9 - DC Machines PDF

01
AUG. 1, 2011
DC Machines:
Generators
Motors
TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY
DC Machines 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 1

01
AUG. 1, 2011
What is Electromechanical energy conversion?
• Electromechanical Energy Conversion is the transformation of energy using electrical

and mechanical processes.
• The advantage of electrical energy over other engines is that it could be
transmitted over a long distance without much loss and with high efficiency.
• The devices which convert electrical energy into other forms of energy is known as
electromechanical devices and the process is known as electromechanical energy conversion.
• The conversion takes place through either electrical or magnetic medium surrounding the
devices.

01
AUG. 1, 2011
Dynamo
Dynamo is a rotating machine for converting

• mechanical energy into electrical energy (Generator)
• electrical energy into mechanical energy (Motor)
Dynamo Principles (Electomagnetic Induction)
The application of electricity are based on two related

invisible forces known as electric and magnetic forces.
• Any conductor straight or coiled through which an

electric current is flowing has a magnetic field around it
and at right angles.
• When a conductor is moved perpendicular to a
magnetic field, there is a relative motion between the
conductor and the magnetic field.
• Likewise, when a magnetic field is moved past a
stationary conductor, there is also a relative motion.
• In either case, this relative motion results in an induced
voltage.
• The amount of induced voltage depends on the rate at
which the conductor and the magnetic field move with
respect to each other.

01
AUG. 1 2011
Direction of Induced EMF
If the conductor is moved in one way and then another in opposite direction in the
magnetic field, a reverse polarity of the induced voltage will be observed.

01
AUG. 1 2011
Parts of DC Machines Magnetic Circuit Parts:

(Generator and Motor) • Yoke
• Armature Core
FRONT END REAR END
• Air Gap
FRAME FRAME • Poles
Electric Circuit Parts:
MAIN FRAME • Windings
• Commutator
• Brushes
Yoke
Armature
Slot
Core
Teeth
Riser Pole Coils
Armature
Windings
Brushes
Shaft
Commutator

01
AUG. 1 2011

01
AUG. 1 2011
EMF Generation
• Consider a simplified DC machine consisting of a

single loop of wire that rotates in a magnetic field.
• Each end of the loop is connected a split-ring
arrangement with its conductive metal ring called
commutator.
• As the wire of loop rotates in the magnetic field,
the split commutator ring also rotates.
• Each half of the split ring rubs against the fixed
contacts, called bushes, and connects
the wire to an external circuit.
Note: The purpose of commutator (or split rings) is to

rectify the ac produced by the generator
before it enters the external circuit.

01
AUG. 1 2011

01
AUG. 1 2011
Generator Action
• Its theory of operation is based on the principle that an electromagnetic force is induced
in a conductor whenever there is a relative motion between the conductor and the
magnetic field.
• The motion must be such that the conductor is cutting the magnetic field.
• Fleming’s Right Hand
thumb – motion of the conductor
forefinger – flux/lines of force/direction
middle finger – current direction
• Magnetic Field Direction is always from N to S Pole
N S
• Current Direction
. away from the board (towards you)
+ towards the board (away from you)

01
AUG. 1 2011
Way to alter current direction

1. Use commutator

01
AUG. 1 2011
Notations Used
IL = line current
Ia = armature current
If = shunt field current
VT = terminal voltage
Vbc = brush contact voltage
Eb = back or counter emf
Rs = series field winding resistance
Rf = shunt field winding resistance
Ra = armature field resistance
R = equivalent resistance cause by the
power develop by the armature
Pa = power develop by the armature
Po = power output
Pi = power input
 = efficiency

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AUG. 1, 2011
Type of DC Generator
1. Series DC Generator
It has a field winding called a series field winding

connected in series with the armature.
Applications :For constant current application

such as for series street lighting
Schematic Wiring Equivalent Circuit Diagram

Diagram
SERIES FIELD
WINDING Rs
Rbc
Ia Formulas
+ L Ra EL
O IL = Ia = IS
A EG = EL + Ia (Rbc + Ra + RS)
D R EG
-
Note: If Rbc is not given, assume it to be zero (usually
assume 0.02 in some books).
PRIME MOVER

01
AUG. 1, 2011
2. Self-Excited Shunt DC Generator
The excitation of this machine comes from the machine itself.
Applications :For constant voltage application such as electric welding.
Schematic Wiring Diagram
Formulas
I
f
+ I
L
EG Ia = IL + If
Rf
EG = EL + Ia Ra
- L
Ia
O EL EL
A If =
D Rf + RRH
R RH
RHEOSTAT
PRIME MOVER

01
AUG. 1, 2011
3. Separately-Excited Shunt DC Generator
The excitation of this machine comes from another DC source.
Applications :Usually used in school laboratories
Schematic Wiring Diagram
Formulas
If I
L
Ia = IL
EG = EL + Ia Ra
Rf
+ Ia L Es
EG O EL If =
Es A Rf + RRH
- D
R Note: ES may not necessary be a

battery. It may also be
RH
RHEOSTAT
another DC generator.
PRIME MOVER

01
AUG. 1, 2011
4. Compound DC Generator
It uses combination of shunt and series field upon its poles.

It combines the characteristic of a self-excited shunt and a series generator.
Applications :Usually used to supply lighting and heavy-power loads requiring constant
potential source such as electric railways. It is also used in wind electric
generating plant because of its current limiting characteristic at high speed.
Short Shunt Generator Connection

RS Formulas
If IS Ia = If + IS
IS = IL
+ Ia
L
EG = EL + Ia Ra + IS RS
Rf EG IL O EL
A
- D
PRIME MOVER

01
AUG. 1, 2011
Long Shunt Generator Connection
If IL
RS
L Formulas
O EL
Rf A
+ Ia
D Ia = IS
EG Ia = IL + If
EG = EL + Ia Ra + Ia RS
-
PRIME MOVER

01
AUG. 1 2011
Thank
You for listening!
Let’s discuss DC Motors...


01
AUG. 1, 2011
DC Machines:
Generators
Motors

01
AUG. 1, 2011

01
AUG. 1 2011
Motor Action
Mechanical force can be produced by placing a single coil or loop of wire (two
conductors) between the two poles of the magnet.
• Rule: Ampere (Fleming’s) Left Hand

thumb – motion of the conductor
forefinger – flux/lines of force
middle finger – current direction
• Magnetic Field Direction is always from N to S Pole
N S
• Current Direction
toward the board

+
. away from the board

01
AUG. 1 2011
Two ways to alter current direction

1. Use AC source
2. Use DC source provided that the slip rings are replaced by split rings

01
AUG. 1 2011

01
AUG. 1 2011

01
AUG. 1, 2011
Type of DC Motor
1. Series Wound DC Motor
It has a field winding called a series field winding connected in

series with the armature.
Speed characteristic : Variable Speed

Torque characteristic: High Starting
Applications : Elevator, Crane, Hoist, Conveyor, and
such the likes
Precaution : Never operate this motor if it is
unloaded, it will “race” or
“runaway”.
Direction Alteration : Interchange the connection of the
bushes
Schematic Wiring Diagram Equivalent Circuit Diagram Formulas

SERIES FIELD
WINDING Rs IL = Ia
Rbc
Ia VT = Eb + Ia (Rbc + Ra)
+ Ra VT Pa = Eb Ia
Po = Pa – SPL (Stray Power Loss)
DC SOURCE Pin = VT IL
R Eb
-  = (Po / Pi) x 100%

01
AUG. 1, 2011
2. Shunt Wound DC Motor
It has a field winding is connected across the armature.
Speed characteristic : Nearly constant or adjustable

Torque characteristic: Medium starting torque
Applications : Fan, Blower, Grinder, and such the likes
Precaution : Never open the field circuit of this motor
while operating leaving the armature
only in the line, it will “race” or
“runaway”.
Direction Alteration : Interchange the position of the brushes
or interchange the connection of the
field winding, but not both. Formulas
Schematic Wiring Diagram Equivalent Circuit Diagram IL = Ia + If

VT = Eb + Ia (Rbc + Ra)
Rbc = If Rf
If
Ia Vbc = Ia Rbc
SHUNT
+ Rf Ra
Pa = Eb Ia
VT Po = Pa – SPL
FIELD DC SOURCE
WINDING = Pi – total losses
- R Eb Pin = VT IL
 = (Po / Pi) x 100%

01
AUG. 1 2011
Differences between the Series and Shunt Wound DC Motor

• Field winding in a series has a fewer turn than that in a shunt.
• Shunt field winding is mainly resistive while series field winding has a small resistance.
• The cross-section of wire used in the armature of series winding is greater than that of
the shunt field winding.
3. Compound DC Motor
It has a series and shunt and shunt field winding

which either connected short or long shunt.
Speed characteristic : Variable and adjustable

Torque characteristic: High starting torque
Applications : Punching machine, Drilling
machine, Gear, and such
the likes
Precaution : Never open the field circuit
of this motor while
operating if it is unloaded.
Direction Alteration : Interchange the position of
the brushes or interchange
the connection of the field
winding, but not both.

01
AUG. 1, 2011
Short Shunt Compound Motor
Schematic Wiring
SERIES FIELD
WINDING
SHUNT
+
FIELD DC SOURCE
WINDING
-
Formulas
Equivalent Circuit Diagram IL = Ia + If

VT = Eb + Ia (Rbc + Ra) + ILRS
Rs Vbc = Ia Rbc
Pa = Eb Ia
IL Po = Pa – SPL
If Rbc
Ia = Pi – total losses
Pin = VT IL
Rf Ra VT  = (Po / Pi) x 100%
R Eb

01
AUG. 1, 2011
Long Shunt Compound Motor
Schematic Wiring
SERIES FIELD
WINDING
SHUNT
+
FIELD DC SOURCE
WINDING
-
Formulas
Equivalent Circuit Diagram IL = Ia + If

VT = Eb + Ia (Rbc + Ra + RS)
Rs IL Vbc = Ia Rbc
Pa = Eb Ia (at load condition)
= Stray Power Loss (at no load condition)
If Rbc
Ia Po = Pa – SPL
VT = Pi – total losses
Rf Ra Pin = VT IL
 = (Po / Pi) x 100%
R Eb

01
AUG. 1 2011
Thank
You for listening!
Let’s discuss DC Machines Energy Transformation...

01
AUG. 1, 2011
Let’s review all the Notations Used
IL = line current
Ia = armature current
If = shunt field current
VT = terminal voltage
Vbc = brush contact voltage
Eb = back or counter emf
Rs = series field winding resistance
Rf = shunt field winding resistance
Ra = armature field resistance
R = equivalent resistance cause by the
power develop by the armature
Pa = power develop by the armature
Po = power output
Pi = power input
 = efficiency

01
AUG. 1 2011
Losses in DC Machines (Motors and Generators)
1. Mechanical Losses or Rotational Losses (Stray Power Losses)

losses due to rotation of armature
friction (brush, bearing, and winding (wind) friction) -- purely mechanical
core loss (hysteresis and eddy current loss)
2. Electrical Losses or Copper Losses
losses due to the current flowing to the different parts
of the machine. All the resistances are obtained at 75˚.
armature copper loss (IaRa)
shunt field copper loss (IfRf)
series field copper loss (ISRS)
copper loss due to resistance of rheostat
--- optional (IfRRH)
3. Stray Load Losses
losses which are caused by the load on the machine.
These losses cannot be calculated or measured directly.
It is assumed to be 1% of the output for 200Hp rated
machine and above.
distortion of flux due to armature reaction
short circuit current in the coil under commutation
lack of uniform distribution of current in the armature winding
4. Ventilation Loss
losses due to the power required to circulate the air through the machine by forced circulation either
by self-contained or external fans.

01
AUG. 1 2011
Energy Transformation (Power Flow Analysis)
Notes:
• SPL = EbIa (at no load condition)

•Pa = EbIa (at loaded condition)
• At maximum efficiency
Constant Losses = Variable Losses
• Variable Losses are losses which
vary as the square of the
armature current only
(Ia)2
• Eb = 0 (during starting condition)
• RST starting resistance is one of
the parameter inserted in the
armature circuit to limit the
starting current at the machine

01
AUG. 1 2011
Let’s have the final review of DC Machines

01
AUG. 1 2011
Thank
You for listening!
Let’s have some sample problems before discussing AC Machines...

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01

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

DC Machines 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 1

What is Electromechanical energy conversion?

• Electromechanical Energy Conversion is the transformation of energy using electrical

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

DC Machines 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 2

Dynamo is a rotating machine for converting

Dynamo Principles (Electomagnetic Induction)

The application of electricity are based on two related

• Any conductor straight or coiled through which an

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

DC Machines 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 3

Direction of Induced EMF

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

DC Machines 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 4

Parts of DC Machines Magnetic Circuit Parts:

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

DC Machines 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 5

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

DC Machines 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 6

• Consider a simplified DC machine consisting of a

Note: The purpose of commutator (or split rings) is to

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

DC Machines 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 7

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

DC Machines 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 8

• Magnetic Field Direction is always from N to S Pole

. away from the board (towards you)

+ towards the board (away from you)

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

DC Machines 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 9

Way to alter current direction

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

DC Machines 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 10

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

DC Machines 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 11

It has a field winding called a series field winding

Applications :For constant current application

Schematic Wiring Equivalent Circuit Diagram

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

DC Machines 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 12

2. Self-Excited Shunt DC Generator

The excitation of this machine comes from the machine itself.

Applications :For constant voltage application such as electric welding.

Schematic Wiring Diagram

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

DC Machines 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 13

3. Separately-Excited Shunt DC Generator

The excitation of this machine comes from another DC source.

Applications :Usually used in school laboratories

Schematic Wiring Diagram

R Note: ES may not necessary be a

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

DC Machines 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 14

It uses combination of shunt and series field upon its poles.

Short Shunt Generator Connection

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

DC Machines 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 15

Long Shunt Generator Connection

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

DC Machines 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 16

Let’s discuss DC Motors...