01

JULY 5, 2011

AC Circuit Theory
Capacitor and Capacitance,
Capacitance Connection
Capacitive Reactance

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

AC Circuit Theory, Capacitance and Capacitive ReactanceC Circuit Theory: Capacitor 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 1
and Capacitance
 01
JULY 5, 2011

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AC Circuit Theory, Capacitance and Capacitive ReactanceC Circuit Theory: Capacitor 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 2
and Capacitance
 01
JULY 5, 2011

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AC Circuit Theory, Capacitance and Capacitive ReactanceC Circuit Theory: Capacitor 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 3
and Capacitance
 01
JULY 5, 2011

Direct Current and Alternating Current

Direct Current

• Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of electric charge.

• Direct current is produced by such sources as batteries, thermocouples, solar
cells, and commutator-type electric machines of the dynamo type.
• Direct current may flow in a conductor such as a wire, but can also flow
through semiconductors, through a vacuum as in electron or ion beams.
• A term formerly used for direct current was galvanic current.
• Direct current is used to charge batteries, and in nearly all electronic systems,
as the power supply. Very large quantities of direct-current power are used in
production of aluminum and other electromechanical processes. Direct
current is used for some railway propulsion, especially in urban areas. High-
voltage DC is used to transmit large amounts of power from remote
generation sites or to interconnect alternating current power grids.

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AC Circuit Theory, Capacitance and Capacitive ReactanceC Circuit Theory: Capacitor 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 4
and Capacitance
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JULY 5, 2011

Direct Current and Alternating Current

Alternating Current

• In alternating current (AC or ac) the movement of electric charge periodically

reverses direction. Note in DC, the flow of electric charge is only in one
direction.
• The usual waveform of an AC power circuit is a sine wave.
• AC is the form in which electric power is delivered to businesses and
residences. Audio and Radio signals carried on electrical wires are also
examples of alternating current.

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AC Circuit Theory, Capacitance and Capacitive ReactanceC Circuit Theory: Capacitor 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 5
and Capacitance
 01
JULY 5, 2011

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AC Circuit Theory, Capacitance and Capacitive ReactanceC Circuit Theory: Capacitor 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 6
and Capacitance
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JULY 5, 2011

Sinusoidal Waveform

• Also know as Sine Wave is the fundamental type of AC and alternating

voltage.
• This is also referred to as Sinusoidal Wave or Sinusoid.

Sinusoidal Waveform Characteristics

1. Period
2. Frequency

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AC Circuit Theory, Capacitance and Capacitive ReactanceC Circuit Theory: Capacitor 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 7
and Capacitance
 01
JULY 5, 2011

Period (T)

• It is the time required for a given sine wave to complete one full cycle

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AC Circuit Theory, Capacitance and Capacitive ReactanceC Circuit Theory: Capacitor 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 8
and Capacitance
 01
JULY 5, 2011

Frequency (f)

• This refers to the number of cycles that a sine wave completes in one second.
• Frequency is measured in units of herts (Hz).
• One hertz is equivalent to one cycle per second.

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AC Circuit Theory, Capacitance and Capacitive ReactanceC Circuit Theory: Capacitor 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 9
and Capacitance
 01
JULY 5, 2011

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AC Circuit Theory, Capacitance and Capacitive ReactanceC Circuit Theory: Capacitor 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 10
and Capacitance
 01
JULY 5, 2011

1
Relationship of Frequency and Period f=
T

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AC Circuit Theory, Capacitance and Capacitive ReactanceC Circuit Theory: Capacitor 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 11
and Capacitance
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JULY 5, 2011

Instantaneous Value

• It refers to the voltage (or current) values at any point in time in a sine wave.
• Instantaneous values of voltage and current are symbolized by lowercase v and i
respectively.

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and Capacitance
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JULY 5, 2011

Peak Value

• This is the value of voltage (or current) at the positive or the negative maximum
(peaks) with respect to zero.
• The maximum or peak value of a sine wave is also called amplitude.

Peak-to-Peak Value

• It refers to the voltage (or current) value from

the positive peak to the negative peak.

Vpp = 2Vp
Ipp = 2IP

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and Capacitance
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JULY 5, 2011

RMS (Root Mean Square) Value

• Also referred to as the effective value of a sinusoidal wave is the value of a steady dc
which will produce the same heat as the ac when flowing through a given circuit for a
specified time.

Vrms = 0.707 Vp
Irms = 0.707 Ip

• The rms of a sinusoidal voltage is equal to the dc Similarly Vp = Vrms / 0.707

voltage that produces the same amount of heat in Vp = 1.414 Vrms
a resistance as does the sinusoidal voltage. Ip = 1.414 Irms

Also Vpp = 2.828 Vrms

Ipp = 2.828 Irms

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AC Circuit Theory, Capacitance and Capacitive ReactanceC Circuit Theory: Capacitor 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 14
and Capacitance
 01
JULY 5, 2011

Average Value

• The average value of a sine wave is defined over a half-cycle rather tan a full cycle.
• Is the value of a steady dc which will transfer the same charge as the ac through a given
circuit for a specified time.

Vavg = 0.637 Vp
Iavg = 0.637 Ip

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AC Circuit Theory, Capacitance and Capacitive ReactanceC Circuit Theory: Capacitor 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 15
and Capacitance
 01
JULY 5, 2011

Sine Wave Formula

• At any given instant, the magnitude of a sine wave can be described by the values of
the phase angle and the amplitude (maximum height) and can be represented a
Phasor.
• The length of a sine wave phasor is the peak value (amplitude), and its angular position
as it rotates is the phase angle.
• One full cycle of a sine wave can be viewed as the rotation of a phasor through 360°.

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AC Circuit Theory, Capacitance and Capacitive ReactanceC Circuit Theory: Capacitor 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 16
and Capacitance
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JULY 5, 2011

• The vertical distance from the phasor tip down to the horizontal axis represents the
instantaneous value of the sine wave at that point.

v = Vp sinѲ
i = Ip sinѲ

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AC Circuit Theory, Capacitance and Capacitive ReactanceC Circuit Theory: Capacitor 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 17
and Capacitance
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JULY 5, 2011

Phase-Shifted Sine Waves

• When a sine wave is shifted to the right of the reference (lags) by a certain angle ø,

v = Vp sin(Ѳ – ø)

• When a sine wave is shifted to the left of the reference (leads) by a certain angle ø,

v = Vp sin(Ѳ + ø)

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AC Circuit Theory, Capacitance and Capacitive ReactanceC Circuit Theory: Capacitor 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 18
and Capacitance
 01
JULY 2011

Thank
Let’s discuss Capacitor and
Capacitance...
You for listening!
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AC Circuit Theory, Capacitance and Capacitive ReactanceC Circuit Theory: Capacitor 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 19
and Capacitance
 01
JULY 5, 2011

AC Circuit Theory
Capacitor and Capacitance,
Capacitance Connection
Capacitive Reactance

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AC Circuit Theory, Capacitance and Capacitive ReactanceC Circuit Theory: Capacitor 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 20
and Capacitance
 01
JULY 5, 2011

Review of Capacitor Basic Construction

A capacitor is an electrical device constructed

of two parallel conductive plates separated
by an insulating material called the dielectric.

How a Capacitor Stores Charge

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and Capacitance
 01
JULY 5, 2011

How does Capacitor Works

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and Capacitance
 01
JULY 5, 2011

Capacitor Banks

Capacitor Banks are used to improve the operating

efficiency of electric power systems and help
Transmission system voltage stability during
disturbances.

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AC Circuit Theory, Capacitance and Capacitive ReactanceC Circuit Theory: Capacitor 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 23
and Capacitance
 01
JULY 5, 2011

Other sample applications

• Electrical Storage
• Power Supply Filtering
• DC Blocking and AC Coupling
• Power Line Decoupling
• Bypassing
• Signal Filters
• Trimming Circuits
• Computer Memories

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AC Circuit Theory, Capacitance and Capacitive ReactanceC Circuit Theory: Capacitor 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 24
and Capacitance
 01
JULY 2011

Types of Capacitors

• Capacitors are classified according to the type of dielectric material.

• The most common types of dielectric materials are mica, ceramic, plastic-film, and
electrolytic (aluminum oxide and tantalum oxide).

1. Fixed Capacitors

Mica Capacitors.
• It consists of alternate layers of metal foil
and thin sheets of mica.
• More layers are used to increase the plate
area, thus increasing the capacitance.
• Mica capacitors are generally available with
capacitive values ranging from 1pF to 0.1µF
and voltage ratings from 100 Vdc to
2500Vdc and higher.
• Mica has a typical dielectric constant of 5.

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AC Circuit Theory, Capacitance and Capacitive ReactanceC Circuit Theory: Capacitor 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 25
and Capacitance
 01
JULY 2011

Ceramic Capacitors.
• Ceramic dieletric provide very high dieletric
constant of 1200.
• A comparative high capacitance values can
be achieved in a small physical size.
• Ceramic capacitors typically are available in
capacitance values ranging from 1pf to
100µF with voltage ratings up to 6kV.

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and Capacitance
 01
JULY 2011

Plastic-Film Capacitors.
• Common dielectric materials used in
plastic-film capacitors include
polycarbonate, propylene, polyester,
polypropylene, and mylar.
• They have capacitance values up to 100µF
but most are less than 1µF.

Electrolytic Capacitors.
• These capacitors are generally used for
high capacitance values from 1µF up to
over 200,000µF.
• They have relatively low breakdown
voltages (350V) and high amount of
leakage.

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AC Circuit Theory, Capacitance and Capacitive ReactanceC Circuit Theory: Capacitor 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 27
and Capacitance
 01
JULY 2011

2. Variable Capacitors

• Are used in a circuit when there is a need to adjust the capacitance value either
manually or automatically.
• These capacitors are generally less than 300pF but are available in larger values
for specialized application.

• Trimmer capacitors have normally slotted screw-type adjustments and are used
for very fine adjustments in a circuit.

• Varactor is a semiconductor devise that exhibits a capacitance characteristic that

is varied by changing the voltage across its terminals.

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and Capacitance
 01
JULY 2011

Capacitor Color Coding

• Capacitors may be marked with 3 or more coloured bands or dots.

• 3-colour coding encodes most significant digit, second most significant digit, and
multiplier.
• Additional bands have meanings which may vary from one type to another. Low-
tolerance capacitors may begin with the first 3 (rather than 2) digits of the value.
•Cylindrical capacitors marked with bands may look like resistors.

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AC Circuit Theory, Capacitance and Capacitive ReactanceC Circuit Theory: Capacitor 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 29
and Capacitance
 01
JULY 2011

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AC Circuit Theory, Capacitance and Capacitive ReactanceC Circuit Theory: Capacitor 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 30
and Capacitance
 01
JULY 2011

Capacitance

• It is the amount of charge that a capacitor can store per unit of volume across its plates.
• A measure of a capacitor’s ability to store charge.
• It’s unit if farad (F).
• One farad is the amount of capacitance when one coulomb of charge is stored with one
volt across the plates.
where

Q C = capacitance
C=
V Q = charge
V = voltage

Thank
Let’s discuss Capacitance in
Series and Parallel Connection...
You for listening!
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AC Circuit Theory, Capacitance and Capacitive ReactanceC Circuit Theory: Capacitor 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 31
and Capacitance
 01
JULY 5, 2011

AC Circuit Theory
Capacitor and Capacitance,
Capacitance Connection
Capacitive Reactance

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AC Circuit Theory, Capacitance and Capacitive ReactanceC Circuit Theory: Capacitor 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 32
and Capacitance
 01
JULY 2011

Series Capacitors

• When capacitors are connected in series, the total capacitance is less than the smallest
capacitance value because the effective plate separation increases.
• The calculations of total series capacitance is analogues to the calculation of total
resistance of parallel resistors.

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and Capacitance
 01
JULY 2011

Energy Stored

• Since current is the same everywhere in the circuit, the same amount of charge is move
from the negative side of the source to the plates of the capacitors.
• The same amount of charge is deposited on the plates of the capacitors in series in a
given period of time.

Q T = Q 1 = Q2

• As the capacitors are being charge, the voltage across each one increase too.

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AC Circuit Theory, Capacitance and Capacitive ReactanceC Circuit Theory: Capacitor 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 34
and Capacitance
 01
JULY 2011

Parallel Capacitors

• When capacitors are connected in parallel, the total capacitance is the sum of the
individual capacitances because the effective plate area increases.
• The calculation of total parallel capacitance is analogous to the calculation of total
series resistance.

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and Capacitance
 01
JULY 2011

Energy Stored

• The larger capacitor stores more energy when connected in parallel considering that
the voltage source is same across the network.
• The charge stores by each capacitors in parallel is equal to the total charges that was
delivered from the source.

Q T = Q 1 + Q2

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and Capacitance
 01
JULY 2011

Thank
You for listening!

Let’s discuss Capacitor in AC Circuits and its Reactance...

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AC Circuit Theory, Capacitance and Capacitive ReactanceC Circuit Theory: Capacitor 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 37
and Capacitance
 01
JULY 5, 2011

AC Circuit Theory
Capacitor and Capacitance,
Capacitance Connection
Capacitive Reactance

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AC Circuit Theory, Capacitance and Capacitive ReactanceC Circuit Theory: Capacitor 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 38
and Capacitance
 01
JULY 5, 2011

Capacitors in AC Circuit

• When the source voltage is held at a constant amplitude value and its frequency is increased, the
amplitude of the current increases.
• When the frequency of the source is decreased, the current amplitude decreases.
• When the frequency of the voltage increases, its rate of change also increases.
• If the rate at which the voltage is changing increase, the amount
of charge moving through the circuit in a given period of time also
increase.
• Thus, the more charge in a given period of time indicates means
current is present.
• An increase in the amount of current with a fixed amount of
voltage indicates that the opposition to the current has decreased.
• Therefore, capacitor offers opposition to the flow of current and that
opposition varies inversely with frequency.
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and Capacitance
 01
JULY 5, 2011

Capacitive Reactance

• When the frequency of the voltage

increases, its rate of change also
increases.
• When the rate at which the voltage is
changing increases, the amount of
charge moving through the circuit in a
given period of time must also increase.
• More charge in a given period of time
means presence of more current.
• An increase in the amount of current with
a fixed amount of voltage indicates that
opposition to the current has decreased.
• Capacitor offers opposition to current which is inversely proportional with frequency.
• The opposition to sinusoidal current in a capacitor is called Capacitive Reactance (Xc) in a unit if ohm.

where
Xc = 1
2 f C Xc = capacitive reactance in Ω
f = frequency in hertz
C = capacitance in farad
2 = one cycle express in
radians revolution
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AC Circuit Theory, Capacitance and Capacitive ReactanceC Circuit Theory: Capacitor 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 40
and Capacitance
 01
JULY 2011

Reactance for a Series Capacitors

• Total capacitive reactance (opposition to current) must be larger than any

individual capacitive reactance.

Reactance for a Parallel Capacitors

• Total capacitive reactance must be smaller than the reactance of any individual capacitor.

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and Capacitance
 01
JULY 2011

Current Leads Capacitor Voltage by 90°

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AC Circuit Theory, Capacitance and Capacitive ReactanceC Circuit Theory: Capacitor 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 42
and Capacitance
 01
JULY 2011

Thank
You for listening!

Let’s discuss Inductor in AC Circuits and its Reactance...

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AC Circuit Theory, Capacitance and Capacitive ReactanceC Circuit Theory: Capacitor 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos 43
and Capacitance