 Why Use Filter
• rectifiers do not give pure DC output but only generate pulsating dc
• batteries produce pure dc but usually limited to low power
applications
• pulsating dc is not pure dc because it contains AC component (ripple)
• ripple – the AC component in a DC power supply
•There are four basic types of filter circuits:
•Simple capacitor filter
•LC choke-input filter
•LC capacitor-input filter (pi-type)
•RC capacitor-input filter (pi-type)
Simple Capacitor Filter

Rectifier Load
Circuit (RL)
Simple Capacitor Filter

+𝑉𝑅

𝑉𝑚

𝑡
0
Simple Capacitor Filter

𝑉𝐶

𝑉𝑚

𝑡
0
Output Waveform Times
𝑉𝐶

𝑉𝑟 𝑝−𝑝
𝑉𝑚

𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑡
0 𝑇1
𝑇2
𝑇
2
T1 – the time during which diodes of the full-wave rectifier conduct,
charging the capacitor up to the peak voltage
T2 – the time interval during which the rectifier voltage drops below
the peak voltage, and the capacitor discharges through the load
Simple Capacitor Filter
Ripple Voltage, 𝑉𝑟 𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑉𝐶

𝑉𝑟
𝐼𝑑𝑐 𝑉𝑚
𝑝−𝑝

𝑉𝑟 𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
4 3𝑓𝐶
𝑡
0
2.4𝐼𝑑𝑐
𝑉𝑟 𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝐶
Where:
2.4𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝐼𝑑𝑐 − 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝐴
𝑉𝑟 𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝑅𝐿 𝐶 𝐶 − 𝜇𝐹
𝑅𝐿 − 𝑘Ω
Simple Capacitor Filter
𝑉𝐶

𝑉𝑚

𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑡
0

DC Voltage, 𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝐼𝑑𝑐 4.17𝐼𝑑𝑐
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 𝑉𝑚 − 𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 𝑉𝑚 −
4𝑓𝐶 𝐶

𝐼𝑑𝑐 − 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝐴 𝐶 − 𝜇𝐹

Simple Capacitor Filter
Filter Capacitor Percent Ripple, r
𝑉𝑟 𝑟𝑚𝑠 2.4𝐼𝑑𝑐
𝑟= × 100% 𝑟= × 100%
𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝐶𝑉𝑑𝑐
2.4
𝑟= × 100%
𝑅𝐿 𝐶
Where:
𝐼𝑑𝑐 − 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝐴
𝐶 − 𝜇𝐹 𝑅𝐿 −𝑘Ω
Simple Capacitor Filter
RC time constant (=RC)

Charge
path

discharge
path
Half – Wave and Full – Wave Rectifiers Output
Waveform w/o and w/ FILTER CAPACITOR
Input Waveform

Output Waveform Without Filter

Output Waveform With Filter

 Other Filter Circuits
• LC capacitor – input filter
• LC choke – input filter ( – type)
Other Filter Circuits

• RC capacitor – input filter ( – type)

Factors that Determine the Effectiveness of a Capacitive Filter
1. Size of the capacitor
2. The value of the load
3. The time between pulsation
“One way to get good filtering is to use a large filter
capacitor.”
“The more sections the filter, the smoother the output
voltage, but also the higher is the power loss and is more
costly.”
Electrolytic Capacitor

https://www.circuitspecialists.com/25v-4700uf-rad-cap.html
https://dir.indiamart.com/chennai/electrolytic-capacitors.html

RONEL VIDAL, PECE

220𝑉 𝑉𝑜
60𝐻𝑧 Transformer Rectifier Filter Regulator 𝑑𝑐
Power Supply Characteristics

• Load regulation
• Line regulation
• Output resistance
 Load Regulation
• A power supply characteristics that indicates how
much the load voltage changes when the load current
changes
𝑉𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝐹𝐿
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 100%
𝑉𝐹𝐿
Where:
𝑉𝑁𝐿 – load voltage with no load current
𝑉𝐹𝐿 – load voltage with full load current
 Load Regulation
• For an unregulated power supply, changing the load
resistance will change the load voltage
• A reduce in load resistance will create more ripple and
additional voltage drop across the transformer windings and
diodes
• An increase in load current always decreases the load
voltage
• The smaller the load regulation, the better the power
supply
Line Regulation
• A power supply characteristics that indicates how much the
load voltage changes when the line voltage changes
𝑉𝐻𝐿 − 𝑉𝐿𝐿
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 100%
𝑉𝐿𝐿
• Where:
𝑉𝐻𝐿 – load voltage with high line voltage
𝑉𝐿𝐿 – load voltage with low line voltage
• The smaller the line regulation, the better the power supply
 Output Resistance
• A power supply with a low output resistance, its load regulation will
also be low
𝑅𝑇𝐻
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 100%
𝑅𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝐹𝐿
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑅𝑇𝐻 =
𝐼𝐹𝐿
• Where:
◦𝑉𝑁𝐿 – load voltage with no load current
◦𝑉𝐹𝐿 – load voltage with full load current
◦𝐼𝐹𝐿 – full load current
Voltage Regulator
• voltage regulators are part of the power supply that
maintains the output voltage to an almost constant
level
• basically, there are three types of voltage regulator/
converter
1. Zener Voltage Regulator
2. Linear Voltage Regulator
3. Switched-Mode Converter
Voltage Regulations
(Zener and Linear Regulators)
• Series Regulator
◦Transistor series regulator
◦Operational Amplifier – Transistor series regulator
• Shunt Regulator
• IC Regulator
Transistor Series Regulator

VBE

𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑧 − 𝑉𝐵𝐸
Op-Amp – Transistor Series Regulator

𝑅1
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑧 1 +
𝑅2
Transistor Shunt Regulator

VBE

𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑧 + 𝑉𝐵𝐸
Op-Amp – Transistor Shunt Regulator

𝑅1
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑧 1 +
𝑅2
 IC Regulator
• Positive Voltage Regulator (78XX Series)
Part # Minimum Output
Vi (V) Voltage

Vi In Out 7805 7.2 +5

78XX
VO 7806 8.2 6

Gnd 7808 10.5 8

7810 12.5 10
7812 14.5 12
7815 17.8 15
7818 21.0 18
7824 27.1 24
IC Regulator
• Negative Voltage Regulator (79XX Series)
Part # Minimum Output
Vi (V) Voltage

Vi In Out 7905 –7.3 –5

79XX
VO 7906 –8.4 –6
7908 –10.5 –8
Gnd
7909 –11.5 –9
7912 –14.6 –12
7915 –17.8 –15
7918 –20.8 –18
7924 –27.2 –24
IC Regulator

http://www.divilabs.com https://turbofuture.com/industrial/IC-79xx http://electronics.stackexchange.com/

RONEL VIDAL, PECE

IC Regulator
• Variable Voltage Regulator
Typical Values:
𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 1.25 𝑉
𝐼𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 100𝜇𝐴
𝑅1 = 240 Ω
𝑅2 = 5 𝑘Ω
1.2 𝑉 < 𝑉𝑜 < 37 𝑉
𝑅2
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 1+ + 𝐼𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑅2
𝑅1
IC Regulator

http://diyaudioprojects.com/Technical/Voltage-Regulator/

RONEL VIDAL, PECE

 Regulated DC Power Supply
1

1. Power switch and circuit protection 4 5

2. Voltage transformation
3. Rectification
4. Filter
5. Voltage regulation
 Circuit Specialists

http://alexnld.com/product/diy

RONEL VIDAL, PECE

Sample Problem #1

Given the load voltage of 10.6 V for IL= 0A and 9.25 V

when IL= 1A, what is the load regulation?
Sample Problem #2

Suppose that the power supply load voltage is 9.2 V

for a line voltage of 105 Vrms and 11.2 V for line
voltage of 125 Vrms. What is the line regulation of the
power supply?
Sample Problem #3

A power supply has a load voltage of 10.6 V for IL= 0A

and 9.25 V for IL= 1A. What is the load regulation if
Rmin= 10 Ohms?
Sample Problem #4

Using a dc and ac voltmeter to measure the output

signal from a filter circuit, we obtain readings of 25 V
dc and 1.5 V rms. Calculate the ripple of the filter
output voltage.
 Sample Problem #5

Calculate the ripple voltage of a full-wave rectifier with a

100-µF filter capacitor connected to a load drawing 50 mA.
 Problem Set #5: Power Supply
1. A dc voltage supply provides 60 V when the output is
unloaded. When connected to a load, the output drops
to 56 V. Calculate the value of voltage regulation.
2. Calculate the filter dc voltage of a full-wave rectifier
with a 100-µF filter capacitor connected to a load
drawing 50 mA, if the peak rectified voltage for the filter
circuit is 30 V.
3. Calculate the ripple of a capacitor filter for a peak
rectified voltage of 30 V, capacitor C = 50-µF, and a load
current of 50 mA.
end