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Tenth U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering
Frontiers of Earthquake Engineering
July 21-25, 2014
10NCEE Anchorage, Alaska
ABSTRACT
Special Concentrically Braced Frames (SCBFs) are among the most common steel structures for
resisting earthquake loads in high seismic regions. Concentrically Braced Frames (CBFs) are
elastically designed as one vertical truss system to resist lateral loads through axial brace
members when they are introduced. The explicit capacity-design approach has been fully
incorporated into the newest seismic provisions for structural steel buildings (AISC 341-10,
2010). One new analysis section is added into AISC 341-10 to address the inelastic responses of
SCBFs. Two separate structural analyses are required for SCBFs in AISC 341-10. Analysis one
assumes that braces have their expected strength without considering cyclic strength degrading.
Analysis two explicitly considers the expected post-buckling strength for compression braces.
The beams/columns could be significantly increased by these analyses from the elastically
designed sections. One additional analysis is such that the compression braces are removed under
amplified seismic loads to alleviate the high strength demands for columns in high-rise buildings.
These analysis requirements significantly increase design efforts in typical design offices, and a
comprehensive study to demonstrate how such an explicit inelastic design procedure would (or
would not) significantly improve seismic performance of SCBFs appears to be justified. This
paper summarizes the seismic design of two SCBFs with different heights, 4-story and 10-story,
at different sites. Two bracing configurations, chevron and X-bracing over two stories, are
considered for each braced frames. Step by step design procedures on typical SCBFs are
completed under AISC 341-05 and AISC 341-10. The design results of all studied frames are
compared to discover the general trends for low- and medium-rise CBFs between the two design
provisions.
1
Research Engineer, Sharma & Associates, Inc., Countryside, IL 60525
2
Dept. of Earthquake and Structural Engineering, Gebze Institute of Technology, Kocaeli, Turkey
3
Dept. of Civil Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
4
Dept. of Earthquake Engineering, Kandilli Observatory and EQ Research Inst., Bosphorus University, Istanbul
5
Graduate Student, Dept. of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
50011
6
Dept. of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
Rou Wen, Bulent Akbas, Bilge Doran, Eren Uckan, Onur Seker, Pinar Seker and Jay Shen. COMPARATIVE
SEISMIC DESIGNS OF SCBF USING AISC 341-05 AND AISC 341-10. Proceedings of the 10th National
Conference in Earthquake Engineering, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Anchorage, AK, 2014
COMPARATIVE SEISMIC DESIGNS OF SCBF USING AISC 341-05
AND AISC 341-10
Rou Wen 1, Bulent Akbas2, Bilge Doran2, Eren Uckan2, Onur Seker3,
Pinar Seker3, and Jay Shen4
ABSTRACT
Special Concentrically Braced Frames (SCBFs) are among the most common steel structures for
resisting earthquake loads in high seismic regions. Concentrically Braced Frames (CBFs) are
elastically designed as one vertical truss system to resist lateral loads through axial brace members
when they are introduced. The explicit capacity-design approach has been fully incorporated into
the newest seismic provisions for structural steel buildings (AISC 341-10, 2010). One new
analysis section is added into AISC 341-10 to address the inelastic responses of SCBFs. Two
separate structural analyses are required for SCBFs in AISC 341-10. Analysis one assumes that
braces have their expected strength without considering cyclic strength degrading. Analysis two
explicitly considers the expected post-buckling strength for compression braces. The
beams/columns could be significantly increased by these analyses from the elastically designed
sections. One additional analysis is such that the compression braces are removed under amplified
seismic loads to alleviate the high strength demands for columns in high-rise buildings. These
analysis requirements significantly increase design efforts in typical design offices, and a
comprehensive study to demonstrate how such an explicit inelastic design procedure would (or
would not) significantly improve seismic performance of SCBFs appears to be justified. This
paper summarizes the seismic design of two SCBFs with different heights, 4-story and 10-story, at
different sites. Two bracing configurations, chevron and X-bracing over two stories, are
considered for each braced frames. Step by step design procedures on typical SCBFs are
completed under AISC 341-05 and AISC 341-10. The design results of all studied frames were
compared to discover the general trends for low- and medium-rise CBFs between the two design
provisions.
Introduction
Special Concentrically Braced Frame (SCBF) is one of the most popular steel structures for
resisting earthquake loads in high seismic regions. The center lines of all members (brace, girder
1
Research Engineer, Sharma & Associates, Inc., Countryside, IL 60525
2
Dept. of Earthquake and Structural Engineering, Gebze Institute of Technology., Turkey
3
Graduate Student, Dept. of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
50011
4
Dept. of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
Rou Wen, Bulent Akbas, Bilge Doran, Eren Uckan, Onur Seker, Pinar Seker and Jay Shen. COMPARATIVE
SEISMIC DESIGNS OF SCBF USING AISC 341-05 AND AISC 341-10. Proceedings of the 10th National
Conference in Earthquake Engineering, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Anchorage, AK, 2014
and column) meet at one point at their joints in a concentrically braced frame (CBF) so that
elastic deformation of CBF consists of axial deformation (in compression or tension), which is
the main reason that CBF has large initial stiffness resisting lateral loads. The middle open
spaces within braced bays also give attractions to architects and owners.
Two types bracing configurations, chevron and X-bracing over two stories, are the common
choices for CBF designs. Chevron braced frame is the one in which braces are connected to mid-
span point of girder at inverted-V shape. The X-bracing over two stories frame is configured so
that the V and inverted-V shapes are alternatively assigned to braces in a consecutive manner.
Figure 1 plots the bracing configurations for both frames.
In the framework of capacity design methodologies, special systems (also known as ductile
systems) are expected to withstand significant inelastic deformations under strong ground
motions. In a SCBF, braces are designed to sustain larger inelastic cyclic deformations (tension
yielding and compression buckling) without brittle fractures around plastic hinges due to local
buckling. Other structural members, such as girders, columns and connections, are required to
pose adequate strength to resist any post-buckling mechanisms at large deformation state.
In United States, the explicit capacity-design approach has been fully incorporated into the
newest seismic provisions for structural steel buildings (AISC 341-10, 2010). One new analysis
section is added into AISC 341-10 to address the inelastic behavior of SCBFs. Two separate
structural analyses are required for SCBFs in AISC 341-10. Analysis one assumes that braces in
tension or compression have their expected strength without considering cyclic strength
degrading. Analysis two considers the expected post-buckling strength for compression braces.
There is one additional analysis in that the compression braces are removed under amplified
seismic loads. These analysis requirements significantly increase design efforts in typical design
offices, and a comprehensive study to demonstrate how such explicit inelastic design procedure
would (or would not) significantly improve seismic performance of SCBFs appears to be
justified.
In this paper, the design methodologies in AISC 341-05 and AISC 341-10 are first explained .
Then, two buildings, one 4-story and one 10-story, are designed as special CBFs using three
seismic sites. For each design case, two bracing configurations (chevron and X-bracing over two
stories) are considered. In the last section, the design results are compared and the general
observations are made from this comparative design study.
In this section, the design procedures of SCBFs are briefly summarized. In practice, there are two
design phases for CBF designs; Phase I and Phase II. Phase I is elastic analysis on braces under
design earthquake loads, whereas Phase II considers the impacts from inelastic behavior of
braces (tension yielding, compression buckling and post buckling) on the girders and columns.
In Phase I, braces need to satisfy the strength and seismic compactness requirements. Inclined
braces have compression forces from vertical loads and tension/compression forces from lateral
loads. Strength designs have to consider these load combinations in both AISC 341-05 and AISC
341-10. The seismic compactness requirement guarantees that there is no premature fracture
around plastic hinge zone on braces due to local buckling under cyclic loads. In AISC 341-05,
Table I-8-1 lists the limiting width-thickness ratios, λps. For the round HSS in axial compression,
diameter to wall thickness D/t is 0.044E/Fy = 0.044×29000/42 = 30.4. In AISC 341-10, Table
D1.1 lists the limiting width-thickness ratios for moderately ductile and highly ductile members.
For the round HSS in axial compression, D/t for moderately ductile members is 0.044E/Fy = 30.4
and D/t for highly ductile members is 0.038E/Fy = 26.2.
In Phase II, the inelastic responses of braces have to be considered in the structural analysis. In
AISC 341-05, Section 13.4a, for SCBFs having V-Type and Inverted-V-Type bracing
configurations, the intercepted girders shall be designed for expected yielding tension forces,
RyFyAg, and post-buckling compression forces, 0.3Pn. There is no explicit design assumption for
the columns in braced bays. In AISC 341-10, there are three analysis cases stipulated in analysis
section F2.3. Analysis 1 requires that all braces are assumed to resist forces corresponding to
their expected strength in compression or in tension. Analysis 2 requires that all braces in tension
are assumed to resist forces corresponding to their expected strength and all braces in
compression are assumed to resist their expected post-buckling strength. Analysis 3 is permitted
to limit the strength demands on columns from Analysis 1 and Analysis 2. Analysis 3 uses a
building frame model in which all compression braces have been removed to resist the amplified
seismic loads. Girder sections are determined by the larger combined axial forces and bending
moment from Analysis 1 and Analysis 2. Column sections are determined by the larger axial
forces from Analysis 1 and Analysis 2, whereas this value shouldn’t reach the limit values
calculated from Analysis 3.
Two buildings with different heights, 4- and 10-story, are designed using AISC 341-10 and
AISC 341-05 seismic design provisions. Chevron and X-bracing over two stories bracing
configurations are considered for each building. The designs are classified into three groups
based on the location varied from low, moderate to high seismic regions. The buildings in Group
I has SD1 = 0.375g and SDS = 0.750g; in Group II has SD1 = 0.500g and SDS = 1.000g; and in
Group III has SD1 = 0.750 and SDS = 1.500g. The total number of design cases is reached to
24(two different heights × two bracing configurations × three design levels × two design
provisions). Seismic design category is selected as Category D and equivalent lateral force
analysis procedures are used for the design.
Figure 2 and Figure 3 show plans and elevations of studied steel buildings. The 3-1/2 inch thick
concrete on the metal deck is used as composite floor, which is considered to provide a “rigid”
diaphragm for the purpose of transferring lateral forces to lateral load resisting frames in each
orthogonal (E-W, N-S) direction. The columns along other lines are connected to girders with
shear beam-to-column connections, forming “gravity-only frames” to carry the gravity loads.
The contribution from the gravity-only frames to resist lateral forces is neglected. Dead and live
loads of 80psf and 50 psf, respectively, are used in the design.
1 2 3 4 5
30 ft 30 ft 30 ft 30 ft
30ft
B
4@13ft
30ft
C
30ft
Braced
D
Frame
Moment Frame
a. Plan View b. Elevation View at Lines 1 and 5
1 2 3 4 5 6
30 ft 30 ft 30 ft 30 ft 30 ft
A
30 ft
30 ft
10 @ 13 ft
C
30 ft
Braced
D
frame
30 ft
E
30 ft
F
Conclusions
In this paper, the seismic design procedures for SCBFs in AISC 341-05 and AISC 341-10 for
SCBFs are compared. For this purpose, twenty four building frames were designed and their
differences were analyzed. Several observations from the analyses are included here:
1) The stringer local buckling requirements in AISC 341-10 limit the available brace sections;
2.) In AISC 341-10, Analysis 2 controls the girder designs and lighter sections are used than the
ones in AISC 341-05.
3.) For columns, Analysis 3 controls the most design cases in AISC 341-10. The requirements in
AISC 341-10 increase the strength demands on columns significantly for design cases in high
seismic regions.
References
1. Brandonisio G., Toreno M., Grande E., Mele E., De Luca A.. Seismic design of concentric braced frames.
Journal of Constructional Steel Research 2012; Vol. 78: 22-37.
2. AISC 341-05 (2005), Seismic Provisions for Steel Structural Buildings. American Institute of Steel
Construction, Inc., Chicago 2005.
3. AISC 341-10 (2010), Seismic Provisions for Steel Structural Buildings. American Institute of Steel
Construction, Inc., Chicago 2010.
4. ASCE 7 (2010), Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures. American Society of Civil
Engineers, Virginia 2010.
5. Ibrahim F.K., Stephen A.M. and Karl, S.P., Seismic Behavior of Concentrically Braced Steel Frames, Rep. No.
UCB/EERC 88-01, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of California at Berkeley, Berkeley 1988
6. Tremblay R., Robert N.. Seismic design of low- and medium-rise chevron braced steel frames. Journal of
Canadian Civil Engineering 2000; Vol 27: 1192-1206.
7. Redwood R.G., Channagiri V. S.. Earthquake resistant design of concentrically braced steel frames. Journal of
Canadian Civil Engineering 1991; Vol 18(8): 839-850.
Table 1. Design Summaries for Chevron Four-Story SCBFs
AISC 341-05 AISC 341-10
Table 2. Design Summaries for Four-Story SCBFs having ×-bracing over Two Story
AISC 341-05 AISC 341-10