Cap. 05 PDF

Problem 5.
1 [Difficulty: 1]
Given: The list of velocity fields provided above

Find: Which of these fields possibly represent two-dimensional, incompressible flow
Solution: We will check these flow fields against the continuity equation
Governing
Equations:

u    v    w    0 (Continuity equation)
x y z t
Assumptions: (1) Incompressible flow (ρ is constant)
(2) Two dimensional flow (velocity is not a function of z)
 
Based on the two assumptions listed above, the continuity equation reduces to: u  v 0
x y
This is the criterion against which we will check all of the flow fields.
a)
2 2
u ( xy t)  2 x  y  x  y
2 3 2
v ( xy t)  x  x y  4 y  
u ( xy t)  4 x  2 x y

v ( xy t)  x ( 2 y  4)
x y
 
Hence u  v 0 INCOMPRESSIBLE
x y
2 2 2  
b) u ( xy t)  2 x y  x  y v ( xy t)  2 x y  y  x u ( xy t)  2 y  2 x y v ( xy t)  2 x  2 y
x y
 
Hence u  v 0 NOT INCOMPRESSIBLE
x y
2 2  
c) u ( xy t)  x  t  2 y v ( xy t)  x t  y  t u ( xy t)  2 t x v ( xy t)  t
x y
 
x y
d) u ( xy t)  ( 2 x  4 y )  x t v ( xy t)  3 ( x  y )  y  t
 
u ( xy t)  t ( 2 x  4 y )  2 t x v ( xy t)  t ( 3 x  3 y )  3 t y
x y
 
x y
Problem 5.2 [Difficulty: 2]
Given: Velocity fields
Find: Which are 3D incompressible
Governing
Equation:

x y z t
Assumption: Incompressible flow (ρ is constant)
  
Based on the assumption, the continuity equation reduces to: u  v  w0
x y z
2 2 2 2 3 4
a) u ( x y z t)  2  y  2  x  z v ( x y z t)  2  y  z  6  x  y  z w( x y z t)  3  x  z  x  y
  2  2
u ( x y z t)  2  z v ( x y z t)  6  x  z  2  z w( x y z t)  6  x  z
x y z
  
Hence u  v  w0 NOT INCOMPRESSIBLE
x y z
b) u ( x y z t)  x  y  z t v ( x y z t)  x  y  z t

2 2  2
w( x y z t)  z  x  t  y  t 

u ( x y z t)  t y  z
 2
v ( x y z t)  t  x  z
 2
w( x y z t)  2  z t  x  t y 
x y z
  
Hence u  v  w0 NOT INCOMPRESSIBLE
x y z
2 2 2
c) u ( x y z t)  x  2  y  z v ( x y z t)  x  2  y  z w( x y z t)  2  x  z  y  2  z
  
u ( x y z t)  2  x v ( x y z t)  2 w( x y z t)  2  2  x
x y z
  
Hence u  v  w0 INCOMPRESSIBLE
x y z
Given: x component of velocity
Find: y component for incompressible flow; Valid for unsteady?; How many y components?
Solution:
   
Basic equation: ( ρ u )  ( ρ v )  ( ρ w)  ρ0
x y z t
Assumption: Incompressible flow; flow in x-y plane
    
Hence u  v 0 or v   u   [ A x  ( y  B) ]  A ( y  B)
x y y x x
  y2 
Integrating v ( x y )   A ( y  B) dy  A   B y   f ( x )
 2 
This basic equation is valid for steady and unsteady flow (t is not explicit)
There are an infinite number of solutions, since f(x) can be any function of x. The simplest is f(x) = 0
 y2  y
2
v ( x y )  A   B y  v ( x y )  6  y 
2  2
Given: The velocity field provided above

Find: The conditions under which this fields could represent incompressible flow
Solution: We will check this flow field against the continuity equation
Governing
Equations:

x y z t
u v w
Based on the assumption listed, the continuity equation reduces to:   0
x y z
u v w
Calculating the partial derivatives of the velocity components: A E J
x y z
Applying this information to the continuity equation we get the necessary condition for incompressible flow:
A E J 0
(B, C, D, F, G, and H are arbitrary)
Find: y component for incompressible flow; Valid for unsteady? How many y components?
Solution:
   
Basic ( ρ u )  ( ρ v )  ( ρ w)  ρ0
Equation: x y z t
Assumptions: Incompressible flow (ρ is constant)

Flow is only in the x-y plane
Hence 
u 

v 0 or    2  3 
v   u   3  x  y  y  6  x  y
x y y x x
 2
Integrating v ( x y )   6  x  y dy  3  x  y  f ( x )

2
There are an infinite number of solutions, since f(x) can be any function of x. The simplest is f(x) = 0 v ( x y )  3  x  y
Given: The x-component of velocity in a steady, incompressible flow field

Find: The simplest y-component of velocity for this flow field
Solution: We will check this flow field against the continuity equation
Governing
Equations:

x y z t
u v
Based on the two assumptions listed above, the continuity equation reduces to:  0
x y
u A v u A
The partial of u with respect to x is:   2 Therefore from continuity, we have   2
x x y x x

 A Ay
Integrating this expression will yield the y-component of velocity: v dy  f ( x)   f ( x)
 2 2
 x x

Ay
The simplest version of this velocity component would result when f(x) = 0: v
2
x
Given: y component of velocity
Find: x component for incompressible flow; Simplest x components?
Solution:
   
Basic ( ρ u )  ( ρ v )  ( ρ w)  ρ0
equation: x y z t

Hence 
u 

v 0 or   2 2   
2 2 
u   v   A x  y  x  y   A x  x  y  A x  y  2  y

x y x y y
 

 3 2 1 4 3 2 2
Integrating u ( x y )   A x  3  x  y dx    A x   A x  y  f ( y )
 4 2
There are an infinite number of solutions, since f(y) can be any function of y. The simplest is f(y) = 0
3 2 2 1 4 9 2 2 3 4
u ( x y )   A x  y   A x u ( x y )  x y  x
2 4 2 4
Given: y component of velocity
Find: x component for incompressible flow; Simplest x component
Solution:
   
x y z t
  
u   v   
  2 x y   2 x x  3 y
 
2 2 
Hence u  v 0 or 
x y x y y  2


   
2 3
2  2 2
 x  y   x  y 
Integrating


u ( x y )   

 2 x x2  3 y2  dx  2
x y
2
 f (y) 
2 2
x  y  2 y
2
 f ( y)
 
  
x2  y2 x2  y2
3 2 2
2 2
  x  y 

2
1 2 y
u ( x y )    f (y)
x 
2 2 2
x y 2 2
y
2
1 2 y
The simplest form is u ( x y )  
x2  y2
2 2 2
x y
Note: Instead of this approach we could have verified that u and v satisfy continuity
 1 2 y
2    2 x y
      0 However, this does not verify
 
x  x 2  y 2
   
2 y 2
2 2  x2  y2  the solution is the simplest.
 x y   
Find: y component for incompressible flow; Valid for unsteady? How many y components?
Solution:
   
x y z t

 x   x 
   
v   u    A e  cos      e  cos  
     b y A b y
Hence u  v 0 or
x y y x x   b  b  b 

 x x

 e  cos
y
dy  A e  sin   f ( x )
A b b y
Integrating v ( x y )   
 b b b

There are an infinite number of solutions, since f(x) can be any function of x. The simplest is f(x) = 0
x x
v ( x y )  A e  sin

y
v ( x y )  10 e  sin
b 5 y
 
b 5
Given: Approximate profile for a laminar boundary layer:

U y
u δ  c x (c is constant)
δ
Find: (a) Show that the simplest form of v is
u y
v 
4 x
(b) Evaluate maximum value of v/u where δ = 5 mm and x = 0.5 m
Solution: We will check this flow field using the continuity equation
Governing
Equations:

x y z t
u v
x y
u u d
1
Uy 1  Uy v u Uy
The partial of u with respect to x is:    2  cx 2   3 Therefore from continuity:  
x  dx  2 y x 3
2cx 2 2cx 2
 2
U y U y
Integrating this expression will yield the y-component of velocity: v dy  f ( x )   f ( x)
 3 3

2 2
 2  c x 4  c x

2
U y U y y u y u y
Now due to the no-slip condition at the wall (y = 0) we get f(x) = 0. Thus: v     (Q.E.D.) v 
3 1 4 x 4 x 4 x
2 2
4  c x c x
3
v δ 5  10 m
The maximum value of v/U is where y = δ: v ratmax   v ratmax  v ratmax  0.0025
u 4 x 4  0.5 m
Given: Approximate (parabolic) profile for a laminar boundary layer:

2
 2  
y
  
u y
 δ  c x (c is constant)
U δ δ
Find: (a) Show that the simplest form of v for incompressible flow is
1 y 2 3
        
v δ 1 y
 
U x 2  δ  3 δ 
(b) Plot v/U versus y/δ
(c) Evaluate maximum value of v/U where δ = 5 mm and x = 0.5 m
Governing
Equations:

x y z t
u v
x y
1 1
u u d  2 y 2 y 2  1 1 
  U  2  3   cx 2 Now since δ  c x 2 2 c
The partial of u with respect to x is: x  and thus
x  dx     2 δ
y 2  Uc 2   y   y    y   y  2 
2
u Uc 2  y v u Uc 2
           Therefore from continuity:        
x    2  3   2         y x  2       

 U c y   y  2
2
Integrating this expression will yield the y-component of velocity: v  
     dy  f ( x ) Evaluating:
 δ  δ   δ  

1
 y2
U c
2
y 
3
U c  1  y 
2 2
1 y 
3
v     f ( x)             f ( x) 2 2 δ
2
2  2 δ 2 δ 2  δ  3 δ  Since δ  c x c  Thus:
δ  3 δ  x
δ 1 y
2 3
v  U         
1 y
  f (x) Now due to the no-slip condition at the wall (y = 0) we get f(x) = 0. Therefore:
x 2  δ  3 δ 
1 y 2 3 1 y 2 3
                 
v δ 1 y v δ 1 y
  (Q.E.D.)  
U x 2  δ  3 δ  U x 2  δ  3 δ 
Plotting this relationship shows:
1
Assuming x = 0.5 m and δ = 5 mm
Dimensionless height (y/delta)

0.5
0
4
0 5 10 0.001 0.0015 0.002
Dimensionless Velocity (v/U)
3
5  10 m
     
v δ 1 1 δ
The maximum value of v/U is where y = δ: v ratmax  v ratmax  v ratmax  0.00167
U x 2 3  6 x 6  0.5 m
Given: Approximate (sinusoidal) profile for a laminar boundary layer:

π y 
 sin
u
U  2 δ 
Find: (a) Show that the simplest form of v for incompressible flow is
v 1 δ  π y  π  y   sin π  y   1
   cos     2 δ  2 δ 
U π x   2 δ     
(b) Plot v/U versus y/δ
(c) Evaluate maximum value of v/U where δ = 5 mm and x = 0.5 m
Governing
Equations:

x y z t
u v
x y
u u d  y  y  1  Ucy  2  y 
1 1
  U  2 cos   cx 2   x cos 
The partial of u with respect to x is: x  dx  2  2  2 4 2
 2 
1 1
 u Uc 2 y  y  v Uc 2 y  y 
Now since δ  c x
2
x
2

c
and thus  cos  Therefore from continuity:  cos 
x 4 3  2  y 4  2 
3
δ

 2
π U c  y π y 
Integrating this expression will yield the y-component of velocity: v  cos  dy  f ( x ) Evaluating:
 4 δ
3  2 δ 

π U c  2  δ y  π  y   4  δ  cos π  y    f ( x )
2  2 2
π U c  π y 
v  y  cos  d y  f ( x )    sin    Simplifying this expression:
3   2 δ  3  π  2 δ  π2  2 δ  
4 δ  4 δ 
1
2 2
U c π y  2 δ
  y  sin  cos     f ( x )
π y 2 2 δ
v   Since δ  c x c  Thus:
2 δ   2 δ π  2 δ 
2 x
U δ y
    sin     cos     f ( x )
π y 2 π y
v Now due to the no-slip condition at the wall (y = 0) we get:
2 x δ  2 δ  π  2 δ 
U δ 2 U δ U δ
    cos( 0 )   f ( x )
U δ y
    sin     cos    
π y 2 π y
0 f ( x)   Therefore: v  Simplifying:
2 x π  π x 2 x δ  2 δ  π  2 δ   π x
U δ π y
     sin    cos    1  
  sin    cos    1
π y π y v π y
δ π y π y
v Thus:  (Q.E.D.)
π x 2 δ  2 δ  2 δ  U π x  2 δ  2 δ  2 δ 
    sin    cos    1

v δ π y π y π y

U π x  2 δ  2 δ   2 δ 
Plotting this relationship shows:
Assuming x = 0.5 m and δ = 5 mm
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 0.5 1 0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002
Dimensionless Velocity (u/U) Dimensionless Velocity (v/U)
δ π
   sin   cos   1 
δ π
   1
v π π
The maximum value of v/U is where y = δ: v ratmax  
U π x  2 2  2   π x  2 
3
5  10 m  π  1
v ratmax   2  v ratmax  0.00182
π  0.5 m  
Given: Data on boundary layer
Find: y component of velocity ratio; location of maximum value; plot velocity profiles; evaluate at particular point
Solution:
3 y  1  y  3
u ( x y )  U         and δ( x )  c x
 2  δ( x )  2  δ( x )  
3 3
u ( x y )  U   
y  1  y 
so     
  c x  2  c x 
2 
 
For incompressible flow u  v 0
x y
  y3 y 
 U 
du 3
v ( x y )  
d
Hence u ( x y ) dy and  
 dx dx 4  5 3
  3 2 2
 c x c x 

  y3 x5 y x3 
 U     dy
3
so v ( x y )   
 4  c3 2 c 2 
 

 y2 4 
δ  y
4
 U  
3 y 2
 U       
v ( x y )   3 1 y
8  3 5 v ( x y )  
8 x  δ  2 δ 
 2 3 2
 c x 2 c  x 
The maximum occurs at yδ as seen in the Excel work shown below.
 U   1   1
3 δ 1
v max 
8 x  2 
v max
At δ  5  mm and x  0.5 m, the maximum vertical velocity is  0.00188
U
To find when v /U is maximum, use Solver in Excel
v /U y /δ
0.00188 1.0 Vertical Velocity Distribution In Boundary layer
1.0
v /U y /δ
0.000000 0.0 0.8
0.000037 0.1
y /δ
0.000147 0.2
0.6
0.000322 0.3
0.000552 0.4
0.00082 0.5 0.4
0.00111 0.6
0.00139 0.7 0.2
0.00163 0.8
0.00181 0.9 0.0
0.00188 1.0 0.0000 0.0005 0.0010 0.0015 0.0020
v /U
Given: Steady, incompressible flow in x-y plane:

2 2 3 1
u  A x  y A  0.3 m s
Find: (a) a possible y component of velocity for this flow field
(b) if the result is valid for unsteady, incompressible flow
(c) number of possible y components for velocity
(d) equation of the streamlines for the flow
(e) plot streamlines through points (1,4) and (2,4)
Governing
Equations:

x y z t
u v
x y
u v u
The partial of u with respect to x is:  2Axy 2 Therefore from continuity:   2Axy 2
x y x

 2 2 2 3
Integrating this expression will yield the y-component of velocity: v 
 2  A x  y dx  f ( x ) v    A x  y  f ( x )
3

The basic equation reduces for the same form for unsteady flow. Hence The result is valid for unsteady, incompressible flow.
Since f(x) is arbitrary: There are an infinite number of possible y-components of velocity.
The simplest version of v is when f(x) = 0. Therefore, the equation of the corresponding streamline is:
2 2 3 3
 A x  y
dy v 3 2 y dy 2 dx 2 2
     Separating variables and integrating:   ln( y )    ln( x ) Thus: x  y  constant
dx u 2 2 3 x y 3 x 3
A x  y
are the equations of the streamlines of this flow field. 10
8
3 3
2 2 6
y (m)
Plotting streamline for point (1, 4): 1  4 8 x y 8

4
3 3 2
2 2
Plotting streamline for point (2, 4): 2  4  16 x  y  16 0
0 2 4 6 8 10
The two streamlines are plotted here in red (1,4) and blue (2,4): x (m)
Given: Steady, incompressible flow in x-y plane:

3 3 1
v  B x  y B  0.2 m s
Find: (a) the simplest x component of velocity for this flow field
(b) equation of the streamlines for the flow
(c) plot streamlines through points (1,4) and (2,4)
Governing
Equations:

x y z t
u v
x y
v u v
The partial of v with respect to y is:  3Bxy 2 Therefore from continuity:   3Bxy 2
y x y

 2
Integrating this expression will yield the x-component of velocity: u 
 3  B  x  y dx  f ( y )
Evaluating the integral:

3 2 2 3 2 2
u   B x  y  f ( y ) The simplest version of this equation is obtained when f(y) = 0: u   B x  y
2 2
3
dy v B x  y 2 y dy 2 dx
    Separating variables and integrating:  
The equation of a streamline is: dx u 3 2 2 3 x y 3 x
 B x  y
2
3 3
2 2 2
ln( y )    ln( x ) Thus: x  y  constant are the equations of the streamlines of this flow field. x y  constant
3
3 3
2 2 10
Plotting streamline for point (1, 4): 1  4 8 x y 8
8
3 3
2 2 6
Plotting streamline for point (2, 4): 2  4  16 x  y  16
y (m)
4
The two streamlines are plotted here in red (1,4) and blue (2,4):
2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
x (m)
Discussion: Refer back to the discussion of streamlines, pathlines, and streaklines in

Section 2-2.
Because the sprinkler jet oscillates, this is an unsteady flow. Therefore pathlines and
streaklines need not coincide.
A pathline is a line tracing the path of an individual fluid particle. The path of each
particle is determined by the jet angle and the speed at which the particle leaves the jet.
Once a particle leaves the jet it is subject to gravity and drag forces. If aerodynamic drag
were negligible, the path of each particle would be parabolic. The horizontal speed of the
particle would remain constant throughout its trajectory. The vertical speed would be
slowed by gravity until reaching peak height, and then it would become increasingly
negative until the particle strikes the ground. The effect of aerodynamic drag is to reduce
the particle speed. With drag the particle will not rise as high vertically nor travel as far
horizontally. At each instant the particle trajectory will be lower and closer to the jet
compared to the no-friction case. The trajectory after the particle reaches its peak height
will be steeper than in the no-friction case.
A streamline is a line drawn in the flow that is tangent everywhere to the velocity vectors
of the fluid motion. It is difficult to visualize the streamlines for an unsteady flow field
because they move laterally. However, the streamline pattern may be drawn at an instant.
A streakline is the locus of the present locations of fluid particles that passed a reference
point at previous times. As an example, choose the exit of a jet as the reference point.
Imagine marking particles that pass the jet exit at a given instant and at uniform time
intervals later. The first particle will travel farthest from the jet exit and on the lowest
trajectory; the last particle will be located right at the jet exit. The curve joining the
present positions of the particles will resemble a spiral whose radius increases with
distance from the jet opening.
Given: Conservation of mass in rectangular coordinates

Find: Identical result to Equation 5.1a by expanding products of density and velocity in a Taylor Series.
Solution: We will use the diagram in Figure 5.1 (shown here). We will apply the conservation of mass evaluating the
derivatives at point O:
Governing
Equations:

u    v    w    0 (Continuity equation - Eqn 5.1a)
x y z t
Assumptions: Expansion of density and velocity via Taylor series is valid
around point O.
In the x-direction, the mass flux is: m x  udA  udydz
  u  dx 
At the right face: m x  dx 2   u   dydz (out of the volume)
 x 2 
  u   dx 
m x  dx 2   u     dydz (into the volume)
x  2 
At the left face:

The net mass flux out of the volume in the x-direction would then be:
  u  dx    u   dx    u 
m x ( net )  m x  dx 2  m x  dx 2   u   dydz   u     dydz  dxdydz
 x 2   x  2  x
 v   w
Similarly, the net mass fluxes in the y-direction and z-direction are: m y ( net )  dxdydz m z ( net )  dxdydz
x x
dm  
The rate of mass accumulation in the volume is:   dxdydz Now the net outflux must balance the accumulation:
dt  vol t
dm    u   v    w  
m ( net )    0 Therefore we may write: dxdydz  dxdydz  dxdydz  dxdydz  0
dt  vol x x x t
 u   v   w 

We may divide the volume out of all terms:     0 (Q.E.D.)
x x x t
 u   v   w 

   0
x x x t

Find: Which of these fields possibly represent incompressible flow
Governing
Equations:
1 
rVr   1  V    V z     0 (Continuity equation)
r r r  z t
 rVr  V
r 
 rVr  V
(a) Vr  U cos( θ)
  U cos     U cos    0
Vθ  U sin( θ) r 
This could be an incompressible flow field.
q
(b) Vr  
2  π r  rVr  V
K  00 0
Vθ  r 
2  π r This could be an incompressible flow field.
 2
(c) Vr  U cos( θ)  1   a 
 r
    rVr  V   a 2    a 2 
  U cos  1      U cos  1      0
  a   r 
2
Vθ  U sin( θ)  1    r     r  
 r
  
This could be an incompressible flow field.

Find: Which of these fields possibly represent incompressible flow
Governing
Equations:
1 
r r r  z t
 
Based on the two assumptions listed above, the continuity equation reduces to:
r
 r Vr  Vθ  0
θ
K  
a) Vr( r θ t)  
r
Vθ( r θ t)  0
r
r Vr(r θ t)  0
θ
Vθ( r θ t)  0
 
Hence
r
 r Vr  Vθ  0
θ
INCOMPRESSIBLE
K  
b) Vr( r θ t)  0 Vθ( r θ t) 
r r
r Vr(r θ t)  0
θ
Vθ( r θ t)  0
 
Hence
r
 r Vr  Vθ  0
θ
INCOMPRESSIBLE
K cos( θ) K sin( θ)
b) Vr( r θ t)   Vθ( r θ t)  
2 2
r r
 K cos( θ)  K cos( θ)
r
r Vr(r θ t) 
2 θ
Vθ( r θ t)  
2
r r
 
Hence
r
 r Vr  Vθ  0
θ
INCOMPRESSIBLE
Given: r component of velocity
Find: θ component for incompressible flow; How many θ components
Solution:
1  1   
Basic equation:
r r
 
 ρ r Vr  
r θ

ρ Vθ 
z
  
ρ Vz  ρ  0
t
Assumptions: Incompressible flow

Flow in r-θ plane
1  1    
Hence
r r
 
 r Vr   V 0
r θ θ
  or
θ r
 
Vθ   r Vr   ( r U cos( θ) )  U cos( θ)
r

Integrating Vθ( r θ)   U cos( θ) dθ  U sin( θ)  f ( r)

Vθ( r θ)  U sin( θ)  f ( r)
There are an infinite number of solutions as f(r) can be any function of r
The simplest form is Vθ( r θ)  U sin( θ)

Given: r component of velocity
Find: θ component for incompressible flow; How many θ components
Solution:
1  1   
Basic equation:
r r
 
 ρ r Vr  
r θ
ρ Vθ 
z
 
ρ Vz  ρ  0
t
 
Assumption: Incompressible flow; flow in r-θ plane
Λ  cos( θ)  Λ  cos( θ)
Vθ   r Vr    
1  1    
Hence
r r
 
 r Vr   V 0
r θ θ
  o
r θ r
  r  r

 2
r

 Λ  cos( θ) Λ  sin( θ)
Integrating Vθ( r θ)   dθ    f ( r)
 2 2
 r r

Λ  sin( θ)
Vθ( r θ)    f ( r)
2
r
There are an infinite number of solutions as f(r) can be any function of r
Λ  sin( θ)
The simplest form is Vθ( r θ)  
2
r
Given: Flow between parallel disks as shown. Velocity is purely tangential. No-slip
condition is satisfied, so velocity varies linearly with z.
Find: An expression for the velocity field
Solution: We will apply the continuity equation to this system.
Governing
Equations:
1 
r r r  z t

V  Vr eˆr  V eˆ  V z kˆ (Velocity flow field)

(2) Purely tangential flow
(3) Linear velocity variation with z
V
Based on the first two assumptions, the continuity equation reduces to:  0 thus: Vθ  Vθ( r z)

Since the velocity is linear with z, we may write: Vθ( r z)  z f ( r)  C Now we apply known boundary conditions:
r ω
1: Vθ( r 0 )  0 0  f ( r)  C  0 C0 2: Vθ( r h )  r ω h  f ( r)  r ω f ( r) 
h
z
Therefore the tangential velocity is: Vθ  ω r Thus, the velocity field is:
h
 z
V  r eˆ
h
Given: Definition of "del" operator in cylindrical coordinates, velocity vector
 
 
Find: (a) An expression for   V in cylindrical coordinates.
(b) Show result is identical to Equation 5.2c.
Solution: We will apply the velocity field to the del operator and simplify.
Governing   1  
Equations:   eˆr  eˆ  kˆ (Definition of "del" operator)
r r  z

1 
rVr   1  V    V z   0 (Equation 5.2c)
r r r  z
er
ˆ e
ˆ
 eˆ  eˆr
  (Hints from footnote)
 
 
Substituting  V using the governing equations yields:

 
  
  V   eˆr
 r
 eˆ
1 
r 


 kˆ    Vr eˆr  V eˆ  V z kˆ
z 

 eˆr

r
 
  Vr eˆr  V eˆ  V z kˆ  eˆ
1 
r 
  

  Vr eˆr  V eˆ  V z kˆ  kˆ   Vr eˆr  V eˆ  V z kˆ
z


Vr   eˆ  eˆr 1  Vr   eˆ  1 er Vr 
ˆ
 eˆr  eˆr
r r  r 
1 
V   eˆ  1 e V   kˆ  kˆ  Vz 
ˆ
 eˆ  eˆ
r  r  z
Using the hints listed above, and knowing that: eˆ  eˆ  eˆr  eˆr  kˆ  kˆ  1 eˆ  eˆr  eˆr  eˆ  0
  1 eˆr
Vr   1  V   eˆ  1 e V    V z 
   ˆ
  V  Vr   eˆ 
r r  r  r  z
 1 
 Vr   eˆ  eˆ Vr  
1
V   eˆ  eˆr 1 V    Vz 
r r r  r z
 1 
  V r    V r  
1
V    Vz 
r r r  z

Combining the first two terms: Vr   Vr   1  rVr  which can be verified through differentiation. Thus:
1
r r r r
 
  1 
  V  rVr   1  V    V z  (Q.E.D.)
r r r  z
Given: The velocity field
Find: Whether or not it is a incompressible flow; sketch various streamlines
Solution:
A B
Vr  Vθ 
r r
   
1 d 1 d 1 d 1 d
For incompressible flow  r Vr   Vθ  0  r Vr  0  V 0
r dr r dθ r dr r dθ θ
 
1 d 1 d
Hence  r Vr   Vθ  0 Flow is incompressible
r dr r dθ
2
dr r dθ r dr r  dθ
For the streamlines  
Vr Vθ A B
 
 1 A A
dr   dθ Integrating ln( r)   θ  const
so  r  B B
 
A
θ 4
B
Equation of streamlines is r  C e
(a) For A = B = 1 m2/s, passing through point (1m, /2)

π 2
θ
2
r e
(b) For A = 1 m2/s, B = 0 m2/s, passing through point (1m, /2)

4 2 0 2 4
π
θ
2
(c) For A = 0 m2/s, B = 1 m2/s, passing through point (1m, /2)

2
r  1 m
4
(a)
(b)
(c)
Problem *5.25 [Difficulty: 2]
 y
Given: Velocity field for viscometric flow of Example 5.7: V  U iˆ
h
Find: (a) Stream function
(b) Locate streamline that divides flow rate equally
Solution: The flow is incompressible, so the stream function may be derived
Governing  
Equations: u v (Definition of stream function)
y x
  2
y U y
Integrating the velocity will result in the stream function: ψ   u dy  f ( x )   U dy  f ( x )   f ( x)
  h 2 h

2
U y
Let ψ = 0 at y = 0, so f(x) = 0: ψ
2 h
2
U h U h Q U h U h
The stream function is a maximum value at y = h: ψmax   The flow rate is:  ψmax  ψmin  0
2 h 2 w 2 2
1 1 U h U h
So the streamline which splits the flow rate into two equal parts is: ψhalfQ   ψmax   
2 2 2 4
2 2
U y U h 2 h h
Therefore, the equation of this streamline would be:  Simplifying this equation: y  or: y 
2 h 4 2 2
h
y
2
Given: Velocity field
Find: Stream function ψ
Solution:
Basic equations:  ( ρ u )   ( ρ v)   ( ρ w)   ρ  0 u

ψ

v ψ
x y z t y x

Flow in x-y plane
Hence 
u 

v 0 or 
[ 2  y  ( 2x  1 ) ] 
 x ( x  1 )  2  y2  0
x y x y
  2 2
Hence u  2 y ( 2 x  1)  ψ ψ( x y )   2  y  ( 2  x  1 ) dy  2  x  y  y  f ( x )
y 
 3 2
and
2 
v  x ( x  1)  2 y   ψ

ψ( x y )   x ( x  1 )  2  y2 dx   x  x  2  x y 2  g( y
x  3 2
3 2
x x 2
Comparing these f ( x)    and g(y)  y
3 2
2 3
2 2 x x
The stream function is ψ( x y )  y  2  x  y  
2 3
 2 2 3
Checking u ( x y ) 
 y  2 x  y2  x  x   u( x y )  2  y  4  x y
y  2 3 

 2 2 x
2
x 
3
v ( x y )    y  2  x  y     v ( x y)  x2  x  2 y 2
x  2 3 
Given: The velocity field
Find: Whether or not it is a incompressible flow; sketch stream function
Solution:
A B
Vr  Vθ 
r r
   
1 d 1 d 1 d 1 d
For incompressible flow  r Vr   Vθ  0  r Vr  0  V 0
r dr r dθ r dr r dθ θ
 
1 d 1 d
 r Vr   Vθ  0 Flow is incompressible
Hence r dr r dθ

For the stream function ψ  r Vr  A ψ  A θ  f ( r)
θ
 B
Integrating ψ  Vθ   ψ  B ln( r)  g ( θ)
r r
Comparing, stream function is ψ  A θ  B ln( r)
ψ
Given: Stream function for an incompressible flow field:

q
ψ  U r sin( θ)  θ
2 π
Find: (a) Expression for the velocity field
(b) Location of stagnation points
(c) Show that the stream function is equal to zero at the stagnation points.
Solution: We will generate the velocity field from the stream function.
Governing 1  
Equations: Vr  V   (Definition of stream function)
r  r
q
Taking the derivatives of the stream function: Vr  U cos ( θ)  Vθ  U sin ( θ)
2 π r
  q 
So the velocity field is: V    U cos   eˆr  U sin  eˆ
 2R 
q
To find the stagnation points we must find the places where both velocity components are zero. When Vr  0 r 
2  π U cos( θ)
When Vθ  0 sin( θ)  0 therefore: θ  0 π Now we can apply these values of θ to the above relation to find r:
q q q q
For θ = 0: r   For θ = π: r  These represent the same point:
2  π U cos( 0 ) 2  π U 2  π cos( π) 2  π U
Stagnation point at:
 q 0
( r θ)   2  π U 
 
q q
At the stagnation point: ψstagnation  U  sin( 0 )  0  0
2  π U 2 π
ψstagnation  0
Find: Whether it's 1D, 2D or 3D flow; Incompressible or not; Stream function ψ
Solution:
     
Basic equation: ( ρ u )  ( ρ v )  ( ρ w)  ρ0 u ψ w  ψ
x y z t z x
Assumption: Incompressible flow; flow in x-z plane (v = 0)
Velocity field is a function of x and z only, so is 2D
 
Check for incompressible u  w0
x z
  
z 3  x2  z2   6  x z   
x  x 2  3 z2   6 x  z
x z
 
Hence u  w0 Flow is INCOMPRESSIBLE
x z
  ψ  

2 2  2 2 3 2 2 1 4
Hence u  z 3  x  z ψ( x z)   z 3  x  z dz   x  z   z  f ( x )
z  2 4
2    ψ  
 4
and w  x x  3 z
2 
ψ( x z)   x  x 2  3 z2  dx   x  3  x2 z2  g ( z)
x  4 2
4 4
x z
Comparing these f ( x)   and g ( z)  
4 4
4 4
x 3 2 2 z
The stream function is ψ( x z)    x z 
4 2 4

 x 4 3 2 2 z4 
Checking u ( x z)      x  z    u( x z)  3 x 2 z  z3
z  4 2 4 
 3 3  3 2
w( x z)   z y  z  y  w( x z)  z  3  y  z
y
Given: Stream function for an incompressible flow field:

m
ψ  5  A x  2  A y A  2
s
Find: (a) Sketch streamlines ψ = 0 and ψ = 5
(b) Velocity vector at (0, 0)
(c) Flow rate between streamlines passing through points (2, 2) and (4, 1)
Solution: We will generate the velocity field from the stream function.
u v (Definition of stream function)
Equations: y x

5
For ψ = 0: 0  5  A x  2  A y Solving for y: y   x
2
2
5 5 m s 5 5
For ψ = 5: 5  5  A x  2  A y Solving for y: y   x      x  m
2 2 s 2 m 2 2
Here is the plot of the two streamlines: ψ =0 is in red; ψ = 5 is in blue 10
5
y (m)
4 2 0 2 4
5
Generating the velocity components from the stream function derivatives:
u  2  A v  5 A Therefore, the velocity vector at (0, 0) is:  10

V  4iˆ  10 ˆj x (m)
2
m m m
At the point (2, 2) the stream function value is: ψa  5  2   2 m  2  2  2  m ψa  28
s s s
2
m m m
At the point (4, 1) the stream function value is: ψb  5  2   4 m  2  2  1  mψb  44
s s s
 m
2
 m
2
m
3
The flow rate between these two streamlines is: Q  ψb  ψa Q   44    28  Q  16
 s   s  s m
Flow rate is 16 m3/s per meter of depth


U y
u δ  c x (c is constant)
δ
Find: (a) Stream function for the flow field
(b) Location of streamlines at one-quarter and one-half the total flow rate in the boundary layer.
Solution: We will generate the stream function from the velocity field.
 2
U y U y
Integrating the x-component of velocity yields the stream function: ψ  dy  f ( x)   f ( x)
 δ 2 δ

2
U y
If we set ψ  0 at y  0 then the stream function would be: ψ 
2 2 δ
U δ 1
The total flow rate per unit depth within the boundary layer is: Q  ψ ( δ)  ψ ( 0)   0  U δ
2 δ 2
1 1 1
At one-quarter of the flow rate in the boundary layer: Q   U δ   U δ Therefore, the streamline would be located at:
4 2 8
2
1 U y 2 1 2 y 1
 U δ  Solving for y: y  δ So at one-quarter of the flow rate: 
8 2 δ 4 δ 2
1 1 1
At one-half of the flow rate in the boundary layer: Q   U δ   U δ Therefore, the streamline would be located at:
2 2 4
2
1 U y 2 1 2 y 1
 U δ  Solving for y: y  δ So at one-quarter of the flow rate: 
4 2 δ 2 δ 2
Problem *5.32 [3]

2
 2  
u y y
  δ δ  c x (c is constant)
U δ  
Integrating the x-component of velocity yields the stream function:

 y  y   dy  f ( x )  U δ  y   1   y    f ( x) If we set ψ  0 at y  0 the stream function would be:
 2 2 3
ψ   U 2     δ    
  δ    δ  3 δ 

 y 2 1 y 3
ψ  U δ       
 δ  3 δ 
 δ  2 1  δ  3
Q  ψ( δ)  ψ( 0 )  U δ 
2
The total flow rate per unit depth within the boundary layer is:        0   U δ
 δ  3  δ  3
1 2 1
At one-quarter of the flow rate in the boundary layer: Q   U δ   U δ Therefore, the streamline would be located at:
4 3 6
 y  2 1  y  3 3 2
 U δ  U δ  y  6  
1 y
      or 2  δ   1  0 We may solve this cubic for y/δ using several methods,
6  δ  3 δ    δ
including Goal Seek in Excel or polyroots in Mathcad. Once the roots are determined, only one root would make physical sense.
y
So at one-quarter of the flow rate:  0.442
δ
1 2 1
At one-half of the flow rate in the boundary layer: Q   U δ   U δ Therefore, the streamline would be located at:
2 3 3
 y  2 1  y  3 3 2
 U δ  U δ       or    3     1  0
1 y y
 We solve this cubic as we solved the previous one.
3  δ  3 δ  δ δ
y
So at one-half of the flow rate:  0.653
δ

π y 
 sin
u
U  2 δ 

π y  2  U δ  π y 
Integrating the x-component of velocity yields the stream function: ψ   U sin  dy  f ( x )   π  cos 2  δ   f ( x)
  2  δ   

2  U δ π y 
If we set ψ  0 at y  0 the stream function would be: ψ  cos 
π  2 δ 
2  U δ 2  U δ
  cos
π
The total flow rate per unit depth within the boundary layer is: Q  ψ( δ)  ψ( 0 )     cos( 0 )  
π  2  π
1 2  U δ U δ
At one-quarter of the flow rate in the boundary layer: Q   Therefore, the streamline would be located at:
4 π 2 π
U δ 2  U δ π y   π y 
  1  cos  1  cos  acos
1 y 2 3
   or  solving for y/δ:  
2 π π   2 δ   4  2 δ  δ π 4
y
So at one-quarter of the flow rate:  0.460
δ
1 2  U δ U δ
At one-quarter of the flow rate in the boundary layer: Q   Therefore, the streamline would be located at:
2 π π
U δ 2  U δ π y   π y 
  1  cos  1  cos  acos
1 y 2 1
   or  solving for y/δ:  
π π   2 δ   2  2 δ  δ π 2
y
So at one-half of the flow rate:  0.667
δ
Given: Data on boundary layer
Find: Stream function; locate streamlines at 1/4 and 1/2 of total flow rate
Solution:
3 y 3
u ( x y )  U        
1 y
 and δ( x )  c x
   2 δ
2 δ 
3 y 3
For the stream function u   ψ  U        
1 y

y 2  δ  2  δ  

 3 y 1 y 
3 3 y 1 y 
2 4
Hence ψ   U          dy ψ  U       f ( x)
 2  δ  2  δ    4 δ 8 δ3 
  
3 y 2 4
ψ  U δ        
1 y
Let ψ = 0 = 0 along y = 0, so f(x) = 0, so 
  
4 δ 8 δ 
The total flow rate in the boundary layer is
 ψ( δ)  ψ( 0 )  U δ 
Q 3 1 5
   U δ 
W 4 8 8
 3 y 2 1 y 4 1 5
At 1/4 of the total ψ  ψ0  U δ              U δ
4  δ  8 δ  4 8 
2 4
24 
y
 4  
y 2 2 y
  5 or 4  X  24 X  5  0 where X 
δ δ δ
2 2
24  24  4  4  5 24  24  4  4  5
The solution to the X  X  0.216 Note that the other root is  5.784
quadratic is 2 4 2 4
y
Hence  X  0.465
δ
3 y 2 4
At 1/2 of the total flow ψ  ψ0  U δ           1   5  U δ
1 y
4  δ  8 δ  2 8 
2 4
12 
y
 2     5
y 2 2 y
 or 2  X  12 X  5  0 where X 
δ δ δ
2 2
12  12  4  2  5. 12  12  4  2  5
The solution to the X  X  0.450 Note that the other root is  5.55
quadratic is 2 2 2 2
y
Hence  X  0.671
δ
Given: Rigid body motion in Example Problem 5.6

 rad
V  r eˆ ω  0.5
s
(b) Volume flow rate per unit depth between r = 0.10 m and 0.12 m
(c) Sketch velocity profiles along a line of constant θ
(d) Check the volume flow rate calculated from the stream function by integrating the velocity profile
along this line.
Vr  V   (Definition of stream function)
Equations: r  r
 2
ω r
Integrating the θ-component of velocity yields the stream function: ψ   r ω dr  f ( θ)    f ( θ)
 2
2
1 df ω r
Now take the derivative of the stream function: Vr    0 Therefore, f ( θ)  C ψ C
r dθ 2
 ω r 2   ω r 2 
 C    r1  r2 
2 1
The volume flow rate per unit depth is: Q  ψ r2   ψ r1    
ω 2 2
 C   
 2   2  2  
 
3
1 rad 2 2 2 m
Substituting in known values: Q   0.5  0.10  0.12  m Q  0.001100
2 s s m
Because Q<0, the flow is in the direction of eθ
Along a line of constant θ, the velocity varies linearly:
From the linear velocity variation, Vθ  ω r Thus the flow rate is:
r r
2 2
Vθ dr  ω  r dr    r2  r1 
 ω 2 2
Q
 r 2  
r 1
1
 
3
1 rad 2 2 2 m
Substituting known values: Q   0.5  0.12  0.10  m Q  0.001100
2 s s m
These two expressions are the same

with the exception of the sign.
h
y
x
Given: Linear velocity profile
Find: Stream function ψ; y coordinate for half of flow
Solution:
u  U 
  y
Basic equations: u ψ v ψ and we  v0
y x have h
 
Check for incompressible u  v 0
x y
  U y   0 
  0 0
x  h  y
 
Hence u  v 0 Flow is INCOMPRESSIBLE
x y
 2
y  y U y
Hence u  U  ψ ψ( x y )   U dy   f (x)
h y  h 2 h

 
and v0 ψ ψ( x y )   0 dx  g ( y )
x 
2
U y
Comparing these f ( x)  0 and g(y) 
2 h
2
U y
The stream function is ψ( x y ) 
2 h
h h
 U  U h
For the flow (0 < y < h) Q   u dy    y dy 
 h 0 2
0
h hhalf 2
 half U  U h half 1 U h  U h
  
Q
For half the flow rate  u dy    y dy   4
2 
0 h 
0 2  h 2  2 
2 1 2 1 1.5 m
Hence h half  h h half  h   1.06 m
2 2 2
Given: Rigid body motion in Example Problem 5.6

 C 2
m
V  eˆ C  0.3
r s
(b) Volume flow rate per unit depth between r = 0.20 m and 0.24 m
(c) Sketch velocity profiles along a line of constant θ
(d) Check the volume flow rate calculated from the stream function by integrating the velocity profile
along this line.
Vr  V   (Definition of stream function)
Equations: r  r
Flow is in the r-θ plane only

C
Integrating the θ-component of velocity yields the stream function: ψ   dr  f ( θ)  C ln( r)  f ( θ)
 r

1 df
Now take the derivative of the stream function: Vr    0 Therefore, f ( θ)  C1 ψ  C ln( r)  C1
r dθ
 r1 
The volume flow rate per unit depth is:           
Q  ψ r2  ψ r1  C ln r2  C1  C ln r1  C1  C ln  
 r2 
2
 ln
m 0.20  3
Substituting in known values: Q  0.3  Q  0.0547
m
s  0.24  s m
Because Q<0, the flow is in the direction of eθ
Along a line of constant θ, the velocity varies inversely with r:

C
From the velocity profile, Vθ  Thus the flow rate is:
r
r r
2 2 C  r2  2
 ln
m 0.24  3
Q   Vθ dr   dr  C ln  Substituting known values: Q  0.3  m
  r r1 s  0.20  Q  0.0547
r
1 r   s m
1
These two expressions are the same
with the exception of the sign.

Find: (a) the number of dimensions of the flow
(b) if this describes a possible incompressible flow
(c) the acceleration of a fluid particle at point (1,2,3)
Solution: We will check this flow field against the continuity equation, and then apply the definition of acceleration
Governing
Equations:

x y z t
    
 DV V V V V (Particle acceleration)
ap  u v w 
Dt x y z t

(3) Steady flow (velocity is not a function of t)
Based on assumption (2), we may state that: The flow is two dimensional.
u v
Based on assumptions (1) and (3), the continuity equation reduces to:  0
x y
This is the criterion against which we will check the flow field.
2
u  x y u v
  y2  y2  0 This could be an incompressible flow field.
1 3 x y
v   y
3  
 V V and the partial derivatives of velocity are:
Based on assumptions (2) and (3), the acceleration reduces to: ap  u v
x y
 
V ˆ V
2ˆ
 y i  yk and  2 xyiˆ  y 2 ˆj  xkˆ Therefore the acceleration vector is equal to:
x y

 1
3
  1
3
 1
3
2
a p  xy 2 y 2 iˆ  ykˆ  y 3 2 xyiˆ  y 2 ˆj  xkˆ  xy 4 iˆ  y 5 ˆj  xy 3 kˆ At point (1,2,3), the acceleration is:
3
 1  1  2  16 32 ˆ 16 ˆ
a p    1  2 4 iˆ    2 5  ˆj    1  2 3 kˆ  iˆ  j k
3  3  3  3 3 3
 16 32 ˆ 16 ˆ
a p  iˆ  j k
3 3 3
Find: Whether flow is incompressible; Acceleration of particle at (2,1)
Solution:
 
Basic equations: u  v 0
x y
4
u ( x y )  A x  6  x  y  y
2 2 4   3
v ( x y )  A 4  x  y  4  x  y
3 
 
x y
Checking    
A x4  6  x2 y 2  y4   A 4  x3  12 x y 2     
A 4 x  y3  4  x3 y   A 4  x3  12 x y 2 
x y
Hence  
u  v 0
x y
 
For this flow ax  u  u  v u
x y
4
ax  A x  6  x  y  y 
2 2 
4      
A x 4  6 x 2 y2  y 4   A 4  x y 3  4 x 3 y   A x 4  6 x 2 y2  y 4  
x y
2 
3
2 2
ax  4  A  x  x  y
 
ay  u  v  v v
x y
4
ay  A x  6  x  y  y 
2 2 
4      
A 4  x y 3  4 x 3 y   A 4 x  y3  4  x3 y   A 4 x  y3  4  x3 y  
x y
2 
3
2 2
ay  4  A  y  x  y
2 3
Hence at (2,1) ax  4   1  1   2 m  ( 2 m) 2  ( 1  m) 2 ax  62.5
m
4 3  2
 m s  s
2 3
ay  4   1  1   1 m  ( 2 m) 2  ( 1  m) 2 ay  31.3
m
a  ax  ay
2 2
a  69.9
m
4 3  2 2
 m s  s s

Find: (a) the number of dimensions of the flow
(b) if this describes a possible incompressible flow
(c) the acceleration of a fluid particle at point (2,1,3)
Governing
Equations:

x y z t
    
ap  u v w 

Since the velocity is a function of x, y, and z, we may state that: The flow is three dimensional.
u v w
Based on assumptions (1) and (2), the continuity equation reduces to:   0
x y z
2
u  a x  y u v w
v  b  y
   2axy  b  2cz  0 This can not be incompressible.
x y z
2
w  c z
  
 V V V and the partial derivatives of velocity are:
Based on assumption (2), the acceleration reduces to: ap  u v w
x y z
  
V V V
 2axyiˆ  ax iˆ  bˆj and
2
 2czkˆ Therefore the acceleration vector is equal to:
x y z

          
a p  ax y 2axyiˆ  by ax iˆ  bˆj  cz 2 2czkˆ  2a 2 x 3 y 2  abx 2 y iˆ  b 2 y ˆj  2c 2 z 3 kˆ
2 2
 At point (2,1,3):
   2 2 2 2   2  2    1 2 
a p  2   2   2 m   1 m   2   2 m   1 m i     1 m j  2  
ˆ ˆ   3 m   kˆ
3 2 2 3
  m  s  m s s   s     m  s  
m
 48iˆ  4 ˆj  54kˆ 2
s
 m
a p  48iˆ  4 ˆj  54kˆ 2
s
Given: x component of velocity field
Find: Simplest y component for incompressible flow; Acceleration of particle at (1,3)
Solution:
 
Basic equations u ψ v ψ
y x
We are given 5 3 2
u ( x y )  A x  10 x  y  5  x  y
4 
 
 
 5 3 2 4  5 10 3 3 5
 A x  10 x  y  5  x  y dy  A  x  y  3  x  y  x  y   f ( x )
Hence for incompressible flow ψ( x y )   u dy 
   
v ( x y )   ψ x y   A  x  y 
 
 
5 10 3 3 5 4 2 3 
 x  y  x  y   f ( x )  A 5  x  y  10 x  y  y  F( x )
5 
x x   3  
Hence  4 2 3
v ( x y )  A 5  x  y  10 x  y  y
5
 F( x ) where F(x) is an arbitrary function of x
v ( x y )  A  5  x  y  10 x  y  y 

4 2 3 5
The simplest is
 
For this flow ax  u  u  v u
x y
5 3 2
ax  A x  10 x  y  5  x  y  
4      
A x 5  10 x 3 y2  5  x y 4   A 5  x4 y  10 x 2 y3  y 5   A x5  10 x3 y 2  5 x  y4  
x y
2 
4
2 2
ax  5  A  x  x  y
 
ay  u  v  v v
x y
5 3 2
ay  A x  10 x  y  5  x  y  
4      
A 5 x 4 y  10 x2 y 3  y5   A 5 x 4 y  10 x2 y 3  y5   A 5 x 4 y  10 x2 y 3  y5  
x y
2 
4
2 2
ay  5  A  y  x  y
2 4
Hence at (1,3) ax  5   1  1   1 m  ( 1 m) 2  ( 3  m) 2 ax  1.25  10
4m
2 4  2
 m s  s
2 4
ay  5   1  1   3 m  ( 1 m) 2  ( 3  m) 2 ay  3.75  10
4m
a 
2
ax  ay
2
a  3.95  10
4m
2 4  2 2
 m s  s s

Find: (a) if this describes a possible incompressible flow
(b) the acceleration of a fluid particle at point (x,y) = (0.5 m, 5 mm)
(c) the slope of the streamline through that point
Governing
Equations:

x y z t
    
ap  u v w 
(2) Two-dimensional flow (velocity is not a function of z)
u v This is the criterion against which we
Based on the assumptions above, the continuity equation reduces to:  0 will check the flow field.
x y
2
A U y A U y u v 1 AUy AUy
u v   2 3 0 This represents a possible incompressible flow field.
1 3 x y 2 2 3
2 2
x 4x 2
x 4 x  
x y
 
V AUy 3 AUy 2 ˆ V AU AUy
  3 2 iˆ  j and  1 2 iˆ  3 2 ˆj Therefore the acceleration vector is equal to:
x 2x 8x 5 2 y x 2x
 AUy  AUy ˆ 3 AUy 2 ˆ  AUy 2  AU ˆ AUy ˆ  A 2U 2 y 2 ˆ A 2U 2 y 3 ˆ At (5 m, 5 mm):


ap  1 2  3 2 i  52

j  32  12
i  3 2 j   2
i 3
j
x  2x 8x  4x  x 2x  4x 4x
  1  141  
2
m   0.005   ˆ  1  141  
2 2 2
m   0.005   ˆ
2 3
a p      1 2    0.240     i        0.240     j
 4  m   s   0.5    4  m1 2   s   0.5  
2
1
2

  m
a p  2.86 10  2 iˆ  10  4 ˆj 2
s
v A U y x y
The slope of the streamline is given by: slope    
u 3 A U y 4 x
2
4 x
0.005 3
Therefore, slope  slope  2.50  10
4  0.5
Given: X component of a 2-dimensional transient flow.
Find: Y component of flow and total acceleration.
Solution:
u v w
Governing   0 (Continuity Equation for an Incompressible Fluid)
x y z
Equations:     
 DV V V V V
ap  u v w  (Material Derivative)
Incompressible fluid
Assumptions: No motion along the wall (x = 0) limited to two dimensions (w = 0).
 2t 
The given or available data is: u  Ax  sin   w0
 T 
v u  2t 
Simplify the continuity equation to find v:    A  sin  
y x  T 
 2t 
Integrate: v  Ay  sin  C
 T 
 2t 
Use the boundary condition of no flow at the origin to solve for the constant of integration v  Ay  sin  
 T 
 2t 
Give the velocity in vector form:

V  A  sin  
  xiˆ  yˆj 
 T 
 
 V V
Use the material derivative to find the acceleration. Start with the convective terms. a p ,conv  u v
x y
 
 V V  2t   2t  ˆ  2t   2t  ˆ
a p ,conv  u v  Ax  sin    A  sin  i  Ay  sin    A  sin  j
x y  T   T   T   T 
 2t 
 A 2  sin 2  
  xiˆ  yˆj    2t 
a p ,conv  A 2  sin 2  
  xiˆ  yˆj 
 T   T 

 2t  2  2t 
Finish the local term:

a p ,local 
V
t
 A  sin   
  xiˆ  yˆj  A  cos   2A  2t 
 T  T  T  a p ,local  cos 
T  T 
Given: The 2-dimensional, incompressible velocity field provided above

Find: (a) dimensions of the constant A
(b) simplest x-component of the velocity
(c) acceleration of a particle at (1,2)
Solution: We will check the dimensions against the function definition, check the flow field against the continuity equation,
and then apply the definition of acceleration.
Governing
Equations:

x y z t
    
ap  u v w 
(2) Two-dimensional flow (velocity is not a function of z)
1
A   v   L  1  1 A 
v
Since v  A x  y it follows that A   and the dimensions of A are given by:
x y Lt
 xy  t L L
u v v u
Based on the assumptions above, the continuity equation reduces to:   0 Therefore:   Ax  
x y y x
 1 2
Integrating with respect to x will yield the x-component of velocity: u   A  x dx  f ( y )   A  x  f ( y )
 2 1 2
u  A x
The simplest x-component of velocity is obtained for f(y) = 0: 2
 
x y
 
V V
 Axiˆ  Ayˆj and   Axˆj Therefore the acceleration vector is equal to:
x y
 1
2
  1
2
 1
a p  Ax 2 Axiˆ  Ayˆj  Axy  Axˆj  A 2 x 3 iˆ  A 2 x 2 yˆj At (1 , 2):
2
 1  1   1 ˆj 
a p    A 2  13 iˆ    A 2  12  2  ˆj a p  A 2  iˆ 
2  2  2 
Find: Whether flow is incompressible; expression for acceleration; evaluate acceleration along axes and along y = x
Solution:
2
m A x A y
The given data is A  10 u ( x y )  v ( x y ) 
s 2 2 2 2
x y x y
 
x y
Hence, checking 
u 

v  A
x2  y2  A x2  y2  0 Incompressible flow
x y
x2  y2 x2  y2
2 2
The acceleration is given by
For the present steady, 2D flow ax  u 

du
 v
du

A x
 

 A x2  y 2   2
  A y   2 A x y  ax   A  x
x y  
2      
dx dy 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 x y  2 2  2 2
 x y   x y  x y
A y  A  x  y 
2 2 2
dv dv A x  2  A x  y  A y
ay  u   v         ay  
x y   2
 x y    x  y   x2  y2
dx dy 2 2 2 2 2  2 2
2  x y 2 2
2
A 100
Along the x axis ax    ay  0
3 3
x x
2
A 100
Along the y axis ax  0 ay   
3 3
y y
2 2
A x 100  x A y 100  y
Along the line x = y ax    ay   
4 4 4 4
r r r r
2 2
where r x y
2 2 2
2 2 A 2 2 A 100 A 100
For this last case the acceleration along the line x = y is a ax  ay    x  y    a 
4 3 3 3 3
r r r r r
In each case the acceleration vector points towards the origin, proportional to 1/distance 3, so the flow field is a radial
decelerating flow.
Given: Duct flow with incompressible, inviscid liquid
u ( x )  U  1  
m x
U  5 L  0.3 m 
s  2 L 
Find: Expression for acceleration along the centerline of the duct
Solution: We will apply the definition of acceleration to the velocity.

    
Governing  DV V V V V (Particle acceleration)
Equation: ap  u v w 
(2) One-dimensional flow along centerline (u = u(x) only)
2
u  U  1      U    U   1  x 
 x
Based on assumptions (2) and (3), the acceleration reduces to: apx  u    2 L   
x   2 L    2 L  2 L 
2
  1  
U x
apx   
2 L  2 L 
6 ft
y
4 in 1 in
x
Given: Flow in a pipe with variable diameter
Find: Expression for particle acceleration; Plot of velocity and acceleration along centerline
Solution:
Basic equations:
Assumptions: 1) Incompressible flow

2) Uniform flow
2
π D
Continuity reduces to and for the flow rate Q  V A  V
4
Do  Di
But D  Di  x where D i and Do are the inlet and exit diameters, and x is
L distance along the pipe of length L: D(0) = D i, D(L) = Do.
  Do  Di 
2
π Di
2 π Di   x
Hence Vi  V
 L 
4 4
2
Di Vi Vi
V  Vi  V( x ) 
 Do  Di 
2 2 2
   Do     Do  
Di   x  D  1   D  1 
 L    i   x   i   x
1   1  
 L   L 
V
ft L ft ft
Some representative values are V( 0  ft)  3    7.68 s V( L)  48
s 2 s

2  Do 
2  Vi    1

Vi
  Vi   Di 
For this flow ax  V V ax   
x 2 x  2 5
  Do      Do      Do  
 D  1   D  1 x   1
  i   x   i   x    Di   1
1    1    L  
 L   L    L 
2  Do 
2  Vi    1
ax ( x )  
 Di 
5
  Do  
x   1
  Di   1
L  
 L 
ax 
ft L ft 3 ft
Some representative values are ax ( 0  m)  2.25   23.6 ax ( L)  2.30  10 
s
2 2 s
2 2
s
The following plots can be done in Excel
40
V (ft/s)
30
20
10
0 2 4 6
x (ft)
2000
1500
a (ft/s2)
1000
500
0 2 4 6
x (ft)
Given: Incompressible, inviscid flow of air between parallel disks

Find: (a) simplified version of continuity equation valid
 in this flow field
(b) show that the velocity is described by: V  V R r eˆ  r 
(c) acceleration of a particle at r = ri, r = R
Solution: We will apply the conservation of mass and the definition of acceleration to the velocity.

Governing 1  1 V  
Equations:  rV    V     V    0 (Continuity Equation)
r r  r   z t
r z
 
 DV   V
ap   V  V  (Particle acceleration)
Dt t
(2) One-dimensional flow (velocity not a function of θ or z)
(3) Flow is only in the r-direction
1 
Based on the above assumptions, the continuity equation reduces to:
r r
 
 r Vr  0 or r Vr  C
C R
Thus: Vr  should be the form of the solution. Now since at r = R: R V  C it follows that: Vr   V or:
r r

V  V R r eˆr
(Q.E.D.)

Based on assumptions (2) - (4), acceleration is radial only, and that acceleration is equal to: apr  Vr Vr
r
2 3 2 3
apr   V
R
  V       apr   15
m
  
R V R 1 75 4m
 Therefore, at r = ri:   apr  8.1  10
 r 2 R r  s 0.075  m  25  2
 r  s
2 3
apr   15
m
  
1 75 3m
Therefore, at r = R:   apr  3  10
 s 0.075  m  75  2
s
Given: Incompressible flow between parallel plates as shown

Q
Find: (a) Show that the radial component of velocity is: Vr 
(b) Acceleration in the gap 2  π r h
Solution: We will apply the conservation of mass and the definition of acceleration to the velocity.

1  1 V
V    Vz     0 (Continuity Equation)
Governing
Equation: rVr  
r r  r   z t
 
 DV   V
ap   V  V  (Particle acceleration)
Dt t
(2) One-dimensional flow (velocity not a function of θ or z)
(3) Flow is only in the r-direction
1 
Based on the above assumptions, the continuity equation reduces to:
r r
 
 r Vr  0 or r Vr  C
C
Thus: Vr  should be the form of the solution. Now since the volumetric flow rate is: Q  2  π r h  Vr it follows that:
r
Q
Vr 
2  π r h
(Q.E.D.)

Based on assumptions (2) - (4), acceleration is radial only, and that acceleration is equal to: apr  Vr Vr
r
2 2
Q
    1 Therefore, the particle acceleration is:
Q Q   Q  1
apr    a p    3 eˆr
2  π r h 2
2  π r  h  2 π h  r3  2h  r
Given: Data on pollution concentration
Find: Plot of concentration; Plot of concentration over time for moving vehicle; Location and value of maximum rate
change
Solution:
D    
Basic equation: u v w  (Material Derivative)
Assumption: Concentration of pollution is a function of x only
Sensor travels in x-direction only
  x

x
 2 a a
For this case we have uU v0 w 0 c( x )  A  e e 
   x x   x x 
U A  
 
Dc dc d   2 a a  a 1 2 a
Hence  u  U A  e e   e  e 
Dt dx dx a  2 
We need to convert this to a function of time. For this motion u = U so x  U t

  U t U t 
Dc 
U A a 1

2 a

 e  e 
Dt a  2 
The following plots can be done in Excel
5
1 10
6
8 10
6
c (ppm)
6 10
6
4 10
6
2 10
0 10 20 30
x (ft)
4
4 10
4
3 10
Dc/Dt (ppm/s)
4
2 10
4
1 10
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

4
 1 10
t (s)
The magnitude of the rate of change is maximized when
   x x 
d  U A  

d  Dc  a 1 2 a
    e  e   0
dx  Dt  dx  a  2 
  x x x
U A  1 

2 a a 2 a
 e e 0 or e 4
a  
2 4
x max  2  a ln( 4 )  2  3  ft  ln( 4 ) x max  8.32 ft
x max s
tmax   8.32 ft  tmax  0.119  s
U 70 ft
 xmax xmax 
Dcmax    
U A 1 2 a
e 
a
  e
Dt a  2 
  8.32 8.32 
Dcmax ft 5 1  3 1

2 3
 Dcmax  5 ppm
 70  3  10  ppm   e  e   4.38  10 
Dt s 3  ft  2  Dt s
Note that there is another maximum rate, at t = 0 (x = 0)
Dcmax Dcmax
  1 
ft 5 1 1  4 ppm
 70  3  10  ppm    3.50  10 
Dt s 3  ft  2 Dt s
Given: Sediment concentration fates in a river after a rainfall are:
 ppm  ppm
c  100 c  50
t hr x mi
Stream speed is 0.5 mph, where a boat is used to survey the concentration.
The boat speed is 2.5 mph.
Find: (a) rates of change of sediment concentration observed when boat travels
upstream, drifts with the current, or travels downstream.
(b) explain why the observed rates differ
Solution: We will apply the concept of substantial derivative

Governing Dc c c c c
u v w  (Substantial Derivative)
Equation: Dt x y z t
Assumptions: (1) One-dimensional motion (velocity not a function of y or z)
Dc c c
Based on the above assumptions, the substantial derivative reduces to: u 
Dt x t
To obtain the rates of change from the boat, we set u  uB
(i) For travel upstream, u B  u s  Vb u B  0.5 mph  2.5 mph u B  2 mph
6 6
mi 10 10 6
Dcup  2.0  50  100 10
hr mi hr Dcup  0.00
hr
(ii) For drifting, u B  u s u B  0.5 mph
6 6
mi 10 10 6
Dcdrift  0.5  50  100 10
hr mi hr Dcdrift  125.0
hr
(iii) For travel downstream, u B  u s  Vb u B  0.5 mph  2.5 mph u B  3 mph
6 6
mi 10 10 6
Dcdown  3.0  50  100  10
hr mi hr Dcdown  250 
hr
Physically the observed rates of change differ because the

observer is convected through the flow. The convective
change may add to or subtract from the local rate of change.
Given: Instruments on board an aircraft flying through a cold front show ambient temperature
dropping at 0.7 oF/min, air speed of 400 knots and 2500 ft/min rate of climb.
Find: Rate of temperature change with respect to horizontal distance through cold front.
Governing DT T T T T
Assumptions: (1) Two-dimensional motion (velocity not a function of z)
(3) Temperature is constant in y direction
DT T
Based on the above assumptions, the substantial derivative reduces to: u
Dt x
nmi 6080 ft hr ft ft min ft
Finding the velocity components: V  400    V  675.56 v  2500  v  41.67 
hr nmi 3600 s s min 60 s s
2 2
 675.56 ft    41.67  ft  ft
Therefore: u      u  674.27
 s  s s
0.7 Δ°F s min 5280 ft

So the rate of change of temperature through the cold front is: δTx    
min 674.27 ft 60 s mi
Δ°F
δTx  0.0914
mi
Given: Aircraft flying north with speed of 300 mph with respect to ground, 3000 ft/min
vertical. Rate of temperature change is -3 deg F/1000 ft altitude. Ground temperature
varied 1 deg F/mile.
Find: Rate of temperature change shown by on-board flight recorder
Governing DT T T T T
Assumptions: (1) Two-dimensional motion (velocity not a function of z)
DT T T
Based on the above assumptions, the substantial derivative reduces to: u v
Dt x y
1  Δ°F    3000 ft  3  Δ°F 

Substituting numerical values: δT   300 
mi hr Δ°F
     δT  14
 hr mi 60 min   min 1000 ft  min
Given: Z component of an axisymmetric transient flow.
Find: Radial component of flow and total acceleration.
Solution:
1  rVr  1 V Vz
Governing    0 (Continuity Equation for an Incompressible Fluid)
r r r  z
Equations:
V V Vr V2 V V
a r , p  Vr r     Vz r  r
r r  r z t (Particle acceleration)
V V Vz V V
a z , p  Vr z    Vz z  z
r r  z t
Assumptions: No motion along the wall (z = 0) limited to two dimensions (Vθ = 0 and all partials with respect to θ are zero).
 2t   
The given or available data is: VZ  Az  sin   V  0 0
 T  
1 rVr  V rVr   2t 

Simplify the continuity equation to find Vr:  z   r   A  sin  
r r z r  T 
r2A  2t 
Solve using separation of variables: rVr    sin  C
2  T 
Use the boundary condition of no flow at the origin to solve for the constant of integration rA  2t 
Vr    sin  
2  T 
Vr V rA  2t  A  2t   2t 
Find the convective terms of acceleration. ar ,conv  Vr  Vz r   sin     sin    Az sin  0
r z 2  T  2  T   T 
rA 2  2t 
ar ,conv  sin 2  
4  T 
Vz V rA  2t   2t   2t   2t 

a z ,conv  Vr  Vz z   sin    0  Az  sin    A  sin   a z ,conv  zA2 sin 2  
r z 2  T   T   T   T 
V 2 rA  2t   rA  2t 
 r   cos ar ,local  cos 
Find the local terms: ar ,local  T  T 
t T 2  T 
Vz 2  2t  2zA  2t 

a z ,local    Az  cos  a z ,local  cos 
t T  T  T  T 
Given: Definition of "del" operator

Find: an expression for the convective acceleration for a fluid particle.
Solution: We will directly substitute the velocity vector into the expression.
Governing   ˆ  ˆ
  iˆ  j k ("del" operator in rectangular coordinates)
Equation: x y z

V  uiˆ  vˆj  wkˆ (velocity vector)
Assumptions: None.
V   V  uiˆ  vˆj  wkˆ   x iˆ  y ˆj  z kˆ uiˆ  vˆj  wkˆ 
 
Directly substituting we get:
 
   

  u  v  w  uiˆ  vˆj  wkˆ 
 x y z 
 u u u   v v v   w w w 
  u v  w iˆ   u  v  w  ˆj   u v  w kˆ
 x y z   x y z   x y z 
The components of this vector are the x-, y-, and z-components of the convective acceleration:
 u u u  u
a xp   u v  w  
 x y z  t
 v v v  v
a yp   u  v  w  
 x y z  t
 w w w  w
a zp   u v  w  
 x y z  t
Given: Steady, two-dimensional velocity field represented above

Find: (a) proof that streamlines are hyperbolas (xy = C)
(b) acceleration of a particle in this field
(c) acceleration of particles at (x,y) = (1/2m, 2m), (1m,1m), and (2m, 1/2m)
(d) plot streamlines corresponding to C = 0, 1, and 2 m 2 and show accelerations
Solution: We will apply the acceleration definition, and determine the streamline slope.
    
Equations: ap  u v w 
Assumptions: (1) Two-dimensional flow (velocity is not a function of z)
(2) Incompressible flow
dy v A  y dx dy
Streamlines along the x-y plane are defined by   Thus:  0
dx u Ax x y
After integrating: ln( x)  ln( y )  ln( C) which yields: x y  C (Q.E.D.)

 
  V V
Based on the above assumptions the particle acceleration reduces to: ap  u v Substituting in the field:
x y

 

a p   Ax Aiˆ   Ay  A ˆj  A 2 xiˆ  yˆj which simplifies to a p  A 2 xiˆ  yˆj  
At (x,y) = (0.5m, 2m)

 m
a p  0.5iˆ  2 ˆj 2
s
 At (x,y) = (1m, 1m) a p

 s
m
 iˆ  ˆj 2  At (x,y) = (2m, 0.5m) a p

 s
m
 2iˆ  0.5 ˆj 2 
Here is the plot of the streamlines:

4
(When C = 0 the streamline is on
the x- and y-axes.)
3
Y (m)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
X (m)

Find: (a) general acceleration of a particle in this field
(b) acceleration of particles at (x,y) = (0m, 4/3m), (1m,2m), and (2m, 4m)
(c) plot streamlines with acceleration vectors
    
 
 V V Substituting in the field:
Based on the above assumptions the particle acceleration reduces to: ap  u v
x y


a p   Ax  B Aiˆ   Ay  A ˆj  A 2 x  AB iˆ  A 2 y ˆj    a p  A 2 x  AB iˆ  A 2 y  ˆj

At (x,y) = (0m, 4/3m)


 m
a p   0.12iˆ  0.0533 ˆj 2
s
 At (x,y) = (1m, 1m)

 s
m
a p   0.08iˆ  0.0800 ˆj 2 
At (x,y) = (2m, 0.5m)


 s
m
a p   0.04iˆ  0.160 ˆj 2 
dy v A y dx dy
Streamlines along the x-y plane are defined by   Thus:  0 After integrating:
dx u A x  B A x  B A y
1 1 1
 ln( A x  B)   ln( y )   ln( C) which yields: 6
A A A
5
Here is the plot of the streamlines:
4
( A x  B)  y  C 3
2
1
Y (m)
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
X (m)
Given: Velocity field represented above

Find: (a) the proper value for C if the flow field is incompressible
(b) acceleration of a particle at (x,y) = (3m,2m)
(c) sketch the streamlines in the x-y plane
Solution: We will check the velocity field against the continuity equation, apply the acceleration definition, and
determine the streamline slope.
Governing 
Equations: x y z t
    
ap  u v w 
 
Based on the above assumptions the continuity equation reduces to: u  v  0 This is the criterion to check the velocity.
x y
  1
The partial derivatives are: u A and v C Thus from continuity: A  C  0 or C  A C  2  s
x y
  
 V V V
Based on the above assumptions the particle acceleration reduces to: ap  u v  Substituting in the field:
x y t

 
a p   Ax  B Aiˆ  Cy Cˆj  Dkˆ  A 2 x  AB iˆ  C 2 yˆj  Dkˆ At (x,y) = (3m, 2m)
  2  2 2 mˆ  2 
2
m
a p     3 m   4 i      2 mˆj  5 2 kˆ

 m
a p  4iˆ  8 ˆj  5kˆ 2
s

 s  s s   s  s
dy v C y 1 dy dx dx dy
Streamlines along the x-y plane are defined by   Thus:    or  0
dx u A x  B A y A x  B B y
x
A
Solving this ODE by integrating: ln x    ln( y )  const
B
 A 3
y   x 
B Here is a plot of the streamlines 2
  constant
Y (m)
Therefore:
passing through (3, 2):
 A
1
0
0 1 2 3 4
X (m)
Given: Linear approximate profile for two-dimensional boundary layer

Find: (a) x- and y-components of acceleration of a fluid particle
(b) locate the maximum values of acceleration
(c) compute ratio of maximum acceleration components
Solution: We will apply the acceleration definition.

    
Equation: ap  u v w 
(3) Steady flow
 
 V V The velocities and derivatives are:
x y
1
2
U y u y U y 2    U y    d δ    U y  δ   U y  U
u v  δ  c x u     u 
δ 4 x 4  δ x x δ  δ   dx  δ
2 2 x 2  δ x y δ
 U y2    U y2   d  2 2 2
   δ    U y  U y  δ   3 U y
   U y
v     v  So the accelerations are:
x x  4  δ x  δ  4  δ x   dx  4  δ x
2 2
4 δ  x
2 x
8  δ x
2 y 2  δ x
2 2 2 2 2
U y U y U y U U y
 
  U y
apx  u  u  v u      apx   
x y δ 2  δ x 4  δ x δ 4  δ x 4 x δ
2 2 3 2 2
U y 3  U y U y U y U y
 
  U y y
apy  u  v  v v      apy    x
x y δ
8  δ x
2 4  δ x 2  δ x 2 2
4 δ  x
4 x δ
2 2
U U δ
The maximum values are when y = δ: apxmax   apymax   
2 4 x 4 x x
apymax U 4 x δ δ
The ratio of the accelerations is:    
apxmax 4 x 2 x x
U
0.5 m
When x = 0.5 m and δ = 5 mm: ratio  ratio  100
0.005  m
y
x
Given: Flow in boundary layer
Find: Expression for particle acceleration a x; Plot acceleration and find maximum at x = 0.8 m
Solution:
2 1 y 3
 2  
y y         
u v δ 1 y δ  c x
Basic equations   δ  
U δ   U x 2  δ  3  δ  
 
We need to evaluate ax  u  u  v u
x y
   λ   λ 
y u 2 v δ 1 1 3
First, substitute λ( x y )  so  2 λ  λ 
δ( x ) U U x  2 3 
1

 U ( 2  2  λ)     
 du dλ y dδ dδ 1 2
Then u     c x
x dλ dx  2  dx dx 2
 δ 
1 1
 
u  U ( 2  2  λ)   
λ 1
 U ( 2  2  λ)   
 2 λ  1 2
  2  c x    c x
x  δ  1 2
 c x 2 

u  U ( 2  2  λ) 
λ


U λ  λ
2 
x 2 x x

u  U 
2   2 U   y   y    2 U λ  λ
y
2 2  
δ  2  
y 2 δ δ  δ   y
 δ 
2  U λ  λ      
2 

2
Hence  
ax  u  u  v  u  U 2  λ  λ    U δ   1  λ  1  λ3   2 U λ  λ 
x y  x  x 2 3  y 
U  2 4 3 1 4 U   y  1 y 
2 2 2 3 4
           
4 y
Collecting terms ax    λ   λ   λ  
x  3 3  x  δ 3 δ 3 δ 
dax 2
  2  λ  4  λ 
U 2 4 3 2 2
To find the maximum 0 λ  or 1  2  λ  λ  0
dλ x  3  3
3 3 y
The solution of this quadratic (λ < 1) is λ  λ  0.634  0.634
2 δ
2 2
  0.634 
U 2 4 3 1 4 U
At λ = 0.634 ax   0.634   0.634   0.116 
x  3 3  x
2
ax  0.116   6 
m 1 m
  0.8 m ax  5.22
 s  2
s
The following plot can be done in Excel
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
y/d
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
a (m/s2)

Find: (a) prove velocity field represents a possible incompressible flow field
(b) expression for the streamline at t = 1.5 s
(c) plot of the streamline through (x,y) = (2m,4m) at that instant
(d) local velocity vector
(e) vectors representing local, convective, and total accelerations
    

x y z t
 
Based on the two assumptions listed above, the continuity equation reduces to: u  v 0
x y
u  ( 2  cos ( ω t) )  ax  
u  v  ( 2  cos ( ω t) )  ( a  a )  0 This could be an incompressible flow field.
v  ( 2  cos ( ω t) )  ay x y
dy v a  y  ( 2  cos ( ω t) ) y dx dy
Streamlines along the x-y plane are defined by    Thus:  0 After integrating:
dx u a  x ( 2  cos ( ω t) ) x x y
2 2
ln( x)  ln( y )  ln( C) which yields: x y  C At (x,y) = (2m,4m) C  2 m  4 m C  8m x y  8 m (plot shown below)
 
 2 
 
 5   m
At (x,y,t) = (2m,4m,1.5s) V  2 miˆ  4 mˆj  2  cos  1.5 s   V  10iˆ  20 ˆj
s   s  s
  
 V V V
Based on the above assumptions the particle acceleration reduces to: ap  u v 
x y t

5 2  2
The local acceleration is: 
a p ,local 
V
t
 
 a xiˆ  yˆj  sin t   

2 miˆ  4 mˆj   sin   
 1.5 s   
s s   s 

 
m
a p ,local  0iˆ  0 ˆj 2
s
The convective acceleration is:
 

a p ,conv  u
V
v
V
  5  m
 a uiˆ  vˆj 2  cos t    10 iˆ  20
m ˆj  2  cos 2  1.5 s  
x y s  s  
s   s 

 m
a p ,conv  50iˆ  100 ˆj 2
s

The total acceleration is the sum of the two acceleration terms:


 m
a p  50iˆ  100 ˆj 2
s

Here is the plot of the streamline 10

and the vectors:
6
Acceleration
Y (m) 4
2
Velocity
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
X (m)
Given: Sinusoidal profile for two-dimensional boundary layer

Find: (a) x- and y-components of acceleration of a fluid particle
(b) plot components as functions of y/δ for U = 20 ft/s, x = 3 ft, δ = 0.04 in
(c) maximum values of acceleration at this x location
Solution: We will apply the acceleration definition.

Governing
Equation: (Particle acceleration)

(3) Steady flow
 
 V V
Based on the above assumptions the particle acceleration reduces to: ap  u v To make this easier, define η:
x y
1 1

π y  π 2 d 1 2 δ
η   η( x y ) η  δ  c x δ   c x 
2 δ y 2 δ dx 2 2 x
   d  π y δ π y
η   η    δ     
x δ   dx  2 2 x 4 x δ
2 δ
   π y U
The velocities and derivatives are: u  U sin( η) u  u η  U cos( η)      η cos( η) (Eqn. 1)
x η x 4 x δ 2 x
   π U π
u  u η  U cos( η)    cos( η) (Eqn. 2)
y η y 2 δ 2 δ
U δ
v   ( cos( η)  η sin( η)  1 ) We find the derivatives of v using product and chain rules:
π x
  
 U 1 δ δ  δ π y
v    ( cos( η)  η sin( η)  1 )   ( sin( η)  sin( η)  η cos( η) )    Simplifying this expression:
x π  x 2 x 2  x 4 x δ
 x  
U δ
 ( cos( η)  η sin( η)  1 )  η  cos( η)
 2
v  (Eqn. 3)
x 2  π x
2
   U δ π U
v  v η    ( sin( η)  sin( η)  η cos( η) )    η cos( η)
y η y π x 2 δ 2 x (Eqn. 4)
So the accelerations are:
  U U δ U π
apx  u  u  v u  U sin( η)    η cos( η)    ( cos( η)  η sin( η)  1 )   cos( η) Simplifying this expression:
x y 2 x π x 2 δ
2
U
apx   cos( η)  ( cos( η)  1 )
2 x
apy  u 

v  v

v  U sin( η)  
U δ

 cos( η)  η sin( η)  1  η  cos( η) 
2  U δ
  ( cos( η)  η sin( η)  1 ) 
π x
U
2 x
 η cos( η)
x y 2  π x
2
 
2
U δ
 η cos( η)  ( cos( η)  η sin( η)  1 )  sin( η)   1  η  cos( η)  η sin( η)  1
2
Simplifying this expression: apy 
2
2  π x
Here are the plots of the acceleration components:
X-component of Acceleration in Boundary Layer Y-component of Acceleration in Boundary Layer

1 1
Non Dimensional Height (y/delta)
Non Dimensional Height (y/delta)
0.5 0.5
0 0
 20  15  10 5 0  0.02  0.01 0
X-acceleration (ft/s^2) Y-acceleration (ft/s^2)
ft ft
The maximum values and their locations may be found using Excel or Mathcad: apxmax  16.7 apymax  0.0178
2 2
s s
y y
 0.667  0.839
δ δ
Given: Flow between parallel disks through porous surface

Find: (a) show that V r = vor/2h
(b) expression for the z-component of velocity (v o<<V)
(c) expression for acceleration of fluid particle in the gap
Solution: We will apply the continuity equation to the control volume shown:
Governing   
Equations:
0 
t CV
 dV    dA
CS
V (Continuity)
 
 
 DV   V
ap   V  V  (Particle Accleration)
Dt t
Assumptions: (1) Steady flow
(3) Uniform flow at every section
(4) Velocity in θ-direction is zero
2 r
Based on the above assumptions the continuity equation reduces to: 0  ρ v 0  π r  ρ Vr 2  π r h Solving for Vr: Vr  v 0 
2 h
1  1  v0
 
We apply the differential form of continuity to find Vz :  
 r Vr  Vz  0
r r z r r
 
 r Vr 
h
  Vz
z Therefore:

 v0 z 0
Vz   dz  f ( r)  v 0   f ( r) Now at z = 0: Vz  v 0 Therefore we can solve for f(r): v 0  v 0   f ( r) f ( r)  v 0
 h h h

Vz  v 0   1  
z
So we find that the z-component of velocity is:
 h
 
 V V
Based on the above assumptions the particle acceleration reduces to: a p  Vr  Vz
r z
v0 v0
   
Vr  Vr  0 Vz  0 Vz  
r 2 h z r z h
2
v0 v0  r
 v 0   1 
  r z
apr  Vr Vr  Vz Vr  v 0    0 apr 
r z 2  h 2  h  h
4 h
2
2
v0 v0
 0  v 0   1 
z
   1
  r z
apz  Vr Vz  Vz Vz  v 0    apz 
r z 2 h  h h h h 
Given: Steady inviscid flow over a circular cylinder of radius R

Find: (a) Expression for acceleration of particle moving along θ = π
(b) Expression for accleeration of particle moving along r = R
(c) Locations at which accelerations in r- and θ- directions reach maximum and minimum values
(d) Plot a r as a function of R/r for θ = π and as a function of θ for r = R
(e) Plot aθ as a function of θ for r = R
Solution: We will apply the particle acceleration definition to the velocity field
 
 
Governing  DV   V
Equation: ap   V  V  (Particle Accleration)
Dt t
(2) Inviscid flow
(3) No flow in z-direction, velocity is not a function of z
 
 V V V
Based on the above assumptions the particle acceleration reduces to: a p  Vr  and the components are:
r r 
2
Vθ Vθ Vθ Vr Vθ
   
apr  Vr Vr   Vr  apθ  Vr Vθ   Vθ 
r r θ r r r θ r
  R   V  0
2 2 2
 R R   
When θ = π: Vr  U 1  r Vr  U 2    2  U Vr  0 Vθ  0 Vθ  0
   θ r r
3
r
3 θ r θ
  R    2  U R  2 U   R   1   R     R  
2 2 2 3 2 2 3 2
2 U
 
R
So the accelerations are: apr  U 1  r   r apr    1  r
   r
3 R r    R r   
apθ  0
R
To find the maximum acceleration, we take the derivative of the accleration and set it to zero: Let η
r
   
2 2
2 U  2 2 U
 3  η  1  η  η  2  η 
d 2 3 4 2 3
apr  5  η  3η  0 Therefore: η  or r  1.291  R
dη R R 5
1   1 
32 2 2
 2 U  U
The maximum acceleration would then be: aprmax     1    aprmax  0.372 
R  1.291    1.291   R
   
When r = R: Vr  0 Vθ  2  U sin( θ) Vr  0 Vr  0 Vθ  0 Vθ  2  U cos( θ)
r θ r θ
2 2 2
( 2  U cos( θ) ) 4 U 2 4 U 2
So the accelerations are: apr     ( sin( θ) ) apr    ( sin( θ) )
R R R
2 2
2  U sin( θ) 4 U 4 U
apθ   2  U cos( θ)   sin( θ)  cos( θ) apθ   sin( θ)  cos( θ)
R R R
Radial acceleration is minimum at θ  180  deg

2
U
Accelerations at this angle are: armin  4  aθ  0 Acceleration along Stagnation Streamline
R
0.4
Radial Acceleration (ar*R/U^2)

Azimuthal acceleration is maximum at θ  45 deg
0.3
2 2
U U
Accelerations at this angle are: ar  2  aθmax  2 
R R 0.2
Azimuthal acceleration is minimum at θ  135  deg 0.1
2 2
U U 0
Accelerations at this angle are: ar  2  aθmin  2  0 1 2 3 4 5
R R
Radius Ratio (r/R)
The plots of acceleration along the stagnation streamline and Acceleration along Cylinder Surface
the cylinder surface are shown here. In all cases the 2
accelerations have been normalized by U2/R
Radial and Azimuthal Accelerations (a*R/U^2)
Radial
Azimuthal
2
4
0 50 100 150
Azimuthal Position along Surface (deg)

Given: Air flow through porous surface into narrow gap

Find: (a) show that u(x) = v ox/h
(b) expression for the y-component of velocity
(c) expression for acceleration of fluid particle in the gap
Solution: We will apply the continuity equation to the control volume shown:
Governing   
Equations:
0 
t CV
 dV    dA
CS
V (Continuity)
    
 DV V V V V
ap  u v w  (Particle Accleration)
(3) Uniform flow at every section
x
Based on the above assumptions the continuity equation reduces to: 0  x  w v 0  h  w u ( x ) Solving for u: u( x)  v0
h
v0
   
We apply the differential form of continuity to find v: u  v 0 u    v Therefore the y-velocity v is:
x y x h y

 v0 y 0
v   dy  f ( x )  v 0   f ( x ) Now at y = 0: v  v 0 Therefore we can solve for f(x): v 0  v 0   f ( x ) f ( x )  v 0
 h h h

v  v 0   1  
y
So we find that the y-component of velocity is:
 h
 
 V V
x y
v0 v0
   
u  u 0 v 0 v 
x h y x y h
2
x v0 v0  x
 v 0   1    0
  y
apx  u  u  v  u  v 0   apx 
x y h h  h
h
2
2
v0 v0
apy  u  v  v  v  v 0   0  v 0   1 
y
   1
  x y
  apy 
x y h  h h h h 
 v2  x y  
a p  0  iˆ    1 ˆj 
The acceleration vector would be: h h h  
Given: Velocity field and nozzle geometry
Find: Acceleration along centerline; plot
Solution:
Assumption: Incompressible flow
2 1 ft rad
The given data is A0  5  ft L  20 ft b  0.2 ft U0  20 ω  0.16 A ( x)  A0  ( 1  b  x)
s s
The velocity on the centerline is obtained from continuity u ( x)  A ( x)  U0 Ao
A0 U0
so u ( xt)   U0 ( 0.5  0.5 cos ( ω t) )   ( 0.5  0.5 cos ( ω t) )
A ( x) ( 1  b  x)
 
0.5 U0  ω sin( ω t) U0  U0  b ( 0.5 cos( ω t)  0.5)
For the present 1D flow ax  u  u u    ( 0.5  0.5 cos( ω t) )  
t x 1  b x ( 1  b x)  2 
 ( 1  b x) 
U0   U0 b  ( 0.5 cos( ω t)  0.5) 
ax   ( 0.5 ω sin( ω t) )  ( 0.5  0.5 cos( ω t) )   The plot is shown here:
( 1  b x)   2 
  ( 1  b x) 
Acceleration in a Nozzle
40
35 t=0s
Acceleration a x (ft/s )
t = 10 s
2
30
t = 20 s
25
t = 30 s
20
15
10
5
0
0 5 10 15 20
x (ft)
Given: Steady, two-dimensional velocity field of Problem 5.56

Find: (a) expressions for particle coordinates, x p = f1(t) and yp = f2(t)
(b) Time requires for particle to travel from (0.5, 2) to (1, 1) and (2, 0.5)
(c) compare acceleration determined from f1(t) and f2(t) to those found in Problem 5.56
 
 
Equation: ap   V  V  (Particle Accleration)
Dt t
Assumptions: (1) Incompressible flow
(2) Two-dimensional flow
(3) Steady flow
df1
For the given flow, u  A x and v  A y Thus d
up  f1  A x p  A f1 or  A dt Integrating from x 0 to f1 yields:
dt f1
f
1 1  f1  A t
 df1  ln   A t Solving for f1 yields: f1 ( t)  x 0  e
 f1  x0 
x
0
df2  A t
Similarly, we can find: v p  d f2  A y p  A f2 or  A dt Integrating from y 0 to f2 yields: f2 ( t)  y 0  e
dt f2
1
In this problem, x 0   mand y 0  2  m Knowing the final position, we can solve for the time required.
2
To reach (1, 1):
y  1.0 m t  ln
1
x  1.0 m t  ln( 2 )  1 s t  0.693 s   1 s t  0.693 s t  0.693 s
2
To reach (2, 0.5):
y  0.5 m t  ln
1
x  2.0 m t  ln( 4 )  1 s t  1.386 s   1 s t  1.386 s t  1.386 s
4
The acceleration components are:

 
2 2 m
d 2 A t 2 d 2  A t 2
ax  f  x0 A  e
2 1
 A  f1 ( t) ay  f  x 0  ( A)  e
2 2
 A  f2 ( t) At (x, y) = (1, 1): a p  iˆ  ˆj 2
dt dt s
At (x, y) = (2, 0.5):


 s
m
a p  2iˆ  0.5 ˆj 2 
These results are identical to the accelerations calculated in Problem 5.56.
Given: One-dimensional, incompressible flow through circular channel.

Find: (a) the acceleration of a particle at the channel exit
(b) plot as a function of time for a compleye cycle.
(c) plot acceleration if channel is constant area
(d) explain difference between the two acceleration cases
 
 
Equations: ap   V  V  (Particle Accleration)
Dt t
  
0 
t CV
dV   V  dA
CS
(Continuity equation)
Assumptions: (1) Incompressible flow

(2) One-dimensional flow
2
A1  R1 
Based on the above assumptions the continuity equation can provide the velocity at any location: u  U  
A  r 
x x
Now based on the geometry of the channel we can write  
r  R1  R1  R2   R1  ΔR Therefore the flow speed is:
L L
R1
2
U0  U1 sin( ω t) 
u  U  Based on the above assumptions the particle acceleration reduces to:
2 2
 R  ΔR x  1  ΔR   x 
 1    
 L R1  L 
 
  u u  ˆ Substituting the velocity and derivatives into this expression we can get the acceleration in the x-direction:
a p  u  i
 x t 
U0  U1 sin(ω t) U0  U1 sin(ω t)   ω U1  cos( ω t)

 ( 2 )   
ΔR
ax    When we simplify this expression we get:
1  ΔR   x 
2
1  ΔR   x 
3
 R1  L   ΔR  x  2
     1  R   L 
R1  L   R1  L 
     1 
2  ΔR U0  U1 sin( ω t) 2 ω U1  cos( ω t)

ax    Now we substitute the given values into this expression we get:
R1 L 5 2
1  ΔR   x  1  ΔR   x 
    
R1  L   R1  L 
   
2
1 1 2 m 1 rad m 1
ax  2  0.1 m    ( 20  2  sin( ω t) )    0.3  2  cos( ω t) 
0.2 m 1 m 2 5 s s 2
s  1  0.1 m  1  1  0.1 m  1
   
 0.2 m   0.2 m 
 2  m
ax  32  20  2  sin 0.3  t   2.4 cos 0.3  t 
rad rad Acceleration in Converging Channel
4
   s   s  2
s
2 10
Here is a plot of the acceleration versus time. 1.5 10

4
Acceleration (m/s^2)
For a constant area channel, ΔR = 0 and the acceleration becomes:
4
1 10
3
ax   0.6 cos 0.3  t  
rad m 5 10
  s   s2
0
0 10 20
Time (s)
The plot of that acceleration is shown below.
The acceleration is so much larger for the converging channel
than in the constant area channel because the convective
acceleration is generated by the converging channel - the
Acceleration in Constant-Area Channel
constant area channel has only local acceleration.
1
0.5
Acceleration (m/s^2)
 0.5
1
0 10 20
Time (s)
Given: Velocity components
Find: Which flow fields are irrotational
Solution:
 
For a 2D field, the irrotationality the test is v  u 0
x y
a)
2
u ( x y t)  2  x  y
2 3 2
v ( x y t)  x  x  y  2  y   2 2
v ( x y t)  3  x  y  2  y

u ( x y t)  2  y
x y
 
Hence v  u 0
x y Not irrotational
2 2 2  
b) u ( x y t)  2  x  y  x  y v ( x y t)  2  x  y  y  x v ( x y t)  2  x  2  y u ( x y t)  2  x  1
x y
 
Hence v  u 0
2  2 
c) u ( x y t)  x  t  2  y v ( x y t)  x  t  y  t v ( x y t)  t u ( x y t)  2
x y
 
Hence v  u 0
 
d) u ( x y t)  ( x  2  y )  x  t v ( x y t)  ( 2  x  y )  y  t v ( x y t)  2  t y u ( x y t)  2  t x
x y
 
Hence v  u 0
Given: Definition of "del" operator in cylindrical coordinates, velocity vector
 
  
Find: (a) An expression for V   V in cylindrical coordinates.
(b) Show result is identical to Equations 5.12.
Solution: We will apply the velocity field to the del operator and simplify.
Governing   1  
Equations:   eˆr  eˆ  kˆ (Definition of "del" operator)
r r  z

eˆr eˆ
 eˆ  eˆr
  (Hints from footnote)
V   V
  
Substituting using the governing equations yields:
V  V  V eˆ   
     1   
 V eˆ  V z kˆ   eˆr  eˆ  kˆ  Vr eˆr  V eˆ  V z kˆ
 r r  z 
r r

  V 
  Vr 


 V z  Vr eˆr  V eˆ  V z kˆ 
 r r  z 
 Vr

r
 
V 
Vr eˆr  V eˆ  V z kˆ  
r 

Vr eˆr  V eˆ  V z kˆ  V z
z

Vr eˆr  V eˆ  V z kˆ 
   
 Vr Vr eˆr  Vr V eˆ  Vr V z kˆ  
V
Vr eˆr     V eˆ   V  V z kˆ  Vz  Vr eˆr
V
r r r r  r  r  z
 
 V z V eˆ  V z V z kˆ
z z
Applying the product rule to isolate derivatives of the unit vectors:
V   V  V Vr V V z ˆ V Vr V eˆ V V V eˆ V V z ˆ

  
eˆr  Vr  eˆ  Vr k eˆr   r Vr   eˆ    V   k
r r r r  r  r  r  r 
r
V V V z ˆ
 V z r eˆr  V z  eˆ  V z k
z z z
Collecting terms:
V   V  V r

Vr V Vr V2
r

r 

V 
z 
 V
r
V V VrV
 V z r eˆr  Vr   
r 

V
 Vz 
z

eˆ
 r  r 
 V z V V z V 
  Vr   V z z kˆ
 r r  z 
The three terms in parentheses are the three components of convective acceleration given in Equations 5.12.
Given: Sinusoidal approximation to boundary-layer velocity profile:

u  U sin   where δ  5  mm at x  0.5 m
π y
 2 δ
m
Neglect the vertical component of velocity. U  0.5
s
Find: (a) Circulation about a contour bounded by x = 0.4 m, x = 0.6 m, y = 0, and y = 8 mm.
(b) Result if evaluated Δx = 0.2 m further downstream
Solution: We will apply the definition of circulation to the given velocity field.
Governing  
   V  ds (Definition of circulation)
Equation:
From the definition of circulation we break up the integral:
        Since the velocity is zero over ab, and since

   V  ds   V  ds   V  ds   V  ds the velocity and path are perpendicular over bc
ab bc cd da
and da:
x
 d m m
2
x

Γ   U dx  U x c  x d  Γ  0.5
s
 ( 0.6 m  0.4 m) Γ  0.1
s
c 1 1
1
2 2
0.8 m 
δ'  δ 
x
δ'  5  mm 
2
At the downstream location, since δ  c x   δ'  6.325  mm
 x'   0.5 m 
Now since the boundary layer is less than 8 mm thick at point c', the integral along c'c will be the same as that along cd.
Γbb'c'c  Γabcd
Given: Velocity field for flow in a rectangular corner as in Example 5.8.

Find: Circulation about the unit square shown above.
Governing  
Equation:
       
From the definition of circulation we break up the integral:    V  ds   V  ds   V  ds   V  ds
ab bc cd da
  
 
The integrand is equal to: V  ds  Axiˆ  Ayˆj  dxiˆ  dyˆj  Axdx  Aydy Therefore, the circulation is equal to:
x y x y
 d  c  b  a
Γ   A x dx   A y dy   A x dx   A y dy    x d  x a    y c  y d    x b  x c    y a  y b 
A 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x y x y 2        
a d c b
       
2
Γ 
1
 0.3
1
  22  1 2  22  1 2  12  2 2  12  2 2   m2 Γ 0
m
2 s s
This result is to be expected since the flow is irrotational
and by Stokes' theorem, the circulation is equal to the curl
of the velocity over the bounded area (Eqn. 5.18).
Given: Flow field
Find: If the flow is incompressible and irrotational
Solution:
   
Basic equations: Incompressibility u  v 0 Irrotationality v  u 0
x y x y
7 5 2 3 4 6 6 4 3 2 5 7
a) u ( x y )  x  21 x  y  35 x  y  7  x  y v ( x y )  7  x  y  35 x  y  21 x  y  y
 6 4 2 2 4 6  6 4 2 2 4 6
u ( x y )  7  x  105  x  y  105  x  y  7  y v ( x y )  7  x  105  x  y  105  x  y  7  y
x y
 
Hence u  v 0 COMPRESSIBLE
x y
7 5 2 3 4 6 6 4 3 2 5 7
b) u ( x y )  x  21 x  y  35 x  y  7  x  y v ( x y )  7  x  y  35 x  y  21 x  y  y
 5 3 3 5  5 3 3 5
v ( x y )  42 x  y  140  x  y  42 x  y  u ( x y )  42 x  y  140  x  y  42 x  y
x y
 
Hence v  u 0 ROTATIONAL
x y
Note that if we define  6 4 3 2 5

v ( x y )   7  x  y  35 x  y  21 x  y  y
7 then the flow is incompressible and irrotational!
Given: Two-dimensional flow field

Find: (a) show that the velocity field represents a possible incompressible flow
(b) Rotation at (x, y) = (1, 1)
(c) Circulation about the unit square shown above
   
Governing
 u   v   w   0 (Continuity equation)
 1 
   V (Definition of rotation)
2
 

 
Based on the assumptions listed above, the continuity equation reduces to: u  v 0
x y
  1 1
u  v  2A x  B x  2  x  x  0 This could be an incompressible flow field.
x y 2  ft s ft s
iˆ kˆ ˆj
 1   1   rad
From the definition of rotation:   Bykˆ At (x, y) = (1, 1)   0.5kˆ
2 x z 2 y s
Ax 2 0 Bxy
       
   
From the definition of circulation we break up the integral:   V  ds  V  ds  V  ds  V  ds
ab bc cd da
  
 
The integrand is equal to: V  ds  Ax 2 iˆ  Bxyˆj  dxiˆ  dyˆj  Ax 2 dx  Bxydy Therefore, the circulation is equal to:
x y x y
 b 2  c  d 2  a
Γ   A x dx   B x  y dy   A x dx   B x  y dy Evaluating the integrals:
x y x y
a b c d
  xb  xa  xd  xc
A 3 3 3 3 B  2 2  2 2
Γ
  2 xc  yc  y b   xa  ya  y d 
Since x a  x d  0 and x b  x c we can simplify:
3 
 
2
 x   y  yb      1  ft  12  0 2  ft2
B 2 2 1 1 ft
Γ
2 c c 
Substituting given values: Γ   Γ  0.500 
2  ft s  s
Given: Two-dimensional flow field

Find: (a) show that the velocity field represents a possible incompressible flow
(b) Rotation at (x, y) = (1, 1)
(c) Circulation about the unit square shown above
   
Governing
 1 
2
 

 
Based on the assumptions listed above, the continuity equation reduces to: u  v 0
x y
  1 1
u  v  A y  2  B y  y  2  y  0 This could be an incompressible flow field.
x y m s 2  m s
iˆ ˆj kˆ
 1    1  rad
From the definition of rotation:    Axkˆ At (x, y) = (1, 1)   0.5kˆ
2 x y z 2 s
Axy By 20
       
   
ab bc cd da
  
 
The integrand is equal to: V  ds  Axyiˆ  By 2 ˆj  dxiˆ  dyˆj  Axydx  By 2 dy Therefore, the circulation is equal to:
x y x y
 b  c  d  a
Γ   A x  y dx   B y dy   A x  y dx   B y dy    x b  x a  y a  y c   y c  y b  y a  y d 
 
2 2 A 2 2 B 3 3 3 3
x y x y 2   3  
a b c d
y b  y c we can simplify: Γ     x b  x a   y c Substituting given values:

A 2 2
Since y a  y d  0 and
2  
  1  0   m  1  m
2
1 12 2 2 m
Γ   Γ  0.5
2 m s s
Given: Stream function
Solution:
   
x y x y
Note: The fact that ψ exists means the flow is incompressible, but we check anyway
5 3 3 5
ψ( x y )  3  x  y  10 x  y  3  x  y
 5 3 2 4  2 3 4 5
Hence u ( x y )  ψ( x y )  3  x  30 x  y  15 x  y v ( x y )   ψ( x y )  30 x  y  15 x  y  3  y
y x
For incompressibility
 4 2 2 4  2 2 4 4
u ( x y )  15 x  90 x  y  15 y v ( x y )  90 x  y  15 x  15 y
x y
 
Hence u  v 0 INCOMPRESSIBLE
x y
For irrotationality
 3 3  3 3
v ( x y )  60 x  y  60 x  y  u ( x y )  60 x  y  60 x  y
x y
 
Hence v  u 0 IRROTATIONAL
x y
Given: Stream function
Solution:
   
x y x y
Note: The fact that ψ exists means the flow is incompressible, but we check anyway
6 4 2 2 4 6
ψ( x y )  x  15 x  y  15 x  y  y
 2 3 4 5  3 2 5 4
Hence u ( x y )  ψ( x y )  60 x  y  30 x  y  6  y v ( x y )   ψ( x y )  60 x  y  6  x  30 x  y
y x
For incompressibility
 3 3  3 3
u ( x y )  120  x  y  120  x  y v ( x y )  120  x  y  120  x  y
x y
 
Hence u  v 0 INCOMPRESSIBLE
x y
For irrotationality
 2 2 4 4  4 2 2 4
v ( x y )  180  x  y  30 x  30 y  u ( x y )  30 x  180  x  y  30 y
x y
 
Hence v  u 0 IRROTATIONAL
x y
Given: Velocity field for motion in the x-direction with constant shear
(b) Rate of rotation
(c) Stream function
   
Governing
 1 
2
 
The x-component of velocity is: u   A dy  f ( x )  Ay  f ( x ) Since flow is parallel to the x-axis: V  Ay  f  x iˆ

iˆ ˆj kˆ
 1    1  rad
From the definition of rotation:    Akˆ   0.05kˆ
2 x y z 2 s
Ay  f  x  0 0
  1 2
From the definition of the stream function ψ   u dy  g ( x )   ( A y  f ( x ) ) dy  g ( x )   A y  f ( x )  y  g ( x )
  2
 d d
v   ψ   f ( x)  y  g ( x )  0 Therefore, the derivatives of both f and g are zero, and thus f and g are constants:
x d x dx
1 2
ψ  A y  c1  y  c2
2
Given: The stream function
Find: Whether or not the flow is incompressible; whether or not the flow is irrotational
Solution:
A
ψ( x y )  
The stream function is
2
2  π x  y
2
 A y  A x
The velocity components are u ( x y )  ψ( x y )  v ( x y )   ψ( x y )  
y
2  x
2 
2 2
2 2
π x  y π x  y
Because a stream function exists, the flow is: Incompressible
 
Alternatively, we can check with u  v 0
x y
  4  A x  y 4  A x  y
u  v   0 Incompressible
x y
2  2 
3 3
2 2
π x y π x y
 
For a 2D field, the irrotionality the test is v  u 0
x y
2 2
  4  A x 2 A 4  A y 2 A
v ( x y )  u ( x y )    
2 Not irrotational
π  x  y  π  x  y  π  x  y  π  x  y 
x y 2 2
3
2 2
2
2 2
3
2 2
Given: Flow field represented by a stream function.

Find: (a) Show that this represents an incompressible velocity field
(b) the rotation of the flow
(c) Plot several streamlines in the upper half plane
Solution: We will apply the definition of rotation to the given velocity field.
Governing  1 
Equation: 2
From the definition of the stream function: u   ψ  A x  2  A y 

v   ψ  A y Applying the continuity equation:
y x
  This could be an incompressible

u  v  A A 0 flow field
x y
iˆ ˆj kˆ
 1    
  2 Akˆ   Akˆ
1
From the definition of rotation:   2 x y z 2
   Akˆ
A x  2 y   Ay 0
The streamlines are curves where the stream function is constant, i.e., ψ  constant Here is a plot of streamlines:
Streamline Plot
5
psi = 0
psi = -2
4 psi = 6
3
Y (m)
0
4 2 0 2 4
X (m)
Given: Flow field represented by a stream function.

(b) Show that flow field is irrotational
(c) Plot several streamlines and illustrate velocity field
Governing  1 
Equation: 2

From the definition of the stream function: u   ψ  2  y 
v   ψ  2  x In vector notation: V  2 yiˆ  2 xˆj
y x
iˆ ˆj kˆ 
 1     
From the definition of rotation:    2  2kˆ  0
1 0
2 x y z 2 Flow is irrotational
 2 y  2x 0
Streamline Plot
5
psi = 0
psi = 4
psi = 8
4
3
Y (m)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
X (m)
Given: Flow field represented by a velocity function.

Find: (a) Fluid rotation
(b) Circulation about the curve shown
(c) Stream function
(d) Plot several streamlines in first quadrant
Solution: We will apply the definition of rotation and circulation to the given velocity field.
Governing  1 
    V (Definition of rotation)
Equation: 2
 
Assumption: Steady flow
kˆ
iˆ ˆj
 1   
 By kˆ
1 rad
From the definition of rotation:     ykˆ
2 x
z 2 y ft  s
Ax 2
0 Bxy
       
   
ab bc cd da
  
 
The integrand is equal to: V  ds  Ax 2 iˆ  Bxyˆj  dxiˆ  dyˆj  Ax 2 dx  Bxydy Therefore, the circulation is equal to:
x y x y
 b 2  c  d 2  a
Γ   A x dx   B x  y dy   A x dx   B x  y dy Evaluating the integral:
x y x y
a b c d
  x  xa  xd  xc
A 3 3 3 3 B  2 2  2 2
Γ
  2 xc  yc  y b   xa  ya  y d 
Since x a  x d  0 and x b  x c we can simplify:
3  b
2 
2
 x   y  yb
B 2 2 1 2 2 2 ft
Γ Substituting given values: Γ    1  ft  1  0  ft Γ  1.000 
2 c c  2 ft s s
 

From the definition of the stream function: u   ψ
2 2
ψ   u dy  f ( x )   A x dy  f ( x )  A x  y  f ( x )
y  
   B 2
In addition, v ψ ψ   v dx  g ( y )   B x  y dx  g ( y )    x  y  g ( y ) Comparing the two stream functions:
x   2
1 2 1 2
 x  y  f (x)   x  y  g ( y ) Thus, f  g  constant Taking f(x) = 0:
ft s ft s 2
ψ  A x  y
Streamline Plot
5
ψ=1
ψ=4
ψ=8
4 ψ = 16
Y (ft)
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
X (ft)
Given: Flow field represented by a velocity function.

Find: (a) An expression for the stream function
(b) Circulation about the curve shown
(c) Plot several streamlines (including the stagnation streamline) in first quadrant
Governing  
Equation:
Assumptions: Steady flow
 
From the definition of the stream function: u   ψ
A 2
ψ   u dy  f ( x )   ( A y  B) dy  f ( x )   y  B y  f ( x )
y   2
   A 2
In addition, v ψ ψ   v dx  g ( y )   A x dx  g ( y )    x  g ( y ) Comparing the two stream functions:
x   2
A 2
2
A 2
 y  B y  f ( x )    x  g ( y ) Thus,
2
A 2
f ( x )    x  C Taking C = 0:
2
ψ
A
2
 2
 y x
2   B y
       
ab bc cd da
  
 
The integrand is equal to: V  ds   Ay  B iˆ  Axˆj  dxiˆ  dyˆj   Ay  B dx  Axdy Therefore, the circulation is:
x y x y
 b  c  d  a
Γ   ( A y  B) dx   A x dy   ( A y  B) dx   A x dy Evaluating the integral:
x y x y
a b c d
       
Γ  A y a  B  x b  x a  A x b  y c  y b  A y c  B  x d  x c  A x d  y a  y d   Substituting known values:
 10  0  ft  10 ft   ( 1  0 )  ft  10  1  ft  ( 1  0 )  ft   10  1 ft  10 ft   ( 0  1)  ft  10  0 ft  ( 1  0)  ft
Γ   s   s 
 s s  s s
2
ft
Γ  0
s
The stagnation streamline is the one running through the point Streamline Plot
where the velocity vanishes: 5
ψ = -5
B
A y stag  B  0 y stag    1  ft ψ=0
A ψ=5
4 ψ = 10
A x stag  0 x stag  0
Plugging this information in to find the stream function at 3

the stagnation point yields:
Y (ft)
2
 ( 1  ft)  ( 0  ft)   10  1  ft
10 2 2 ft
ψstag 
2 s s
2 1
ft
ψstag  5 
s
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
X (ft)
Given: Viscometric flow of Example 5.7, V = U(y/h)i, where U = 4 mm/s and h = 4 mm

Find: (a) Average rate of rotation of two line segments at +/- 45 degrees
(b) Show that this is the same as in the example
Governing  1 
    V (Definition of rotation)
Equation: 2

Considering the lines shown: uc  ua 
y
  
u  l sin θ1
uc  ua sinθ1

ωac 
l
since the component normal to l is u  sin θ1  
 l sinθ1 sinθ1 
  2  h  sinθ12
U
ωac  u  u  sin θ1 Now consider this sketch:
y l y
 ud  ub sinθ2

ub  ud 
y

u  l sin θ2   ωbd 
l
 
since the component normal to l is u  sin θ2
 l sinθ2 sinθ2 

  2  h  sinθ22
U
ωbd  u  u  sin θ2 Now we sum these terms:
y l y
 ωac  ωbd      sin θ1

   sin θ2 
     
1 1 U 2 2
ω When θ1  45 deg and θ2  135  deg
2 2 h  
1 U  1   1  
2 2
ω     
1 U
 
2 h  2 
  ω 
 2  2 h
1 mm 1
Substituting for U and h: ω    4  1
2 s 4  mm ω  0.5
s
Given: Velocity field for pressure-driven flow between stationary parallel plates
Find: (a) Expression for circulation about a closed contour of height h and length L
(b) Evaluate part (a) for h = b/2 and h = b
(c) Show that the same result is obtained from area integral of Stokes Theorem (Eq. 5.14)
Governing  
Equations:
   V dA   V  ds
   (Stokes Theorem)
A

       
1 2 3 4
 
  y y y y
The integrand is equal to: V  ds  U 1  iˆ  dxiˆ  dyˆj  U 1  dx Therefore, the circulation is equal to:
b b b b
L 0
 
Γ   U   1   dx   U   1   dx  U L   1   Γ  U L   1  
0 0 h h h h h h
 b  b  b  b b  b b  b
 
0 L
U L
For h = b/2: Γ  U L    1   
1 b 1 b
Γ  For h = b: Γ  U L 1  ( 1  1 ) Γ 0
b 2  b 2 4
 
  v u   1 2y 
From Stokes Theorem:      V dA     dA  U    dA We define dA = L dy:
A A
x y  A
b b 
 1  2  y dy  U L  h  h   U L h   1 
h
 2
h
Γ  U L   1  
h h
Γ  U L  b b   

   b b  b  b b  b
0
Given: Velocity field approximation for the core of a tornado

Find: (a) Whether or not this is an irrotational flow
(b) Stream function for the flow
Governing  1 
Equation: 2
  1  
  eˆr  eˆ  kˆ (Definition of "del" operator)
r r  z
eˆr eˆ
 eˆ  eˆr (Hints from text)
 

(2) Two-dimensional flow (no z velocity, velocity is not a function of θ or z)
 1  1   
From the definition of rotation:    eˆr  eˆ  kˆ   Vr eˆr  V eˆ  Employing assumption (2) yields:
2 r r  z 
 1  1   1  V V  1  
   eˆr  eˆ   Vr eˆr  V eˆ   eˆr   eˆr r  eˆ    eˆ  Vr eˆr  V eˆ  From product
2 r r   2  r r  r   rule:
1
eˆr  eˆr  Vr  eˆr  eˆ  V  eˆ 1   eˆr Vr  Vr er  eˆ V  V e 
 ˆ ˆ
 
Using the hints from the
2 r r r       text:
1  1  V 1 Vr V  ˆ

  eˆr  eˆr  Vr  eˆr  eˆ  V  1 Vr  V   eˆ  eˆ  1 V  Vr      k
2 r  r r  r   r  r  2  r r  r 
 1  V V  ˆ 1  K K ˆ 

Since V is only a function of r:    k     k  0 Flow is
2  r r  2  2r 2 2r 2  irrotational.
 
1  q q θ
To build the stream function:Vr   ψ ψ   r Vr dθ  f ( r)   dθ  f ( r)    f ( r)
r θ   2  π 2 π
 
 
 K K
Vθ   ψ ψ   Vθ dr  g ( θ)   dr  g ( θ)    ln( r)  g ( θ) Comparing these two expressions:
r   2  π r 2 π
 
q θ K K K q θ
  f ( r)    ln( r)  g ( θ) f ( r)    ln( r) ψ  ln( r) 
2 π 2 π 2 π 2 π 2 π
Given: Velocity field for fully-developed flow in a circular tube

Find: (a) Rates of linear and angjular deformation for this flow
(b) Expression for the vorticity vector
Solution: We will apply the definition of vorticity to the given velocity field.
 
Governing    V (Definition of vorticity)
Equation:
 1 rVr  1 V V z Rates of linear deformation in all three

The volume dilation rate of the flow is:  V    0 directions is zero.
r r r  z
1  Vθ  
The angular deformations are: r-θ plane:     V 0
r r  r  θ r
1
θ-z plane:  Vθ    Vz  0
z r θ
2 r 2 r
z-r plane:  Vr   Vz  Vmax angdef  Vmax
z r R
2
R
2
   1 V z V   V V   1 rV 1 Vr ˆ

The vorticity in cylindrical coordinates is:    V    eˆr   r  z eˆ    k
 r  z   z r   r r r  
 2r
  Vmax eˆ
R2
Given: Velocity field for pressure-driven flow between stationary parallel plates
Find: (a) Rates of linear and angjular deformation for this flow
(b) Expression for the vorticity vector
(c) Location of maximum vorticity
Solution: We will apply the definition of vorticity to the given velocity field.
 
Governing    V (Definition of vorticity)
Equation:
 u v w Rates of linear deformation in all three

The volume dilation rate of the flow is:  V    0
x y z directions is zero.
2 y
The angular deformations are: x-y plane:  v   u  u max
x y b
2
y-z plane:  w   v  0
y z
2 y
z-x plane:  u   w  0 angdef  u max
z x b
2
iˆ ˆj kˆ
     2y  2y ˆ
The vorticity is:    V   u max 2 kˆ   u max k
x y z b b2
  y 2 
u max 1     0 0 The vorticity is a maximum at y=b
  b   and y=-b
Given: Flow between infinite plates
Find: Prove that u = 0, dP/dy = constant
Solution:
u v w
Governing   0 (Continuity Equation)
x y z
Equations:
 u u u u  P   2u  2u  2u 
  u v  w   g x     2  2  2 
 t x y z  x  x y z 
 v v v v  P   2v  2v  2v 
   u  v  w   g y     2  2  2  (Navier-Stokes Equations)
 t x y z  y  x y z 
 w w w w  P  2w 2w 2w 
  u v  w   g z     2  2  2 
 t x y z  z  x y z 
Assumptions: No motion along the wall (x = 0) limited to two dimensions (w = 0).
Prove that u = 0:
  u v w
Given that V  V (z ) this means that   0
z z z
  u v w
Also given that the flow is fully developed which means that V  V ( y ) so that   0
y y y
 
And steady flow implies that V  V (t )
u
The continuity equation becomes  0 , but because u  u ( y, z , t ) then u  u (x) meaning that the partial derivative here
x
du
becomes an ordinary derivative: 0
dx
Integrating the ordinary derivative gives: u  constant

By the no-slip boundary condition u = 0 at the surface of either plate meaning the constant must be zero.
Hence: u0
P
Prove that  constant :
y
Due to the fact that u = 0, and gravity is in the negative y-direction the x-component of the Navier-Stokes Equation becomes:
P
 0 hence P  P(x)
x
Due to the fact that w = 0, and gravity is in the negative y-direction the z-component of the Navier-Stokes Equation becomes:
P
 0 hence P  P(z )
z
The y-component of the Navier-Stokes Equation reduces to:

P   2v 
0  g    2 
y  x 
So then
P   2v 
  g    2  [1]
y  x 
It has been shown that P  P ( x, z ) and because the flow is steady P  P (t ) meaning that P  P ( y ). This means that the left
hand side of [1] can only be a function of y or a constant. Additionally, by the fully developed, steady flow, and
 
V  V (z ) conditions it is shown that v  v(x). For this reason the right hand side of [1] can only be a function or x or a constant.
Mathematically speaking it is impossible for: f ( y )  g ( x) so each side of [1] must be a constant.
P
Hence,  constant
y
Given: temperature profile and temperature-dependent viscosity expression
Find: Velocity Profile
Solution:
u v w
x y z
Equations:
 u u u u  P   2u  2u  2u 
  u v  w   g x     2  2  2 
 t x y z  x  x y z 
 v v v v  P   2v  2v  2v 
 t x y z  y  x y z 
 w w w w  P  2w 2w 2w 
  u v  w   g z     2  2  2 
 t x y z  z  x y z 
Assumptions: Incompressible fluid
Similar to the Example 5.9, the x-component momentum equation can be simplified to
d yx
  g sin  (1)
dy
Integrating once, one has
 yx   gy sin   C1 (2)
Using the boundary condition:  yx ( y  h)  0

c1  gh sin  (3)
Substituting c1 into eq. (2),

du
 yx    g (h  y ) sin  (4)
dy
Here, the fluid viscosity depends on the temperature,

0
 (5)
1  a(Tw  T0 )(1  y / h)
Substituting equation (5) into equation (4), we have
du gh(1  y / h) sin 
 (1  a(Tw  T0 )(1  y / h)) (6)
dy 0
Integrating equation (6) once

gh sin  y y y2
u ( y (1  )  a(Tw  T0 ) y (1   2 ))  C2 (7)
0 2h h 3h
At y=0, u=0: c2=0.
Substituting c2=0 into eq. (7), one obtains
gh sin  y y y2
u ( y (1  )  a(Tw  T0 ) y (1   2 )) (8)
0 2h h 3h
When a=0, eq. (8) can be simplified to

gh sin  y
u y (1  ) , and it is exactly the same velocity profile in Example 5.9.
0 2h
Given: Sinusoidal approximation for velocity profile in laminar boundary layer

Find: (a) Express shear force per unit volume in the x-direction
(b) Maximum value at these conditions
Solution: We will evaluate a differential volume of fluid in this flow field
dFsx 2
dτ d  du  d
The differential of shear force would be: dFshear  ( τ  dτ)  dx dz  τ dx dz  dτ dx dz and    μ dy   μ 2 u
dV dy dy   dy
2 2 dFsx 2
π U π y    sin π y    sin π y 
From the given profile: d u   cos u  U   μ U 
d π π
 and
2   2 δ  Thus,   2 δ 
dy 2 δ  2 δ  dy  
2  δ   dV  
2  δ  
dFsxmax 2
 μ U  
π
The maximum magnitue for this shear force is when y = δ: Fvmax  
dV  2 δ 
N s m
For water: μ  0.001  U  3 δ  2  mm Substituting these values:
2 s
m
2
N s m π  1  kN
Fvmax  0.001   3   2 0.002  m  Fvmax  1.851 
m
2 s   m
3
Given: Linear approximation for velocity profile in laminar boundary layer

Find: (a) Express rotation, find maximum
(b) Express angular deformation, locate maximum
(c) Express linear deformation, locate maximum
(d) Express shear force per unit volume, locate maximum
Governing  1  (Definition of rotation)

   V
Equation: 2
iˆ ˆj kˆ
 1 
The rotation is:  
  1    U y y    y  ˆ
     U  k Computing the partial derivatives:
2 x y z 2  x  4 x   y   
y U y y
U 0
 4 x
1  3 U y   2
U 
2 2 2
1 1 3 U y    U  1  3   y    1    
1 U U 3 y
ωz             ωz   
2 4 2 5 2 1 2 8 5 1 1  8 x  2 δ  8 x 
2 2  2 2  2
c x c x  c x c x  2  c x Maximum value at y = δ
U y    2  2  2
The angular deformation is:  v   u        U y   U   1  3  y  1   U
 1 
3
 

y
x y x  4 3  y  1 c 4 2 5 1 1  8 x 
 2   c x 2   2 2  2
 c x   x x  c x
 2
 
U 3 y
angdef   1   Maximum value at y = 0
δ  8 x 
1 U y
Linear deformation:  u    U
y   U y
  u   Maximum value at y = δ
x x  1 2 3 x 2δ x
 c x 2  c x
2
 
 U y2  2 U y  U y
v      v   Maximum value at y = δ
y y  4 3 4 3 y 2δ x
 2  2
 c x  c x
  3 y 2
  μ U 
The shear stress is τyx  μ  v  u   1     
 x y  δ  8 x 
μ U 3 2 y  3  μ U y
 

dτ  τ  dy 
 8 2   dy    dy
The net shear force on a fluid element is dτ dx dz:
y δ 2
 x  4  δ x
d 3  μ U y
F  Maximum value at y = δ
Therefore the shear stress per unit volume is: dV 4  δ x x
Given: Velocity profile for fully developed laminar flow in a tube

Find: (a) Express shear force per unit volume in the x-direction
(b) Maximum value at these conditions
Solution: We will evaluate a differential volume of fluid in this flow field
The differential of shear force would be: dFshear  ( τ  dτ)  2  π r dz dr  τ 2  π r dz dr  2  π r dτ dz dr
dFsz 1 d 1d  d 
and in cylindrical coordinates:   ( r τ)  2  π dr dz   r μ u 
dV 2  π r dr dz dr r dr  dr 
2 r dFsz μ u max  
d r 
2 μ u max 2  r μ u max
From the given profile: d u  u max Therefore:  2    2    4 
dr 2 dV r dr  2  r 2 2
R R  R R
dFszmax μ u max
Fvmax   4 
dV 2
R
 5 lbf  s ft
For water: μ  2.1  10  u max  10 R  3  in Substituting these values:
2 s
ft
2
 5 lbf  s ft 1  12 in  lbf
Fvmax  4  2.1  10   10    ft  Fvmax  0.0134
ft
2 s
( 3  in)
2   ft
3
Given: Horizontal, fully developed flow
Find: Velocity Profile and pressure gradient
Solution:
u v w
x y z
Equations:
 u u u u  P   2u  2u  2u 
  u v  w   g x     2  2  2 
 t x y z  x  x y z 
 v v v v  P   2v  2v  2v 
 t x y z  y  x y z 
 w w w w  P  2w 2w 2w 
  u v  w   g z     2  2  2 
 t x y z  z  x y z 
(1) Incompressible fluid
Assumptions: (2) Zero net flow rate
For fully developed flow

d 2u 1 dp
 (1)
dy 2  dx
The general solution for equation (1) is
y 2 dp
u  C1 y  C2 (2)
2  dx
where C1 and C2 are constants.
Apply the boundary conditions

u  0 at y  0
du
  C at y  h
dy
1 dp
Then, we can get C1  (C  h ) and C2  0
 dx
2
h dp ' 1 ' 2 Ch ' y
u (y  y )  y , where y ' 
 dx 2  h
The net flow or flow rate is zero:

h 2 dp 1 ' 1 '2 Ch 1 '
 dx 0  0
0 ( y  y )dy  y dy
2
dp 3 C
Thus, 
dx 2 h
Given: N-S equations and simplification assumptions
Find: Fluid Velocity
Solution:
Governing  u  0 (Continuity Equation)

Equations: ρu  u  -p   2 u  J  B (Momentum Equation)
(1) Incompressible fluid
Assumptions: (2) Two dimensional, fully developed flow driven by Lorentz force
(2) Zero pressure gradient
Write the 2D continuity and momentum equations in Cartesian coordinates:
u u
 0 (1)
x y
u u p  2u  2u
ρ(u v )    ( 2  2 )  JB (2)
x y x x y
v v p  2v  2v
ρ(u v )    ( 2  2 ) (3)
x y y x y
Simplify the above equations:

u
v0  0  u  u( y)
x
Using the assumption of zero pressure gradient, equation (3) vanishes, and equation (2) can be
simplified as
d 2u
0   2  JB (4)
dy
General solution for equation (4) is
1 JB 2
u y  C1 y  C2 (5)
2 
Apply the no slip boundary conditions into equation (5), we get
 h 1 JB h
2
h
 u (  )  0    C1  C 2
 2 2  4 2
 2
 u ( h )  0   1 JB h  C h  C
 2 2  4
1
2
2
JB 2
Therefore, C1=0 and C 2  h
8
The fluid velocity is given as
JB 2
u( y)  (h  4 y 2 )
8
Given: Temperature-dependent fluid density and the Navier-Stokes equations
Find: Explanation for the buoyancy-driven flow; effect of angle on fluid velocity
Solution:
u v w
x y z
Equations:
 u u u u  P   2u  2u  2u 
   u  v  w   g x     2  2  2 
 t x y z  x  x y z 
 v v v v  P   2v  2v  2v 
 t x y z  y  x y z 
 w w w w  P  2w 2w 2w 
  u v  w   g z     2  2  2 
 t x y z  z  x y z 
Assumption: Incompressible fluid
(1) The first term in the right-hand-side of the momentum equations (5.27a)-(5.27c) represents the
gravitational body force, which is proportional to the local fluid density. The fluid density in the region
at temperature 72oC is higher than that in the region at temperature 90-94 oC, and meanwhile is lower
than that in the region at temperature 50-55 oC. Thus, the net gravitational force induces counter-
clockwise fluid circulation within the loop.
(2) Since the fluid circulation is driven by buoyancy force which is proportional to gcos where g is the
gravitational acceleration, one can control the flow rate in the loop by adjusting the inclination angle .
When the angle =90o, there is no fluid motion. When =0, the flow rate is the maximum.
Given: N-S equations
Find: Fluid velocity
Solution:
Governing   u  0 (Continuity equation)

Equations: ρu  u  -p   2u (Momentum equation)
(1) Two-dimensional fully developed flow
Assumptions: (2) Zero pressure gradient
(1) Write the continuity and momentum equations in Cartesian form:
 u v
 x  y  0 (1)

 u u p  2u  2u
  (u  v )     ( 2  2 ) (2)
 x y x x y
 v v p  v  2v
2
  (u  v )     (  ) (3)
 x y y x 2 y 2
Simplify the above equations:
u
v0  0  u  u( y)
x
Using the assumption of zero pressure gradient, equation (3) vanishes, and equation (2) can be simplified as
d 2u
0 2 (4)
dy
General solution for equation (4) is given as
u  C1 y  C2 (5)
Apply the boundary condition into equation (5), we get
 h  h
u ( 2 )    E  C1 2  C2
 h  h
 u( )   E  C1  C2
 2  2

Therefore, C1=0 and C2   E

The fluid velocity is given as

u( y)   E
 (6)
(2) Pressure-driven flow has a parabolic flow velocity profile; while EOF has a plug velocity profile and it is
independent of the channel size.
(3) Substituting =7.0810-10 CV-1m-1, =0.1V, Pa.s, and E=1000 V/m into equation (6), one obtains
7.08  10 -10 C  V 1  m 1   0.1V

u( y)    1000 V/m
10 3 Pa  s
C V N
 70.8  10 -6  70.8  10 -6
 70.8  10 -6 m / s
Pa  s  m 2
Pa  s  m
d = 3 mm
D = 250 mm Draining a Tank
y0 = 1 m 1
L = 4 m
Exact
ρ = 999 kg/m
3
Euler (10 pt)

µ = 0.001 N·s/m 2
1 Euler (20 pt)
h = 12 min h = 6 min
Depth y (m)
d 4 ρg d 4 ρg
y (0 ) = y 0
dy −
=− t
y Exact (t ) = y0 e
y 32 D 2 µL 1
dt 32 D 2 µL
d 4 ρg
y n +1 = y n + hkyn k=− t n+1 = t n + h
32 D 2 µL
-1 0
k = 0.000099 s
n t n (min) y n (m) n t n (min) y n (m) y Exact(m)

0 0 1 0 0.0 1 1 0
1 12 0.929 1 6.0 0.964 0.965 0 30 60 90 120
2 24 0.862 2 12.0 0.930 0.931
Time t (min)
3 36 0.801 3 18.0 0.897 0.898
4 48 0.743 4 24.0 0.865 0.867
5 60 0.690 5 30.0 0.834 0.836
6 72 0.641 6 36.0 0.804 0.807
7 84 0.595 7 42.0 0.775 0.779
8 96 0.553 8 48.0 0.748 0.751
9 108 0.513 9 54.0 0.721 0.725
10 120 0.477 10 60.0 0.695 0.700
11 66.0 0.670 0.675
12 72.0 0.646 0.651
Error: 3% 13 78.0 0.623 0.629
14 84.0 0.601 0.606
15 90.0 0.579 0.585
16 96.0 0.559 0.565
17 102.0 0.539 0.545
18 108.0 0.520 0.526
19 114.0 0.501 0.507
20 120.0 0.483 0.489
Error: 1%
y n +1 = y n + ∆x cos( xn ) xn +1 = xn + ∆x
∆x ∆x ∆x
0.06545 0.032725 0.021817
n x y n x y n x y y Exact
0 0.000 0.000 0 0.000 0.000 0 0.000 0.000 0.000
1 0.065 0.065 1 0.033 0.033 1 0.022 0.022 0.022
2 0.131 0.131 2 0.065 0.065 2 0.044 0.044 0.044
3 0.196 0.196 3 0.098 0.098 3 0.065 0.065 0.065
4 0.262 0.260 4 0.131 0.131 4 0.087 0.087 0.087
5 0.327 0.323 5 0.164 0.163 5 0.109 0.109 0.109
6 0.393 0.385 6 0.196 0.195 6 0.131 0.131 0.131
7 0.458 0.446 7 0.229 0.227 7 0.153 0.152 0.152
8 0.524 0.504 8 0.262 0.259 8 0.175 0.174 0.174
9 0.589 0.561 9 0.295 0.291 9 0.196 0.195 0.195
10 0.654 0.615 10 0.327 0.322 10 0.218 0.217 0.216
11 0.720 0.667 11 0.360 0.353 11 0.240 0.238 0.238
12 0.785 0.716 12 0.393 0.384 12 0.262 0.259 0.259
13 0.851 0.763 13 0.425 0.414 13 0.284 0.280 0.280
14 0.916 0.806 14 0.458 0.444 14 0.305 0.301 0.301
15 0.982 0.846 15 0.491 0.473 15 0.327 0.322 0.321
16 1.047 0.882 16 0.524 0.502 16 0.349 0.343 0.342
17 1.113 0.915 17 0.556 0.530 17 0.371 0.363 0.362
18 1.178 0.944 18 0.589 0.558 18 0.393 0.383 0.383
19 1.244 0.969 19 0.622 0.585 19 0.415 0.404 0.403
20 1.309 0.990 20 0.654 0.612 20 0.436 0.424 0.423
21 1.374 1.007 21 0.687 0.638 21 0.458 0.443 0.442
22 1.440 1.020 22 0.720 0.663 22 0.480 0.463 0.462
23 1.505 1.028 23 0.753 0.688 23 0.502 0.482 0.481
24 1.571 1.032 24 0.785 0.712 24 0.524 0.501 0.500
25 0.818 0.735 25 0.545 0.520 0.519
Error 3.24% 26 0.851 0.757 26 0.567 0.539 0.537
27 0.884 0.779 27 0.589 0.557 0.556
28 0.916 0.800 28 0.611 0.576 0.574
1.5 29 0.949 0.820 29 0.633 0.593 0.591
30 0.982 0.839 30 0.654 0.611 0.609
31 1.014 0.857 31 0.676 0.628 0.626
Euler (Large steps) 32 1.047 0.874 32 0.698 0.645 0.643
33 1.080 0.890 33 0.720 0.662 0.659
Euler (Medium steps) 34 1.113 0.906 34 0.742 0.678 0.676
Euler (Small steps) 35 1.145 0.920 35 0.764 0.695 0.692
36 1.178 0.934 36 0.785 0.710 0.707
1.0 Exact 37 1.211 0.946 37 0.807 0.726 0.722
38 1.244 0.958 38 0.829 0.741 0.737
39 1.276 0.968 39 0.851 0.756 0.752
40 1.309 0.978 40 0.873 0.770 0.766
41 1.342 0.986 41 0.894 0.784 0.780
42 1.374 0.994 42 0.916 0.798 0.793
43 1.407 1.000 43 0.938 0.811 0.806
0.5 44 1.440 1.006 44 0.960 0.824 0.819
45 1.473 1.010 45 0.982 0.836 0.831
46 1.505 1.013 46 1.004 0.848 0.843
47 1.538 1.015 47 1.025 0.860 0.855
48 1.571 1.016 48 1.047 0.871 0.866
49 1.069 0.882 0.877
50 1.091 0.893 0.887
0.0 51 1.113 0.903 0.897
52 1.134 0.913 0.906
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
53 1.4
1.156 0.922 1.6 0.915 1.8
54 1.178 0.931 0.924
55 1.200 0.939 0.932
Error 1.63% 56 1.222 0.947 0.940
57 1.244 0.954 0.947
58 1.265 0.961 0.954
59 1.287 0.968 0.960
60 1.309 0.974 0.966
61 1.331 0.980 0.971
62 1.353 0.985 0.976
63 1.374 0.990 0.981
64 1.396 0.994 0.985
65 1.418 0.998 0.988
66 1.440 1.001 0.991
67 1.462 1.004 0.994
68 1.484 1.006 0.996
69 1.505 1.008 0.998
70 1.527 1.009 0.999
71 1.549 1.010 1.000
72 1.571 1.011 1.000
Error 1.09%
N =4
x = 0.333
Eq. 5.34 (LHS) (RHS)
1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1
-1.000 1.333 0.000 0.000 0
0.000 -1.000 1.333 0.000 0
0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.333 0
x Inverse Matrix Result Exact Error

0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 0.000
0.333 0.750 0.750 0.000 0.000 0.750 0.717 0.000
0.667 0.563 0.563 0.750 0.000 0.563 0.513 0.001
1.000 0.422 0.422 0.563 0.750 0.422 0.368 0.001
0.040
N =8
x = 0.143
1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1
-1.000 1.143 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
0.000 -1.000 1.143 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.143 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.143 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.143 0.000 0.000 0
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.143 0.000 0
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.143 0
Inverse Matrix
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Result Exact Error
0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 0.000
0.143 0.875 0.875 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.875 0.867 0.000
0.286 0.766 0.766 0.875 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.766 0.751 0.000
0.429 0.670 0.670 0.766 0.875 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.670 0.651 0.000
0.571 0.586 0.586 0.670 0.766 0.875 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.586 0.565 0.000
0.714 0.513 0.513 0.586 0.670 0.766 0.875 0.000 0.000 0.513 0.490 0.000
0.857 0.449 0.449 0.513 0.586 0.670 0.766 0.875 0.000 0.449 0.424 0.000
1.000 0.393 0.393 0.449 0.513 0.586 0.670 0.766 0.875 0.393 0.368 0.000
0.019
N = 16
x = 0.067 Eq. 5.34 (LHS)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 (RHS)
1 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1
2 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
3 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
4 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
5 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
6 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
7 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
8 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
9 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
11 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
12 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
13 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
14 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0
15 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0
16 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0
0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 0.000
0.067 0.938 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.938 0.936 0.000
0.133 0.879 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.879 0.875 0.000
0.200 0.824 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.824 0.819 0.000
0.267 0.772 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.772 0.766 0.000
0.333 0.724 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.724 0.717 0.000
0.400 0.679 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.679 0.670 0.000
0.467 0.637 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.637 0.627 0.000
0.533 0.597 0.597 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.597 0.587 0.000
0.600 0.559 0.559 0.597 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.559 0.549 0.000
0.667 0.524 0.524 0.559 0.597 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.524 0.513 0.000
0.733 0.492 0.492 0.524 0.559 0.597 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.492 0.480 0.000
0.800 0.461 0.461 0.492 0.524 0.559 0.597 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.461 0.449 0.000
0.867 0.432 0.432 0.461 0.492 0.524 0.559 0.597 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.432 0.420 0.000
0.933 0.405 0.405 0.432 0.461 0.492 0.524 0.559 0.597 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.405 0.393 0.000
1.000 0.380 0.380 0.405 0.432 0.461 0.492 0.524 0.559 0.597 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.380 0.368 0.000
0.009
N x Error
4 0.333 0.040
8 0.143 0.019
16 0.067 0.009
New Eq. 5.37:  u i 1  1   x u i  2  x  cos 2 x i 
N =4
x = 0.333
1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
-1.000 1.333 0.000 0.000 0.52392
0.000 -1.000 1.333 0.000 0.15683
0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.333 -0.2774

0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.333 0.750 0.750 0.000 0.000 0.393 0.522 0.004
0.667 0.563 0.563 0.750 0.000 0.412 0.666 0.016
1.000 0.422 0.422 0.563 0.750 0.101 0.414 0.024
0.212
N =8
x = 0.143
1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
-1.000 1.143 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.27413
0.000 -1.000 1.143 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.24032
0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.143 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.18703
0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.143 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.11857
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.143 0.000 0.000 0.0405
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.143 0.000 -0.0409
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.143 -0.1189
Inverse Matrix
0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.143 0.875 0.875 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.240 0.263 0.000
0.286 0.766 0.766 0.875 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.420 0.469 0.000
0.429 0.670 0.670 0.766 0.875 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.531 0.606 0.001
0.571 0.586 0.586 0.670 0.766 0.875 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.569 0.668 0.001
0.714 0.513 0.513 0.586 0.670 0.766 0.875 0.000 0.000 0.533 0.653 0.002
0.857 0.449 0.449 0.513 0.586 0.670 0.766 0.875 0.000 0.431 0.565 0.002
1.000 0.393 0.393 0.449 0.513 0.586 0.670 0.766 0.875 0.273 0.414 0.002
0.094
N = 16
x = 0.067 Eq. 5.34 (LHS)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 (RHS)
1 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
2 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.13215
3 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.12862
4 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.12281
5 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.11482
6 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.10478
7 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.09289
8 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.07935
9 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.06441
10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.04831
11 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.03137
12 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.01386
13 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.0039
14 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 -0.0216
15 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 -0.0389
16 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 -0.0555
0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.067 0.938 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.124 0.129 0.000
0.133 0.879 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.237 0.247 0.000
0.200 0.824 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.337 0.352 0.000
0.267 0.772 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.424 0.445 0.000
0.333 0.724 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.495 0.522 0.000
0.400 0.679 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.552 0.584 0.000
0.467 0.637 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.591 0.630 0.000
0.533 0.597 0.597 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.615 0.659 0.000
0.600 0.559 0.559 0.597 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.622 0.671 0.000
0.667 0.524 0.524 0.559 0.597 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.612 0.666 0.000
0.733 0.492 0.492 0.524 0.559 0.597 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.587 0.645 0.000
0.800 0.461 0.461 0.492 0.524 0.559 0.597 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.547 0.608 0.000
0.867 0.432 0.432 0.461 0.492 0.524 0.559 0.597 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.492 0.557 0.000
0.933 0.405 0.405 0.432 0.461 0.492 0.524 0.559 0.597 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.425 0.491 0.000
1.000 0.380 0.380 0.405 0.432 0.461 0.492 0.524 0.559 0.597 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.346 0.414 0.000
0.044
N x Error
4 0.333 0.212
8 0.143 0.094
16 0.067 0.044
New Eq. 5.37:  ui1  1 xui  x  2xi2  xi 
N =4
x = 0.333
1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3
-1.000 1.333 0.000 0.000 0.18519
0.000 -1.000 1.333 0.000 0.51852
0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.333 1

0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3.000 3.000 0.000
0.333 0.750 0.750 0.000 0.000 2.389 2.222 0.007
0.667 0.563 0.563 0.750 0.000 2.181 1.889 0.021
1.000 0.422 0.422 0.563 0.750 2.385 2.000 0.037
0.256
N =8
x = 0.143
1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3
-1.000 1.143 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.02624
0.000 -1.000 1.143 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.06414
0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.143 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.1137
0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.143 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.17493
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.143 0.000 0.000 0.24781
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.143 0.000 0.33236
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.143 0.42857
Inverse Matrix
0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3.000 3.000 0.000
0.143 0.875 0.875 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.648 2.612 0.000
0.286 0.766 0.766 0.875 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.373 2.306 0.001
0.429 0.670 0.670 0.766 0.875 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.176 2.082 0.001
0.571 0.586 0.586 0.670 0.766 0.875 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.057 1.939 0.002
0.714 0.513 0.513 0.586 0.670 0.766 0.875 0.000 0.000 2.017 1.878 0.002
0.857 0.449 0.449 0.513 0.586 0.670 0.766 0.875 0.000 2.055 1.898 0.003
1.000 0.393 0.393 0.449 0.513 0.586 0.670 0.766 0.875 2.174 2.000 0.004
0.113
N = 16
x = 0.067 Eq. 5.34 (LHS)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 (RHS)
1 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3
2 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00504
3 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.01126
4 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.01867
5 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.02726
6 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.03704
7 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.048
8 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.06015
9 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.07348
10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.088
11 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.1037
12 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.12059
13 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.13867
14 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.15793
15 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.17837
16 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.2
0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3.000 3.000 0.000
0.067 0.938 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.817 2.809 0.000
0.133 0.879 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.652 2.636 0.000
0.200 0.824 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.503 2.480 0.000
0.267 0.772 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.373 2.342 0.000
0.333 0.724 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.259 2.222 0.000
0.400 0.679 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.163 2.120 0.000
0.467 0.637 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.084 2.036 0.000
0.533 0.597 0.597 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.023 1.969 0.000
0.600 0.559 0.559 0.597 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.979 1.920 0.000
0.667 0.524 0.524 0.559 0.597 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.952 1.889 0.000
0.733 0.492 0.492 0.524 0.559 0.597 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.943 1.876 0.000
0.800 0.461 0.461 0.492 0.524 0.559 0.597 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.952 1.880 0.000
0.867 0.432 0.432 0.461 0.492 0.524 0.559 0.597 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 1.978 1.902 0.000
0.933 0.405 0.405 0.432 0.461 0.492 0.524 0.559 0.597 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 2.022 1.942 0.000
1.000 0.380 0.380 0.405 0.432 0.461 0.492 0.524 0.559 0.597 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 2.083 2.000 0.000
0.054
N x Error
4 0.333 0.256
8 0.143 0.113
16 0.067 0.054
du du u
Equation of motion: M   A   A
dt dy 
du  A 
  u  0
dt  M 
du
 k u  0
dt
New Eq. 5.37:  u i  1  1  k  t u i  0
2
N =4 A = 0.0025 m
t  0.333  = 0.5 mm
Eq. 5.34 (LHS) (RHS) = 0.45 N.s/m2
1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1 M = 3 kg
-1.000 1.250 0.000 0.000 0 k = 0.75 s-1
0.000 -1.000 1.250 0.000 0
0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.250 0
t Inverse Matrix Result Exact Error

0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 0.0E+00
0.333 0.800 0.800 0.000 0.000 0.800 0.779 1.1E-04
0.667 0.640 0.640 0.800 0.000 0.640 0.607 2.8E-04
1.000 0.512 0.512 0.640 0.800 0.512 0.472 3.9E-04
0.028
N =8
t  0.143
1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1
-1.000 1.107 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
0.000 -1.000 1.107 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.107 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.107 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.107 0.000 0.000 0
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.107 0.000 0
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.107 0
Inverse Matrix
t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Result Exact Error
0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 0.0E+00
0.143 0.903 0.903 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.903 0.898 2.9E-06
0.286 0.816 0.816 0.903 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.816 0.807 9.5E-06
0.429 0.737 0.737 0.816 0.903 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.737 0.725 1.7E-05
0.571 0.666 0.666 0.737 0.816 0.903 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.666 0.651 2.5E-05
0.714 0.601 0.601 0.666 0.737 0.816 0.903 0.000 0.000 0.601 0.585 3.2E-05
0.857 0.543 0.543 0.601 0.666 0.737 0.816 0.903 0.000 0.543 0.526 3.7E-05
1.000 0.490 0.490 0.543 0.601 0.666 0.737 0.816 0.903 0.490 0.472 4.1E-05
0.013
N = 16
t  0.067 Eq. 5.34 (LHS)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 (RHS)
1 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1
2 -1.000 1.050 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
3 0.000 -1.000 1.050 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
4 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.050 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
5 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.050 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
6 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.050 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
7 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.050 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
8 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.050 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
9 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.050 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.050 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
11 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.050 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
12 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.050 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
13 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.050 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
14 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.050 0.000 0.000 0
15 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.050 0.000 0
16 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.050 0
t Inverse Matrix Result Exact Error
0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 0.0E+00
0.067 0.952 0.952 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.952 0.951 8.3E-08
0.133 0.907 0.907 0.952 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.907 0.905 3.0E-07
0.200 0.864 0.864 0.907 0.952 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.864 0.861 6.1E-07
0.267 0.823 0.823 0.864 0.907 0.952 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.823 0.819 9.9E-07
0.333 0.784 0.784 0.823 0.864 0.907 0.952 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.784 0.779 1.4E-06
0.400 0.746 0.746 0.784 0.823 0.864 0.907 0.952 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.746 0.741 1.8E-06
0.467 0.711 0.711 0.746 0.784 0.823 0.864 0.907 0.952 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.711 0.705 2.2E-06
0.533 0.677 0.677 0.711 0.746 0.784 0.823 0.864 0.907 0.952 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.677 0.670 2.7E-06
0.600 0.645 0.645 0.677 0.711 0.746 0.784 0.823 0.864 0.907 0.952 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.645 0.638 3.0E-06
0.667 0.614 0.614 0.645 0.677 0.711 0.746 0.784 0.823 0.864 0.907 0.952 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.614 0.607 3.4E-06
0.733 0.585 0.585 0.614 0.645 0.677 0.711 0.746 0.784 0.823 0.864 0.907 0.952 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.585 0.577 3.7E-06
0.800 0.557 0.557 0.585 0.614 0.645 0.677 0.711 0.746 0.784 0.823 0.864 0.907 0.952 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.557 0.549 4.0E-06
0.867 0.530 0.530 0.557 0.585 0.614 0.645 0.677 0.711 0.746 0.784 0.823 0.864 0.907 0.952 0.000 0.000 0.530 0.522 4.3E-06
0.933 0.505 0.505 0.530 0.557 0.585 0.614 0.645 0.677 0.711 0.746 0.784 0.823 0.864 0.907 0.952 0.000 0.505 0.497 4.5E-06
1.000 0.481 0.481 0.505 0.530 0.557 0.585 0.614 0.645 0.677 0.711 0.746 0.784 0.823 0.864 0.907 0.952 0.481 0.472 4.7E-06
0.006
N t Error
4 0.333 0.028
8 0.143 0.013
16 0.067 0.006
ug i 1  x ug2i
ui 
1  2x ug i
x  0.333
x
Iteration 0.000 0.333 0.667 1.000
0 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 Residuals
1 1.000 0.800 0.800 0.800 0.204
2 1.000 0.791 0.661 0.661 0.127
3 1.000 0.791 0.650 0.560 0.068
4 1.000 0.791 0.650 0.550 0.007
5 1.000 0.791 0.650 0.550 0.000
6 1.000 0.791 0.650 0.550 0.000
Exact 1.000 0.750 0.600 0.500
1E+00
1E-01 1.0
1E-02 Iterations = 2
0.9 Iterations = 4
1E-03
Iterations = 6
Residual R
1E-04
0.8 Exact Solution
1E-05
u
1E-06
0.7
1E-07
1E-08 0.6
1E-09
1E-10 0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Iteration N x
ug i 1  x ug2i
ui 
1  2x ug i
x  0.0667
x
Iteration 0.000 0.067 0.133 0.200 0.267 0.333 0.400 0.467 0.533 0.600 0.667 0.733 0.800 0.867 0.933 1.000
0 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
1 1.000 0.941 0.941 0.941 0.941 0.941 0.941 0.941 0.941 0.941 0.941 0.941 0.941 0.941 0.941 0.941
2 1.000 0.941 0.889 0.889 0.889 0.889 0.889 0.889 0.889 0.889 0.889 0.889 0.889 0.889 0.889 0.889
3 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.842 0.842 0.842 0.842 0.842 0.842 0.842 0.842 0.842 0.842 0.842 0.842 0.842
4 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.799 0.799 0.799 0.799 0.799 0.799 0.799 0.799 0.799 0.799 0.799
5 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.761 0.761 0.761 0.761 0.761 0.761 0.761 0.761 0.761 0.761 0.761
6 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.726 0.726 0.726 0.726 0.726 0.726 0.726 0.726 0.726 0.726
7 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.694 0.694 0.694 0.694 0.694 0.694 0.694 0.694 0.694
8 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.664 0.664 0.664 0.664 0.664 0.664 0.664
9 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.637 0.637 0.637 0.637 0.637 0.637
10 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.612 0.612 0.612 0.612 0.612
11 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.589 0.589 0.589 0.589
12 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.568 0.568 0.568 0.568
13 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.548 0.548 0.548
14 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.529
15 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.512
16 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.511
17 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.511
18 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.511
19 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.511
20 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.511
21 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.511
22 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.511
23 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.511
24 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.511
25 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.511
26 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.511
27 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.511
28 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.511
29 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.511
30 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.511
Exact 1.000 0.938 0.882 0.833 0.789 0.750 0.714 0.682 0.652 0.625 0.600 0.577 0.556 0.536 0.517 0.500
1.0
Iterations = 10
0.9
Iterations = 20
Iterations = 30
0.8 Exact Solution
u
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
x
ui  ui  ug i ui  ui 1 1  x  2 x
 0 ui 1  2   ui 1 
x ui  ug 
1 1 1  ui   i 
ug i
  1
ui u g i  ui u g i  u g i  ui  ui 1 1  ui  ug i 
0 2 x
 1 ui 1 
x ug i  ug i 
 ug i
ui 
ui  ui 1 1   x

u
2 i 0 1 2
ug i   ug i
x ug i 
x  1.500
x
Iteration 0.000 1.500 3.000 4.500
0 3.000 3.000 3.000 3.000
1 3.000 2.400 2.400 2.400
2 3.000 2.366 1.555 1.555
3 3.000 2.366 1.151 -0.986
4 3.000 2.366 1.816 -7.737
5 3.000 2.366 1.310 2.260
6 3.000 2.366 0.601 -0.025
Exact 3.000 2.449 1.732 0.000
x  0.300
x
Iteration 0.000 0.300 0.600 0.900 1.200 1.500 1.800 2.100 2.400 2.700 3.000 3.300 3.600 3.900 4.200 4.500
0 3.000 3.000 3.000 3.000 3.000 3.000 3.000 3.000 3.000 3.000 3.000 3.000 3.000 3.000 3.000 3.000
1 3.000 2.897 2.897 2.897 2.897 2.897 2.897 2.897 2.897 2.897 2.897 2.897 2.897 2.897 2.897 2.897
2 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.789 2.789 2.789 2.789 2.789 2.789 2.789 2.789 2.789 2.789 2.789 2.789 2.789
3 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.677 2.677 2.677 2.677 2.677 2.677 2.677 2.677 2.677 2.677 2.677 2.677
4 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.560 2.560 2.560 2.560 2.560 2.560 2.560 2.560 2.560 2.560 2.560
5 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.438 2.438 2.438 2.438 2.438 2.438 2.438 2.438 2.438 2.438 2.438
6 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.308 2.308 2.308 2.308 2.308 2.308 2.308 2.308 2.308 2.308
7 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.170 2.170 2.170 2.170 2.170 2.170 2.170 2.170 2.170
8 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.023 2.023 2.023 2.023 2.023 2.023 2.023 2.023
9 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.862 1.862 1.862 1.862 1.862 1.862 1.862
10 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.686 1.686 1.686 1.686 1.686 1.686
11 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.487 1.487 1.487 1.487 1.487
12 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.254 1.254 1.254 1.254
13 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.958 0.958 0.958
14 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.901 0.493 0.493
15 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 1.349 3.091
16 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 0.544 1.192
17 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 14.403 0.051
18 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 0.859 -0.024
19 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 0.338 -0.051
20 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 0.538 -0.105
21 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 5.953 -0.239
22 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 0.805 -1.998
23 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 0.286 1.195
24 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 0.450 -0.273
25 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 0.900 -0.876
26 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 0.369 2.601
27 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 0.605 0.145
28 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 -0.517 0.266
29 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 -17.059 0.858
30 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 0.935 -29.971
31 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 0.392 0.955
32 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 0.663 -0.352
33 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 -0.020 -1.662
34 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 -0.041 0.383
35 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 -0.088 1.534
36 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 -0.204 -0.549
37 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 -0.621 198.629
38 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 8.435 -0.624
39 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 0.831 41.087
40 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 0.313 0.817
41 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 0.494 -0.765
42 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 1.379 2.623
43 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 0.551 1.203
44 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 -16.722 0.066
45 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 0.936 0.377
46 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 0.392 0.591
47 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 0.664 -4.391
48 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 -0.014 0.813
49 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 -0.029 -1.376
50 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 -0.061 0.483
51 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 -0.135 4.578
52 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 -0.347 -0.270
53 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 -1.765 -0.603
54 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 1.371 -4.389
55 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 0.549 1.532
56 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 -40.363 0.180
57 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 0.914 5.316
58 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 0.379 0.810
59 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 0.627 -0.668
60 3.000 2.896 2.789 2.677 2.560 2.436 2.306 2.168 2.019 1.858 1.679 1.476 1.233 0.899 -0.243 4.652
Exact 3.000 2.898 2.793 2.683 2.569 2.449 2.324 2.191 2.049 1.897 1.732 1.549 1.342 1.095 0.775 0.000
Here are graphs comparing the numerical and exact solutions.
3.5 3.5
Iterations = 2 Iterations = 20
3.0 Iterations = 4 3.0 Iterations = 40
Iterations = 6 Iterations = 60
2.5 2.5
Exact Solution Exact Solution
2.0 2.0
u u
1.5 1.5
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
0.0 0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
x x
 k U  u 
du
M
2
vi2  2 v g i vi  v g2 i
dt
vi  vi 1
v U u
t

k
M
 
2 v g i vi  v g2 i  0
dv   du
k
dv v g i 1   t v g2 i
M  kv 2 vi  M
dt k
dv k 2 1 2 t v g i
 v 0 M
dt M
t  1.000 k = 0.02 lbf.s2/ft2

M = 0.3 slug
t
Iteration 0.000 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 7.000 8.000 9.000 10.000 11.000 12.000 13.000 14.000 15.000
0 25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000
1 25.000 15.385 15.385 15.385 15.385 15.385 15.385 15.385 15.385 15.385 15.385 15.385 15.385 15.385 15.385 15.385
2 25.000 13.365 10.213 10.213 10.213 10.213 10.213 10.213 10.213 10.213 10.213 10.213 10.213 10.213 10.213 10.213
3 25.000 13.267 8.603 7.269 7.269 7.269 7.269 7.269 7.269 7.269 7.269 7.269 7.269 7.269 7.269 7.269
4 25.000 13.267 8.477 6.158 5.480 5.480 5.480 5.480 5.480 5.480 5.480 5.480 5.480 5.480 5.480 5.480
5 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.043 4.715 4.323 4.323 4.323 4.323 4.323 4.323 4.323 4.323 4.323 4.323 4.323
6 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.621 3.781 3.533 3.533 3.533 3.533 3.533 3.533 3.533 3.533 3.533 3.533
7 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.706 3.136 2.967 2.967 2.967 2.967 2.967 2.967 2.967 2.967 2.967
8 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.705 3.075 2.668 2.547 2.547 2.547 2.547 2.547 2.547 2.547 2.547
9 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.705 3.075 2.618 2.314 2.224 2.224 2.224 2.224 2.224 2.224 2.224
10 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.705 3.075 2.618 2.274 2.039 1.970 1.970 1.970 1.970 1.970 1.970
11 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.705 3.075 2.618 2.273 2.006 1.820 1.765 1.765 1.765 1.765 1.765
12 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.705 3.075 2.618 2.273 2.005 1.792 1.641 1.597 1.597 1.597 1.597
13 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.705 3.075 2.618 2.273 2.005 1.791 1.617 1.493 1.457 1.457 1.457
14 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.705 3.075 2.618 2.273 2.005 1.791 1.617 1.473 1.369 1.338 1.338
15 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.705 3.075 2.618 2.273 2.005 1.791 1.617 1.472 1.351 1.263 1.237
16 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.705 3.075 2.618 2.273 2.005 1.791 1.617 1.472 1.351 1.247 1.172
17 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.705 3.075 2.618 2.273 2.005 1.791 1.617 1.472 1.351 1.247 1.158
18 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.705 3.075 2.618 2.273 2.005 1.791 1.617 1.472 1.351 1.247 1.158
19 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.705 3.075 2.618 2.273 2.005 1.791 1.617 1.472 1.351 1.247 1.158
20 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.705 3.075 2.618 2.273 2.005 1.791 1.617 1.472 1.351 1.247 1.158
21 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.705 3.075 2.618 2.273 2.005 1.791 1.617 1.472 1.351 1.247 1.158
22 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.705 3.075 2.618 2.273 2.005 1.791 1.617 1.472 1.351 1.247 1.158
23 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.705 3.075 2.618 2.273 2.005 1.791 1.617 1.472 1.351 1.247 1.158
24 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.705 3.075 2.618 2.273 2.005 1.791 1.617 1.472 1.351 1.247 1.158
25 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.705 3.075 2.618 2.273 2.005 1.791 1.617 1.472 1.351 1.247 1.158
26 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.705 3.075 2.618 2.273 2.005 1.791 1.617 1.472 1.351 1.247 1.158
27 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.705 3.075 2.618 2.273 2.005 1.791 1.617 1.472 1.351 1.247 1.158
28 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.705 3.075 2.618 2.273 2.005 1.791 1.617 1.472 1.351 1.247 1.158
29 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.705 3.075 2.618 2.273 2.005 1.791 1.617 1.472 1.351 1.247 1.158
30 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.705 3.075 2.618 2.273 2.005 1.791 1.617 1.472 1.351 1.247 1.158
31 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.705 3.075 2.618 2.273 2.005 1.791 1.617 1.472 1.351 1.247 1.158
32 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.705 3.075 2.618 2.273 2.005 1.791 1.617 1.472 1.351 1.247 1.158
33 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.705 3.075 2.618 2.273 2.005 1.791 1.617 1.472 1.351 1.247 1.158
34 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.705 3.075 2.618 2.273 2.005 1.791 1.617 1.472 1.351 1.247 1.158
35 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.705 3.075 2.618 2.273 2.005 1.791 1.617 1.472 1.351 1.247 1.158
36 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.705 3.075 2.618 2.273 2.005 1.791 1.617 1.472 1.351 1.247 1.158
37 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.705 3.075 2.618 2.273 2.005 1.791 1.617 1.472 1.351 1.247 1.158
38 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.705 3.075 2.618 2.273 2.005 1.791 1.617 1.472 1.351 1.247 1.158
39 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.705 3.075 2.618 2.273 2.005 1.791 1.617 1.472 1.351 1.247 1.158
40 25.000 13.267 8.476 6.042 4.620 3.705 3.075 2.618 2.273 2.005 1.791 1.617 1.472 1.351 1.247 1.158
Above values are for v! To get u we compute u = U - v
Iteration
10 0.000 11.733 16.524 18.958 20.380 21.295 21.925 22.382 22.726 22.961 23.030 23.030 23.030 23.030 23.030 23.030
20 0.000 11.733 16.524 18.958 20.380 21.295 21.925 22.382 22.727 22.995 23.209 23.383 23.528 23.649 23.753 23.842
40 0.000 11.733 16.524 18.958 20.380 21.295 21.925 22.382 22.727 22.995 23.209 23.383 23.528 23.649 23.753 23.842
Exact 0.000 15.625 19.231 20.833 21.739 22.321 22.727 23.026 23.256 23.438 23.585 23.707 23.810 23.897 23.973 24.038
30
25
20
Iterations = 10
u (ft/s)
Iterations = 20
15
Iterations = 40
Exact Solution
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
t (s)

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Problem 5.

Given: The list of velocity fields provided above

d) u ( xy t)  ( 2 x  4 y )  x t v ( xy t)  3 ( x  y )  y  t

Given: Velocity fields

Find: Which are 3D incompressible

b) u ( x y z t)  x  y  z t v ( x y z t)  x  y  z t

Given: x component of velocity

Assumption: Incompressible flow; flow in x-y plane

Given: The velocity field provided above

Given: x component of velocity

Assumptions: Incompressible flow (ρ is constant)

Given: The x-component of velocity in a steady, incompressible flow field

Given: y component of velocity

Find: x component for incompressible flow; Simplest x components?

Assumptions: Incompressible flow (ρ is constant)

Given: y component of velocity

Find: x component for incompressible flow; Simplest x component

Assumption: Incompressible flow; flow in x-y plane

Given: x component of velocity

Assumption: Incompressible flow; flow in x-y plane

v ( x y )  A e  sin

Given: Approximate profile for a laminar boundary layer:

Given: Approximate (parabolic) profile for a laminar boundary layer:

Dimensionless height (y/delta)

Dimensionless Velocity (v/U)

Given: Approximate (sinusoidal) profile for a laminar boundary layer:

    sin    cos    1

Plotting this relationship shows:

Assuming x = 0.5 m and δ = 5 mm

Dimensionless height (y/delta)

Dimensionless Velocity (u/U) Dimensionless Velocity (v/U)

Given: Data on boundary layer

Given: Steady, incompressible flow in x-y plane:

Plotting streamline for point (1, 4): 1  4 8 x y 8

Given: Steady, incompressible flow in x-y plane:

Discussion: Refer back to the discussion of streamlines, pathlines, and streaklines in

Given: Conservation of mass in rectangular coordinates

In the x-direction, the mass flux is: m x  udA  udydz

 u   v   w 

 u   v   w 

Given: The list of velocity fields provided above

Given: The list of velocity fields provided above

Given: r component of velocity

Find: θ component for incompressible flow; How many θ components

Assumptions: Incompressible flow

Vθ( r θ)  U sin( θ)  f ( r)

There are an infinite number of solutions as f(r) can be any function of r

The simplest form is Vθ( r θ)  U sin( θ)

Given: r component of velocity

Find: θ component for incompressible flow; How many θ components

Assumptions: (1) Incompressible flow (ρ is constant)

Given: Definition of "del" operator in cylindrical coordinates, velocity vector

Given: The velocity field

Find: Whether or not it is a incompressible flow; sketch various streamlines

(a) For A = B = 1 m2/s, passing through point (1m, /2)

(b) For A = 1 m2/s, B = 0 m2/s, passing through point (1m, /2)

(c) For A = 0 m2/s, B = 1 m2/s, passing through point (1m, /2)

Given: Velocity field

Find: Stream function ψ

Assumptions: Incompressible flow

Given: The velocity field

Find: Whether or not it is a incompressible flow; sketch stream function

Comparing, stream function is ψ  A θ  B ln( r)