An Experimental Investigation on the

Performance and Emission

Characteristics of a Diesel Engine using
Mahua Oil by changing Injection Pressure
 INTRODUCTION
• World today is facing the pinch of rising energy consumption.
• Green house gas emissions and global warming is also in the
forefront of critical issues.
• Biodiesel is renewable and environmental friendly alternative diesel
fuel for diesel engine.
• Can be used in existing diesel engines without major hardware
modifications.
• Low-cost, clean burning, safe to handle, transport and store. Non-
toxic, biodegradable and free of sulphur and carcinogenic benzene.
• Biodiesel has higher viscosity, density, pour point, flash point and
cetane number than diesel fuel.
 OBJECTIVE
 To improve the performance and emission
characteristics of CI engine fuelled by methyl ester of
Mahua oil by optimizing injection pressure.
 To prepare the biodiesel through transesterification
process.
 To conduct an experimental investigation to evaluate
the effect of using of Mahua biodiesel with
conventional diesel fuel with 10%, 20% (by volume).
 Mahua
The regional names in some of Scientific classification
the potential states are :
Andhra Pradesh :Ippe, Yappa Kingdom Plantae
Tamil Nadu : Illupei, elupa Division Magnoliaphyta
English : Butter tree Class Magnoliopsida
Sanskrit : Madhuka Order Ericolos
Hindi : Mahua, Mohwa, Family Sapotaceae
Mauwa Genus Madhuca
Species Indica (syn. Bassia
latifolia)
COMPARISION OF FUEL PROPERTIES OF DIESEL, MAHUA OIL & MAHUA
OIL METHYL ESTER

Property Diesel oil Raw Mahua MOME

Density (150C), 835 945 872
kg/m3
Kinematic Viscosity 2.4 25 4.0
400C,mm2/sec
Flash Point, 0C 70 226 204

Fire Point, 0C 76 250 230

Calorific Value 43 35 41

Cloud Point, 0C -10 to -15 14 6

Properties of Biodiesel Blended Fuels that were used in Experiment
 Biodiesel Raw Materials
Oil or Fat Alcohol
Soybean Methanol
Corn Ethanol
Canola
Cottonseed Catalyst
Sunflower Sodium hydroxide
Mahua Potassium hydroxide
Karanja
Used cooking oils
Biodiesel Reaction (Transesterification)
Equipment in laboratory
 Biodiesel Separation
Mahua Oil Glycerine Mahua Oil Methyl Ester

Glycerine
MOME
Separated from
Glycerine
 Engine specification
• Make: Kirloskar
• Type: Single cylinder (AV1)
• Operation: 4 stroke Diesel, water cooled
• Power: 3.7kW at 1500rpm
• Stroke: 110mm
• Bore: 87.5mm
• Capacity: 661cc
• Compression Ratio:17.5
EXPERIMENTAL TEST SETUP
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 BP Vs SFC
Brake Power Vs Specific Fuel Consumption for Brake Power Vs Specific Fuel Consumption for
B10 B20
2 2

1.6 1.6

1.2 1.2
Diesel at 180 bar Diesel at 180 bar
SFC

SFC
Mahua at 160 bar Mahua at 160 bar
Mahua at 180 bar Mahua at 180 bar
0.8 0.8
Mahua at 200 bar Mahua at 200 bar
Mahua at 220 bar Mahua at 220 bar

0.4 0.4

0 0
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
Brake Power (kW) Brake Power (kW)
 Specific Fuel Consumption
For both blends specific fuel consumption
decreased with increase in brake power.
 BP Vs TFC
Brake Power Vs Total Fuel Consumption for Brake Power Vs Total Fuel Consumption for
B10 B20
2 2

1.6 1.6

1.2 1.2
Diesel at 180 bar Diesel at 180 bar
TFC

TFC
Mahua at 160 bar Mahua at 160 bar
Mahua at 180 bar Mahua at 180 bar
0.8 0.8
Mahua at 200 bar Mahua at 200 bar
Mahua at 220 bar Mahua at 220 bar

0.4 0.4

0 0
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
Brake Power (kW) Brake Power (kW)
 Total Fuel Consumption (TFC)
The total fuel consumption for MOME is comparatively higher
than that of diesel fuel due to high specific gravity.
 BP Vs BTE
Brake Power Vs Brake Thermal Efficiency for Brake Power Vs Brake Thermal Efficiency for
B10 B20
0.3 0.3

0.25 0.25

0.2 0.2
BTE (Normalized)

BTE (Normalized)
Diesel at 180 bar Diesel at 180 bar
0.15 Mahua at 160 bar 0.15 Mahua at 160 bar
Mahua at 180 bar Mahua at 180 bar
Mahua at 200 bar Mahua at 200 bar
0.1 0.1
Mahua at 220 bar Mahua at 220 bar

0.05 0.05

0 0
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
Brake Power (kW) Brake Power (kW)
 Brake Thermal Efficiency
For both blends brake thermal efficiency
increased with increase in brake power.
 BP Vs CO
Brake Power Vs Carbon Monoxide for B10 Brake Power Vs Carbon Monoxide for B20
0.05 0.05

0.04 0.04

0.03 0.03
Diesel at 180 bar Diesel at 180 bar
CO % ( vol)

CO % ( vol)
Mahua at 160 bar Mahua at 160 bar
Mahua at 180 bar Mahua at 180 bar
0.02 0.02
Mahua at 200 bar Mahua at 200 bar
Mahua at 220 bar Mahua at 220 bar

0.01 0.01

0 0
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
Brake Power (kW) Brake Power (kW)
 Carbon Monoxide Emission (CO)
• Carbon emission depends upon combustion efficiency
and carbon content of the fuel, which during combustion
undergoes a series of oxidation and reduction reactions.
• Carbon content of fuel is oxidized with O2 available in the air
to CO and then to CO2. Carbon, which is not converted to CO2,
will come back as CO in the exhaust.
• For methyl ester, CO emission is lower than that of diesel.
 BP Vs HC
Brake Power vs Hydro Carbons for B10 Brake Power vs Hydro Carbons for B20
60 60

50 50

40 40

Diesel at 180 bar Diesel at 180 bar

HC (ppm)

HC (ppm)
30 Mahua at 160 bar
Mahua at 180 bar
Mahua at 200 bar
20
Mahua at 220 bar
30 Mahua at 160 bar
Mahua at 180 bar
Mahua at 200 bar
20
Mahua at 220 bar

10 10

0 0
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
Brake Power (kW) Brake Power (kW)
 Hydrocarbon Emission (HC)
• In conventional hydrocarbon fuels, HC burns inside the engine
cylinder in presence of air. The amount of HC, which is not
taking part in the combustion reaction, is likely to come
out as unburned HC.
• But still for ester-based fuel, HC emission is less than diesel.
 BP Vs NOx
Brake Power Vs Oxides of Nitrogen for B10 Brake Power Vs Oxides of Nitrogen for B20
300 300

250 250

200 200

Diesel at 180 bar Diesel at 180 bar

Nox (ppm)

Nox (ppm)
150 Mahua at 160 bar
Mahua at 180 bar
Mahua at 200 bar
100
Mahua at 220 bar
150 Mahua at 160 bar
Mahua at 180 bar
Mahua at 200 bar
100
Mahua at 220 bar

50 50

0 0
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
Brake Power (kW) Brake Power (kW)
 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX)
• NOX are formed inside a diesel engine due to high flame
temperature, peak pressure inside the cylinder, nitrogen
content of the parent fuel and the residence time of the fuel
inside the cylinder.
• As the cetane number of the ester-based fuel is high
compared to diesel, the residence time or ignition delay may
be less in case of ester-based fuel. Once again the oxygen
content of the fuel enhances the ignition quality, thereby
reduced delay period for esters. This may be the probable
reason for low NOX in case of esters.
 Cost of biodiesel production
For 50 gallon For 10 liters (2.7 gallon)
Activities Quantity Cost (Rs)
(Kg)
Seed 3.28 16.40
Cost of collection 1.05 2.48 Activities Cost (Rs)
Cost of purchase 1000
Cake produced 2.23 2.23 Transesterification 600

Transesterification 1.00 6.67 Total cost 1600

Cost of - 14.98 to
biodiesel/lit 16.59
Total cost 43
(approx)
 Conclusion
• A biomass-based renewable fuel was prepared by
transesterification of mahua oil with methanol and tested in a
single-cylinder DI Diesel engine.
• The efficiency of B20 MOME at 200 bar is almost same as that
of diesel at 180 bar.
• CO and NOx emissions from MOME are lower and CO2
emission was slightly higher when compared to the diesel
fuel.
• Based on this study, mahua oil methyl ester can be regarded
as a potential substitute for diesel fuel.
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Thank you…