Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Anoop P
Asst. Professor
1
Dept. of Mechanical
Engg:
MITS, Puthencruz
Module 1
Engines- Types of engines in automobiles-classifications-
engine components working of various systems-present and
future vehicles, engine construction- intake and exhaust
systems. Different combustion chambers, carburettors, diesel
fuel pumps, injectors, single point and multi point fuel
injection-MPFI and CRDI systems -lubricating and cooling
systems.
Vehicle performance-resistance to the motion of vehicle-air,
rolling, and radiant resistance-power requirement-
acceleration and gradeability-selection of gear ratios.
Cylinder bore
Top dead centre
Bottom dead centre
Stroke
Swept volume
Clearance volume
Compression ratio
Basic Design
Reciprocating
Rotary
Arrangement of cylinders
Inline/Straight engine
V engine
Radial Engine
11
Turbocharged
Crankcase compressed
Type of cooling
Air cooling
Water cooling
Application
Stationary Engine
Mobile Engines
Locomotives
Marine Engines
12
13
14
15
Passages for the cooling water are cast into the block.
17
19
21
23
25
The upper end, called the small end is fitted to the piston
using a gudgeon pin and lower end called the big end is
connected to the crank using crank pin.
26
Crank Shaft
Function of Crank Shaft is to convert the
Reciprocating Motion of Piston into rotary motion with the
help of Connecting Rod.
27
29
30
31
33
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
Engine
Air filter Carburetor Silencer
Cylinder
42
Fuel Engine
Storage Fuel Pump Fuel Filter Carburetor Cylinder
Tank
44
Carburetors
46
47
48
D MPFI
L MPFI
49
D MPFI (D Jetronic)
D- Druck(pressure)
50
L MPFI (L Jetronic)
L- Luft(Air)
51
Fuel
Fuel Fuel pump Injection Fuel Engine
Storage Fuel filter (Low Pump injector cylinder
Tank Pressure) (High
Pressure)
53
l. Cam
2. Rocker arm
3. Link
4. Diaphragm
5. Diaphragm spring
6. Pump chamber
7. Inlet valve
8. Outlet valve
9. Outlet pipe
10. Spring 54
55
56
57
58
59
More stability
62
Disadvantages
64
Disadvantages
65
68
Splash system
Pressure feed system
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
Requires two cam shafts for actuating the in-let valve and
exhaust valve separately
80
81
Advantages
Valve mechanism is simple and easy to lubricate.
Detachable head easy to remove for cleaning and
decarburizing without
Valves of larger sizes can be provided.
Disadvantages
Poor turbulence
Extremely prone to detonation due to large flame length and
slow combustion
More surface-to-volume ratio and therefore more heat loss.
Extremely sensitive to ignition timing due to slow
82
combustion process
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - MITS PUTHENCRUZ
RICARDO’S TURBULENT COMBUSTION
CHAMBER
Ricardo developed this head in 1919. His main objective was
to obtain fast flame speed and reduce knock in L head design.
83
85
86
87
88
89
90
Disadvantages
92
94
Drawbacks
95
Hemispherical Chamber:
Toroidal Chamber
The idea behind this shape is to provide a powerful squish
along with the air movement, similar to that of the
familiar smoke ring, within the toroidal chamber.
Due to powerful squish the mask needed on inlet valve is
small and there is better utilization of oxygen. The cone 97
angle of spray for this type of chamber is 150° to160°.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - MITS PUTHENCRUZ
IN DIRECT INJECTION CHAMBERS
98
99
100
(i) Due to short or practically no delay period for the fuel entering the main
combustion space, tendency to knock is minimum, and as such running is
smooth.
(iii) The fuel injection system design need not be critical. Because the
mixing of fuel and air takes place in pre-chamber,
Disadvantages
(i) The velocity of burning mixture is too high during the passage from pre-
chambers, so the heat loss is very high. This causes reduction in the
thermal efficiency, which can be offset by increasing the compression ratio.
(ii) Cold starting will be difficult as the air loses heat to chamber walls
during compression.
101
102
103
Disadvantages
Since fuel vaporization depends upon the surface
temperature of the combustion chamber, cold starting
requires certain aids.
105
It depends upon:
Shape and size of vehicle body
Ra = KAV2
106
Rr= KW
W- weight of vehicle in N
K- constant of rolling resistance 107
Depends upon:
Weight of the vehicle
Rg=Wsinθ
108
P- Power
R- Total Resistance in N
V- Speed in m/s
ήt – transmission efficiency
109
110