IOT

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Unit-1

Introduction:
The most important features of IoT include artificial intelligence, connectivity, sensors, active
engagement, and small device use. A brief review of these features is given below:

AI – IoT essentially makes virtually anything “smart”, meaning it enhances every aspect of life
with the power of data collection, artificial intelligence algorithms, and networks. This can
mean something as simple as enhancing your refrigerator and cabinets to detect when milk
and your favorite cereal run low, and to then place an order with your preferred grocer.

Connectivity – New enabling technologies for networking, and specifically IoT networking,
mean networks are no longer exclusively tied to major providers. Networks can exist on a
much smaller and cheaper scale while still being practical. IoT creates these small networks
between its system devices.

Sensors – IoT loses its distinction without sensors. They act as defining instruments which
transform IoT from a standard passive network of devices into an active system capable of
real-world integration.

Active Engagement – Much of today's interaction with connected technology happens

through passive engagement. IoT introduces a new paradigm for active content, product, or
service engagement.

Small Devices – Devices, as predicted, have become smaller, cheaper, and more powerful
over time. IoT exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver its precision, scalability, and
versatility.

IoT Applications
Connected Car
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Connected Health
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Connected Farms

Connected Constrution Sites

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Home Automation
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Smart Grids

The demands being placed on electricity grids are changing rapidly, however the grids
have changed very little since they were first developed more than a century ago.
Electricity generation around the world will nearly double from about 17.3 trillion
kilowatt-hours (kWh) in 2005 to 33.3 trillion kWh in 2030.
Regulatory uncertainty and increased competition led to reduced investment in new
transmission lines. As a result, some parts of the system have become increasingly
congested.
Black-outs in the US cost an estimated $80 billion a year.
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IoT − Advantages

The advantages of IoT span across every area of lifestyle and business. Here is a list of some of the
advantages that IoT has to offer:

Improved Customer Engagement – Current analytics suffer from blind-spots and significant flaws in
accuracy; and as noted, engagement remains passive. IoT completely transforms this to achieve richer and
more effective engagement with audiences.

Technology Optimization – The same technologies and data which improve the customer
experience also improve device use, and aid in more potent improvements to technology. IoT
unlocks a world of critical functional and field data.
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Reduced Waste – IoT makes areas of improvement clear. Current analytics give us
superficial insight, but IoT provides real-world information leading to more effective
management of resources.

Enhanced Data Collection – Modern data collection suffers from its limitations and its design for passive
use. IoT breaks it out of those spaces, and places it exactly where humans really want to go to analyze our
world. It allows an accurate picture of everything.

IoT − Disadvantages

Though IoT delivers an impressive set of benefits, it also presents a significant set of challenges.
Here is a list of some its major issues:

Security – IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly connected devices communicating over

networks. The system offers little control despite any security measures. This leaves users
exposed to various kinds of attackers.

Privacy – The sophistication of IoT provides substantial personal data in extreme detail
without the user's active participation.

Complexity – Some find IoT systems complicated in terms of design, deployment, and
maintenance given their use of multiple technologies and a large set of new enabling
technologies.

Flexibility – Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT system to integrate easily
with another. They worry about finding themselves with several conflicting or locked
systems.

Compliance – IoT, like any other technology in the realm of business, must comply with
regulations. Its complexity makes the issue of compliance seem incredibly challenging when
many consider standard software compliance a battle.
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Physical Design of IoT

• A use-case study

 • This diagram shows a leak detection System in a pipeline.

Work in groups and identify:

 o What parameters can be measured to detect a leak

 o What type of sensors can be used
 o What components can be added to this diagram
 o What are the key issues that should be considered in the design
 o What type of in-network processes can be done
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Logical Design of IoT

IOT Enabling Technologies:

A. BIG DATA
As more things (or “smart objects”) are connected to the IoT, more data is collected from
them in order to perform analytics to determine trends and associations that lead to insights.
For example, an oil well equipped with 20-30 sensors can generate 500,000 data points
every 15 seconds20, a jetliner with 6,000 sensors generates 2.5 terabytes of data per day
[21], and the more than 46 million smart utility meters installed in the U.S. generate more
than 1 billion data points each day. [22] Thus, the term “big data” refers to these large data
sets that need to be collected, stored, queried, analyzed and generally managed in order to
deliver on the promise of the IoT — insight!

Further compounding the technical challenges of big data is the fact that IoT systems must
deal with not only the data collected from smart objects, but also ancillary data that is needed
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to properly perform such analytics (e.g., public and private data sets related to weather, GIS,
financial, seismic, map, GPS, crime, etc.). Thus, as more smart objects come online, at least
three metrics (“the three V’s”) are typically used by IoT operators to describe the big data
they handle: volume (i.e., the amount of data they collect from their IoT sensors measured in
gigabytes, terabytes and petabytes); velocity (i.e., the speed at which data is collected from
the sensors); and variety (i.e., the di ering types of structured and unstructured data
collected, especially when compared to video and picture files as is typical within the
consumer Internet).

B. DIGITAL TWIN
Another consequence of the growing and evolving IoT is the concept of a “digital twin,”
introduced in 2003 by John Vickers, manager of NASA’s National Center for Advanced
Manufacturing. [23 ]The concept refers to a digital copy of a physical asset (i.e., a smart object
within the IoT), that lives and evolves in a virtual environment over the physical asset’s
lifetime. That is, as the sensors within the object collect real-time data, a set of models
forming the digital twin is updated with all of the same information. Thus, an inspection of
the digital twin would reveal the same information as a physical inspection of the smart
object itself – albeit remotely. The digital twin of the smart object can then be studied to not
only optimize operations of the smart object through reduced maintenance costs and
downtime, but to improve the next generation of its design.

C. CLOUD COMPUTING
As the word “cloud” is often used as a metaphor for the Internet, “cloud computing” refers
to being able to access computing resources via the Internet rather than traditional
systems where computing hardware is physically located on the premises of the user and
any software applications are installed on such local hardware. More formally, “cloud
computing” is defined as:

Cloud computing – and its three service models of Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as
a Service (PaaS) and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – are important to the IoT because it
allows any user with a browser and an Internet connection to transform smart object data
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into actionable intelligence. That is, cloud computing provides “the virtual infrastructure for
utility computing integrating applications, monitoring devices, storage devices, analytics
tools, visualization platforms, and client delivery… [to] enable businesses and users to access
[IoT-enabled] applications on demand anytime, anyplace and anywhere.”

D. SENSORS
Central to the functionality and utility of the IoT are sensors embedded in smart
objects. Such sensors are capable of detecting events or changes in a specific quantity (e.g.,
pressure), communicating the event or change data to the cloud (directly or via a gateway)
and, in some circumstances, receiving data back from the cloud (e.g., a control command) or
communicating with other smart objects. Since 2012, sensors have generally shrunk in
physical size and thus have caused the IoT market to mature rapidly. More specifically:
“Technological improvements created microscopic scale sensors, leading to the use of
technologies like Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). This meant that sensors were
now small enough to be embedded into unique places like clothing or other [smart objects].”

E. COMMUNICATIONS
With respect to sending and receiving data, wired and wireless communication technologies
have also improved such that nearly every type of electronic equipment can provide data
connectivity. This has allowed the ever-shrinking sensors embedded in smart objects to send
and receive data over the cloud for collection, storage and eventual analysis.

The protocols for allowing IoT sensors to relay data include wireless technologies such as
RFID, NFC, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), XBee, ZigBee, Z-Wave, Wireless
M-Bus, SIGFOX and NuelNET, as well as satellite connections and mobile networks using
GSM, GPRS, 3G, LTE, or WiMAX. [27] Wired protocols, useable by stationary smart objects,
include Ethernet, HomePlug, HomePNA, HomeGrid/G.hn and LonWorks, as well as
conventional telephone lines.

F. ANALYTICS SOFTWARE
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Within the IoT ecosystem, Application Service Providers (ASPs) – which may or may not di
er from the companies who sell and service the smart objects – provide software to
companies that can transform “raw” machine (big) data collected from smart objects into
actionable intelligence (or insight). Generally speaking, such software performs data mining
and employs mathematical models and statistical techniques to provide insight to users.
That is, events, trends and patterns are extracted from big data sets in order to present the
software’s end-users with insight in the form of portfolio analysis, predictions, risk analysis,
automations and corrective, maintenance and optimization recommendations. In many
cases, the ASPs may provide general analytical software or software targeting specific
industries or types of smart objects.

G. EDGE DEVICES
Not shown in our simplistic IoT ecosystem of Figure 1 is exactly how the smart objects
embedded with sensors connect via the Internet to the various service provider systems. The
answer is via “edge devices” – any device such
as a router, routing switch, integrated access device (IAD), multiplexer, or metropolitan area
network (MAN) and wide area network (WAN) access device which provides an entry point
from the global, public Internet into an ASP’s or other enterprise’s private network. [29] In
Industry 4.0, these edge devices are becoming smarter at processing data before such data
even reaches an enterprise network’s backbone (i.e., its core devices and cloud data centers).
For example, edge devices may translate between di erent network protocols, and provide
first-hop security, initial quality of service (QoS) and access/ distribution policy
functionality.
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IOT LEVELS

Maturity levels are important because they provide organizations with a goal-oriented path,
so they can measure progress and celebrate small successes on their way to a greater goal.
They are important because, as experience shows, it is best for organizations to progress
through consecutive maturity levels rather than to simply try to swallow a super-complex
project at once. Violent and ambitious jumps in maturity typically fail due to organizational
change resistance, immature operational procedures, and deficient governance practices. It
is better to have a solid hand on a maturity level before adventuring into the next one.

Here at the 4 maturity levels of IoT, and what they mean for organizations:

LEVEL 1: DATA GENERATION AND INGESTION

What is it about: In level 1, organizations begin projects to generate and collect IoT data. This
involves coupling their services or products with devices that capture data and gateways to
transmit that data, implementing data ingestion pipelines to absorb that data, and storing
that data for later use.
What it means: at this point, companies are finally in a position to generate data and collect
it. Data generation is the key building block of IoT, and the first maturity level is aimed at
getting your hands on data. Typically, the hardest part are the devices themselves, how to
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securely capture and transmit the data, how to manage those devices in the field, solve
connectivity issues, and building a pipeline that scales to serve many devices.

LEVEL 2: FIRST ANALYTICS

What is it about: once armed with data, companies will typically try to derive some value out
of it. These are initially ad-hoc, exploratory efforts. Some companies might already have a
developed concept about how they will use the data, while others will need to embark in
exploring the data to find useful surprises. For example, data analysts / scientists will start
connecting to the data with mainstream tools like Excel and PowerBI and start exploring.
What it means: Companies might be able to start extracting value from the data generated.
This will mostly be manual efforts done by functional experts or data analysts. At this stage,
the organization starts to derive initial value from the data.

LEVEL 3: DEEP LEARNING

What is it about: the organization recognizes that the data is much more valuable and large
than manual analysis permits, and starts investing in technology that can automatically
extract insights from the data. These are typically investments in deep learning, machine
learning or streaming analytics. Whereas the value of the data in Level 2 was extracted from
the manual work of highly-skilled experts, the value of the data in Level 3 is extracted
automatically from sophisticated algorithms, statiscal models and stochastic process
modeling.
What it means: the organization is able to scale the value of its data, as it is not dependent
anymore on the manual work of data analysts. More data can be analyzed in many more
different ways, in less time. The insights gained might be more profound, due to the
sophistication of the analysis, which can be applied to gigantic data sets with ease.

LEVEL 4: AUTONOMOUS DECISION MAKING

What is it about: the deep learning and analytical models, along with their accuracy and
reliability, are solid upon exiting Level 3. The organization is now in a position to trust these
models to make automated decisions. In Level 3, the insights derived from deep learning are
mostly used as input for pattern analysis, reporting dashboards and management decision-
making. In Level 4, the output of deep learning is used to trigger autonomous
operational actions.
What it means: in Level 4, the deep learning engine of the organization is integrated with its
operational systems. The deep learning engine will trigger actions in the ERP (i.e: automatic
orders to replenish inventory), LoB systems (remote control of field devices via
intelligent bi-directional communication), the CRM (triggering personalized sales
and marketing actions based on individual customer behavior), or any other system that
interacts with customers, suppliers or internal staff. These actions will require no human
intervention, or at least, require minimal human supervision or approvals to be executed.
Not necessarily. How far you need to invest into the maturity of your IoT stack is dependent
on the business case for such an investment. The true impact of IoT, and what business value
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it might bring, is very hard to gauge at Day 0. It is best to start with smaller
steps by developing innovative business models, rapidly prototyping them, and making
smaller investments to explore if an IoT-powered business model is viable or not. Make
larger commitments only as steps from previous successes. This allows you to fail fast with
minimal pain if your proposed business model turns out to be wrong, adapt the model as you
learn through iterations, and allows your team to celebrate smaller successes on your IoT
journey.
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UNIT-2
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