NFPA 780 Code Review (2017 Edition) PDF

NFPA 780, “2017” REVIEW SUMMARY

1) NFPA 780 REVISION SUMMARY

NFPA first adopted Specifications for Protection of Buildings Against Lightning in 1904.
Revised standards were adopted in 1905, 1906, 1925, 1932, and 1937. In 1945, the NFPA
Committee and the parallel American Standards Association (ASA) Committee on Protection
Against Lightning were reorganized and combined under the sponsorship of NFPA, the National
Bureau of Standards, and the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (now the IEEE). In 1946,
NFPA acted to adopt Part III and in 1947 published a revised edition incorporating this part.
Further revisions recommended by the Committee were adopted by NFPA in 1949, 1950, 1951,
1952, 1957, 1959, 1963, 1965, 1968, 1975, 1977, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1989, and 1992.

Commencing with the 1992 edition of the Lightning Protection Code, the NFPA
numerical designation of the document was changed from NFPA 78 to NFPA 780.

With the issuance of the 1995 edition, the name of the document was changed from
Lightning Protection Code to Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection Systems. This
change was directed by the Standards Council in order to make the title more accurately reflect
the document's content. In addition, the Council directed certain changes to the scope of the
document to clarify that the document did not cover lightning protection installation
requirements for early streamer emission systems or lightning dissipater array systems.

The 1997 edition of NFPA 780 incorporated editorial changes to make the document
more user friendly.

In issuing this document, the Standards Council noted that lightning is a stochastic, if not
capricious, natural process. Its behavior is not yet completely understood. This standard is
intended to provide requirements, within the limits of the current state of knowledge, for the
installation of those lightning protection systems covered by the standard.

The 2000 edition of NFPA 780 was amended to provide requirements for open
structures such as those found on golf courses. A 1998 lightning flash density chart replaced the
1972 lightning frequency isokeraunic chart.

The 2004 edition of NFPA 780 reflected an extensive editorial revision of the standard to
comply with the concurrent edition of the Manual of Style for NFPA Technical Committee
Documents. Those revisions included the addition of three administrative chapters at the
beginning of the standard: Administration, Referenced Publications, and Definitions. Five
technical chapters followed the administrative chapters in the same sequence as in the 2000
edition. Other editorial revisions included the breakout of paragraphs with multiple
requirements into an individually numbered paragraph for each requirement, the minimization
of the use of exceptions, the use of consistent headings for sections and section subdivisions,
and reorganization to limit paragraph numbering to six digits. The International System of Units,
commonly known as SI or metric, was used throughout the document. The appendixes were
renamed annexes and reordered in a more logical sequence.

The 2004 edition also contained a number of technical revisions throughout the
standard. Those revisions included the following: a main conductor, solid strip, was added for
Class II material requirements for ordinary structures exceeding 75 ft in height; handrails could
be used as substitute for down conductors; additional separation between ground rods was
required where multiple ground rods are used; additional guidance was provided for those
instances where it is necessary to install the grounding conductor directly on bedrock; the
section entitled Surge Suppression was entirely rewritten; titanium strike termination devices
were permitted to be used; and in Annex K, the term Faraday cage was replaced with metallic
cage.

The 2008 edition provided requirements for surge protective devices to be installed at
all power service entrances, at the entrance of conductive communications systems and
antenna systems, and where an electrical or electronic system conductor leaves the structure.

The new definition for lightning protection system included the term conductive
structural members. Clarification was provided relative to the use of ancillary metal parts that
cannot be substituted for the main conductor. Strike termination devices included air terminals,
metal masts, certain permanent metal parts of structures, and elevated conductors. Revisions
clarified that metal masts and overhead ground wires were included in the requirements of
Chapter 4.

Significant changes were made to the requirements for the use of bimetallic clamps and
aluminum in proximity to earth. The standard has long required that grounding electrodes be
located near the outside perimeter of the structure, and in the 2008 edition additional guidance
was provided to assist the system designer. Changes were also made to better address the
requirements for grounding electrodes in shallow topsoil applications.

The requirements for the use of multiple ground rods were revised. Revisions were also
made in numerous areas of the standard for clarity and to enhance its usability. Revisions to the
graphs and formulas for the rolling sphere method were made to facilitate their use in metric
units.

Requirements were added to address proper installation of lightning protection
equipment on large roof top mechanical units. The installation of air terminals and main‐size
conductors in these applications were quantified and detailed.

Revisions were made to enhance and clarify the requirements for the bonding together
of all grounded media and underground metallic piping. The intent was to provide for potential
equalization and not to use the metallic piping as a lightning protection system grounding
electrode. All grounding media and buried metallic conductors that might assist in providing a
path for lightning currents in or on a structure must be interconnected to provide a common
ground potential. Guidance was provided on the use of isolating spark gaps.

Significant changes were made to the requirements pertaining to the conductors and
other lightning protection system hardware used near the top of a heavy‐duty stack.

Other significant changes included a complete rewrite of Chapter 8, Protection for
Watercraft, providing a number of technical revisions; more user information added in Annex B,
Principles of Lightning Protection; and a revision of Annex F, Protection for Trees.

In addition to significant technical changes, the 2011 edition included new and revised
text. With the addition of two new chapters, the 2011 edition of the standard presented a
major change in the scope of the document. The first new chapter addressed the protection of
structures housing ammunition and explosive materials. The second new chapter included
requirements for providing lightning protection for wind turbines, specifically wind turbine
structures that comprise externally rotating blades, a nacelle, and a supporting tower. The 2011
edition was substantially reorganized to accommodate these new chapters in a logical order.

The sections pertaining to strike termination devices, zones of protection, and the
rolling sphere method were totally reorganized for better usability. The text clearly provided
that strike termination devices include air terminals, metal masts, permanent metal parts of
structures, and overhead ground wires. The text qualified where a metal mast would be
permitted to serve as the down conductor. The requirements for overhead ground wires and
masts and overhead ground wires were relocated.

The 2011 edition clarified the requirements for strike termination devices at the eaves
for a pitched roof, and a figure was added to graphically illustrate that condition. A new section
on roof top helipads provided requirements to ensure that an adequate level of protection is
provided to those areas within the height and safety criteria set forth by the Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA) or other AHJs.

Chapter 7 provided requirements for the protection of structures containing flammable
vapors, flammable gases, or liquids that can give off flammable vapors. The section on floating
roof tanks was revised in its entirety as a result of recent testing and research conducted for
aboveground storage tanks.

The lightning risk assessment methodology provided in Annex L was completely
rewritten. The lightning risk assessment was provided to assist the building owner, safety
professional, or architect/engineer in determining the risk of damage or injury due to lightning.
This annex provided both a simplified, quick‐look assessment and a more detailed assessment
for those requiring a more detailed analysis. Once the level of risk has been determined, the
development of appropriate lightning protection measures can begin.

The 2014 edition provided reorganization of Sections 4.7 and 4.8 to better align the
requirements for strike termination devices. Reorganization of these sections in a more logical
order clarified the requirements and application of the standard. Previously, these
requirements were intermingled, causing confusion and possible misapplication. Section 4.8
was also revised to clarify the requirements for protection where small objects are located on
roofs.

Section 4.14 was revised and reorganized to include parts of Section 4.20, and
explanatory text was provided to ensure clarity, alignment, and coordination with the bonding
interconnections of NFPA 70 ®, National Electrical Code ®. Sections 4.15 through 4.21 were
totally restructured and revised to place similar bonding requirements together to improve the
flow of the document for the user. Similar or repetitive requirements were combined or
restructured to clarify the requirements.

A new subsection in the 2014 edition, 4.7.13, addressed the use on buildings of fixed
metal objects that have movable or rotating metal components, for example, jib cranes, wind
socks, observatories/telescopes, opening roofs (typically over swimming pools), window
washing davits/cars (left permanently on the roof, typically on a track), construction cranes,
panning security cameras, broadcast television cameras, traffic cameras, radar dishes, weather
vanes, gravity vents, roofmounted wind turbines, smoke hatches/blowout hatches, opening
skylights, and photovoltaic arrays (motorized arrays that tilt to track the sun as it moves across
the sky).

NFPA 780 was revised to reformat the use of U.S. customary (inch‐pound) and metric
(SI) units. U.S. customary units are followed by SI units in parentheses. Several formulas and
tables were updated to provide both U.S. customary (inch‐pound) and metric (SI) units. Also, a
new section, Section 1.4, was added to address retroactivity for NFPA 780.

A new chapter, Chapter 11, was added to provide lightning protection criteria
requirements and guidance for airfield lighting circuits. Development of this chapter began
prior to the 2011 edition but was held by the Committee in anticipation of new material and to
enable better alignment with federal aviation requirements. Chapter 11 provides a thorough
look at design and installation of lightning protection systems to afford protection to those
open areas. Several figures provide ample explanation and guidance to the user.

As the demand for renewable and alternative energy sources continues, there is a rapid
deployment of solar systems and arrays. Because these are often installed on roof tops, there is
a risk of greater exposure. Buildings provided with lightning protection systems now see a
greater abundance of roof top‐mounted equipment, and the lightning protection system might
not be designed to address the new equipment. Buildings not provided with lightning
protection systems might need to address the additional mechanical structure and equipment.
A new Chapter 12 addressed lightning protection systems for solar systems and arrays.

The requirements pertaining to catenary systems were reviewed, and significant annex
material was provided to clarify computations for applications with metal or wood poles.

For the 2017 edition, new requirements have been added relative to physical on‐site
inspection of the completed installation and for periodic inspections or testing for compliance
to this standard per the authority having jurisdiction. New definitions have been added for the
following terms: ground loop conductor, integral lightning protection system, mast‐type
lightning protection system, rated impulse withstand voltage level (withstand voltage) (UW),
smart structure, solar array, and solar panel. Those definitions add clarity to the terms as used
in the standard.

Several figures illustrating air terminal protection for lower roof protection have been
updated. New requirements have been established for test and connection points for concrete‐
encased electrodes to enable periodic maintenance and testing of the ground system. Zero
property line conditions have been re‐evaluated and revised. New bonding requirements have
been added for long horizontal metal bodies on roofs. The Committee revised many
requirements pertaining to ungrounded metal bodies, removing the term isolated
(ungrounded) for consistency. Section 5.3 pertaining to Facilities That Handle or Process
Combustible or Explosive Dust has been updated, providing specific reference to NFPA 61,
Standard for the Prevention of Fires and Dust Explosions in Agricultural and Food Processing
Facilities; NFPA 122, Standard for Fire Prevention and Control in Metal/Nonmetal Mining and
Metal Mineral Processing Facilities; and NFPA 664, Standard for the Prevention of Fires and
Explosions in Wood Processing and Woodworking Facilities. Section 5.9 provides new criteria for
installations on fabric structures. Chapter 7, Protection for Structures Containing Flammable
Vapors, Flammable Gases, or Liquids That Can Give Off Flammable Vapors was rewritten.
Sections in Chapter 8, Protection of Structures Housing Explosive Materials, that pertain to
single or multiple masts, railroad tracks, installation of air terminals on earth‐covered
magazines, wharves, and piers for explosives operations and cranes were revised. Chapter 12,
Protection for Solar Arrays, was revised to provide more specific criteria.

Two new annexes, Annex J, Protection of Smart Structures, and Annex K, Guide to
International Standards Dealing with the Selection of SPDs for Use on Photovoltaic (PV)
Installations, have been added to the 2017 edition. Annex L, Lightning Risk Assessment, has
been revised to provide greater clarity and correlation of requirements with other lightning
protection standards

2) SIGNIFICANT CHANGES

a) For chapters that may have significant changes only:

Chapter 1 pg 7 Administration
2014 Edition 2017 Edition Comments
1.5.3 Where required by the
authority having jurisdiction,
compliance of the completed
installation with the
requirements of this standard
shall be certified through a
physical onsite inspection by a A certification, inspection
qualified and impartial and testing program may
organization acceptable to the require additional
authority having jurisdiction. resources depending on
frequency required by AHJ.
1.6.1 Periodic Inspection.
Periodic inspections or testing
for compliance to this
standard shall be done at
intervals determined by the
authority having jurisdiction.

Chapter 5 pg 29 Protection for Miscellaneous Structures
and Special Occupancies
5.9 Fabric Structures.
5.9.1 Fabric structures shall
be protected in accordance
with Chapter 4.

5.9.2 If a fabric structure has a
metal frame, the metal frame New requirements for
shall be bonded to the fabric structures.

lightning protection system.

5.9.3 If the structural metal
framing is at least 1∕8 in. (3
mm) thick, the framing shall
be permitted to be used as
main‐size conductors.

5.9.4 Grounding systems shall
be installed in accordance
with Chapter 4 and in
accordance with 5.9.4.1 or
5.9.4.2 to mitigate the threat
of step potential.

5.9.4.1 All of the following
shall be satisfied:

(1) Fabric structures that have
a fabric or earth floor shall
have a ground loop
conductor.

electrically continuous metal
framing around the perimeter
of the structure shall be
permitted to be used as the
ground loop conductor if it is
at least 1∕8 in. (3 mm) thick.

have a minimum of two radial
grounding electrodes installed
at opposing corners.

have one radial electrode for
every 60 ft (18 m) of
protected perimeter, of
portion thereof, in accordance
with 4.19.4.1.

5.9.4.2* A ground grid shall
be installed under fabric
structures with an earth or
fabric floor
b) If there are no substantial changes for a chapter then:

Chapter 2 pg 8 Referenced Publications
No changes

Chapter 3 pg 8 Definitions
3.3.7.4 Ground Loop
Conductor. A main‐size loop
conductor installed within 12 ft
(3.6 m) vertically of the base of
the structure to provide a
common ground potential.

3.3.21 Integral Lightning
Protection System. A lightning
protection system directly
attached to the structure.

3.3.29 Mast‐Type Lightning
Protection System. A lightning
protection system using one or
more masts that are remote
from the structure to provide
New definitions.
the primary attachment point
for a lightning discharge.

3.3.35 Smart Structure. A
structure that has a high
degree of interconnected
automatic systems for lighting,
temperature control,
multimedia systems,
telecommunications, security,
window and door operations,
and other functions.

3.3.36 Solar Array. A group of
solar modules or collectors
wired or connected together in
a string or larger collection
system.

3.3.37* Solar Panel. A general
term for thermal collectors or
photovoltaic (PV) modules.

3.3.47.6 Rated Impulse
Withstand Voltage Level
(Withstand Voltage)
(UW). Impulse withstand
voltage assigned by the
manufacturer to wiring and
equipment, or to a part of it,
characterizing the specified
withstand capability of its
insulation against (transient)
overvoltages.

Chapter 4 pg 11 General Requirements
4.13.3.3 A test or connection
point shall be provided on
each concrete‐encased
electrode to enable periodic
maintenance and testing of
the ground system. (See
Figure 4.13.3.3.)
New Concrete‐Encased
4.16.3 Long Horizontal Metal Electrodes test/connection
Bodies on Roofs. Long point requirement
horizontal grounded metal
bodies on roofs shall be &
bonded in accordance with
4.16.3.1 through 4.16.3.3. New requirements for Long
Horizontal Metal Bodies on
4.16.3.1 Grounded metal Roofs
bodies on roofs exceeding 60
ft (18 m) in horizontal length
shall be bonded to the
lightning protection system as
near as practicable to their
extremities unless inherently
bonded through construction
at those locations.

4.16.3.2 Horizontal grounded
metal bodies that are parallel
to a main lightning conductor
and that are within the
bonding distance calculated in
4.16.2.4 or 4.16.2.5 shall be
bonded to the main
conductor at intervals
averaging not more than 100
ft (30 m) along the main
conductor unless inherently
bonded through construction
at those locations.

4.16.3.3 Horizontal grounded
metal bodies that cross a
main conductor shall be
bonded to the main
conductor where they cross
the conductor unless
inherently bonded through
construction at that location.

Chapter 6 pg 30 Protection for Heavy‐Duty Stacks
No changes

Protection for Structures Containing
Flammable Vapors, Flammable Gases,
Chapter 7 pg 30
or Liquids That Can Give Off Flammable
Vapors
7.1 Reduction of Damage. 7.1* Applicability.

7.1.1* Application. 7.1.1 This chapter shall apply
The entire chapter was
to the protection of structures
rewritten
7.1.1.1 This chapter shall containing flammable vapors,
apply to the protection of flammable gases, or liquids
structures containing that give off flammable
flammable vapors, flammable vapors.
gases, or liquids that give off
flammable vapors. 7.1.2* The retroactivity
requirements of Section 1.4
7.1.1.2 For the purpose of this shall be permitted to be
chapter, the term structure applicable to the
shall apply to any outdoor requirements of this chapter.
vessel, tank, or other
container where this material 7.2 Principles of Protection.
is contained. Protection of structures
containing flammable vapors,
7.1.2 Certain types of flammable gases, or liquids
structures used for the that give off flammable
storage of liquids that vapors and their contents
produce flammable vapors or from lightning damage shall
used to store flammable gases be required to comply with
are essentially self‐protecting 7.2.1 through 7.2.3.
against damage from lightning
strokes and shall need no 7.2.1* Minimization of
additional protection. Exposure to Hazardous
(Classified) Locations. A
7.1.2.1 Metallic structures primary means to reduce the
that are electrically ignition of flammable vapors
continuous; tightly sealed to shall be to minimize the
prevent the escape of liquids, exposure of locations that
vapors, or gases; and of 3⁄16 experience a direct strike or
in. (4.8 mm) thickness or secondary arcing. Flammable
greater to withstand direct air–vapor mixtures shall be
strikes in accordance with prevented, to the greatest
7.3.2 shall be considered to be possible extent, from
inherently self‐protecting. accumulating outside such
structures.
7.1.2.2 Protection of other
structures shall be achieved 7.2.1.1 Openings where
by the use of strike flammable concentrations of
termination devices. vapor or gas escape to the
atmosphere shall be closed or
7.1.3* Because of the nature otherwise protected against
of the contents of the the entrance of flame.
structures considered in this
chapter, extra precautions 7.2.1.2 Structures and all
shall be taken. appurtenances (e.g., gauge
hatches, vent valves, floating
7.2 Fundamental Principles of roof seals) shall be
Protection. Protection of maintained in operating
these structures and their condition.
contents from lightning
damage shall require 7.2.2 Inherent Protection.
adherence to the principles of Metallic structures that are
7.2.1 through 7.2.5. electrically continuous; tightly
sealed to prevent the escape
7.2.1 Liquids that give off of liquids, vapors, or gases;
flammable vapors shall be and of 3⁄16 in. (4.8 mm)
stored in essentially gastight thickness or greater to
structures. withstand direct strikes shall
be considered to be
7.2.2 Openings where inherently self‐protecting.
flammable concentrations of
vapor or gas escape to the 7.2.3 Lightning Protection
atmosphere shall be closed or System. Structures not
otherwise protected against meeting the requirements
the entrance of flame. of7.2.2 shall be provided with
protection in accordance with
7.2.3 Structures and all the requirements of Section
appurtenances (e.g., gauge 7.3 except as modified for
hatches, vent valves) shall be specific types of structures
maintained in operating (see Section 7.4).
condition.
7.3 Protective Measures.
7.2.4 Flammable air–vapor
mixtures shall be prevented, 7.3.1 Materials and
to the greatest possible Installation. Conductors,
extent, from accumulating strike termination devices,
outside such structures. surge protection, and
grounding connections shall
7.2.5 Potential spark gaps be selected and installed in
between conductive surfaces accordance with the
shall not be allowed at points requirements of Chapter 4
where flammable vapors except as modified in this
escape or accumulate. chapter.

7.3 Protective Measures. 7.3.2 Zone of Protection. The
zone of protection for
7.3.1 Materials and structures containing
Installation. Conductors, flammable vapors, flammable
strike termination devices, gases, or liquids that can give
surge protection, and off flammable vapors shall be
grounding connections shall based on a striking distance of
be selected and installed in 100 ft (30 m) or less.
accordance with the
requirements of Chapter 4 7.3.3 Strike Termination
and as described in this Devices.
chapter.
7.3.3.1 Strike termination
7.3.2 Zone of Protection for devices shall be in accordance
Masts and Overhead Ground with Section 4.6.
Wires.
7.3.3.2* The placement of
7.3.2.1 The zone of protection strike termination devices
of a lightning protection mast shall take into consideration
shall be based on the striking that it is possible for sparks or
distance of the lightning damaging impact to occur at
stroke. the attachment point.

7.3.2.2 Since the lightning 7.3.4 Down Conductors.
stroke can strike any
grounded object within the 7.3.4.1 Down conductors shall
striking distance of the point be installed in accordance
from which final breakdown with 4.9.9 except as modified
to ground occurs, the zone of in this chapter.
protection shall be defined by
a circular arc concave upward, 7.3.4.2 Down conductors shall
shown in part (a) of Figure be installed external to the
7.3.2.2. hazardous (classified) location
where practicable.
7.3.2.3 The radius of the arc is
the striking distance, and the 7.3.4.3* Where it is not
arc shall pass through the tip practicable to install down
of the mast and be tangent to conductors external to the
the ground. hazardous location, it shall be
ensured that the autoignition
7.3.2.4* Where more than temperature of the gas or
one mast is used, the arc shall vapor causing the hazardous
pass through the tips of environment is not exceeded.
adjacent masts, as shown in
part (b) of Figure 7.3.2.2 and 7.3.5 Bonding. The potential
in Figure 7.3.2.4. The distance equalization system design
can be determined and minimum installation
analytically for a 100 ft (30 m) requirements of Section 4.14
striking distance with the through Section 4.16 shall be
following equation (units shall exceeded as required to
be consistent, ft or m): ensure there are no melting
or spraying effects except at
d = 1 2 1 the lightning attachment
2 2 point.
2

where: 7.3.6 Surge Protection.

d = horizontal protected 7.3.6.1 Surge protection shall
distance be provided for equipment
h1 = height of the higher mast and services in accordance
R = rolling sphere radius [100 with the requirements of
ft (30 m)] Section 4.20 and NFPA 70.
h2 = height of the lower mast
7.3.6.2 Surge protective
7.3.2.5 The zone of protection devices shall be positioned
shall be based on a striking outside a hazardous area
distance of 100 ft (30 m) or where practicable.
less.
7.3.6.3 Surge protective
7.3.2.6 Overhead Ground devices positioned inside a
Wire. hazardous Area
7.3.2.6.1 The zone of
protection of an overhead 7.3.7* Grounding.
ground wire shall be based on
a striking distance of 100 ft 7.3.7.1 A ground ring
(30 m) and defined by 100 ft electrode or ground loop
(30 m) radius arcs concave conductor supplemented by
upward. [See part (b) of Figure grounding electrodes as
7.3.2.2.] identified in 4.13.2 through
4.13.7 shall be provided for
7.3.2.6.2 The supporting structures containing
masts shall have a clearance flammable vapors, flammable
from the protected structure gases, or liquids that can give
in accordance with 4.6.5. off flammable vapors.

7.3.2.6.3 The masts or 7.3.7.2 A metal tank shall be
overhead ground wires shall grounded by one of the
be grounded and following methods:
interconnected with the
grounding system of the (1) A tank shall be connected
structure to be protected. without insulated joints to a
grounded metallic piping
7.3.2.6.4 The grounding system.
requirements of Chapter 4
(2) A vertical cylindrical tank
shall apply. shall rest on earth or concrete
and shall be at least 20 ft (6
7.3.2.7 Alternative Grounding m) in diameter, or shall rest
Methods. on bituminous pavement and
shall be at least 50 ft (15 m) in
7.3.2.7.1 Masts of wood, used diameter.
either separately or with
ground wires, shall have an air (3) A tank shall be grounded
terminal extending at least 2 through a minimum of two
ft (0.6 m) above the top of the grounding electrodes, as
pole, attached to the pole as described in Section 4.13, at
in Figure 7.3.2.7.1, and maximum 100 ft (30 m)
connected to the grounding intervals along the perimeter
system. of the tank.

7.3.2.7.2 As an alternative, an (4) A tank installation using an
overhead ground wire or a insulating membrane beneath
down conductor, extending for environmental or other
above or across the top of the reasons shall be grounded as
pole, shall be permitted to be in 7.3.7.2(3).
used.
7.4 Protection of Specific
7.3.2.7.3 In the case of an Classes of Structures.
overhead ground wire system,
the pole guy wire shall be 7.4.1 Operating Facilities
permitted to be used as the (Nonstorage Applications).
down conductor, provided the
guy meets the requirement of 7.4.1.1 Structures containing
7.3.1. hazardous (classified)
locations used in nonstorage
7.3.2.7.4 For grounded applications shall comply with
metallic masts, the air the requirements of Section
terminal and the down 7.3 unless justified by a
conductor shall not be lightning risk assessment.
required.
7.4.1.2* For structures in
7.4 Protection of Specific which the hazardous
Classes of Structures. (classified) location exists in
only one part of the structure,
7.4.1 Aboveground Tanks at it shall be permitted for a risk
Atmospheric Pressure assessment to utilize the
Containing Flammable lightning protection zone
Vapors or Liquids That Give (LPZ) concept in accordance
Off Flammable Vapors. with IEC 62305‐2, Protection
Against Lightning—Part 2: Risk
7.4.1.1* Fixed Roof Tanks Management.
(Metallic) and Tanks with
Internal Floating Roofs. 7.4.2 Storage Tanks Under
Shunts or bypass conductors Pressure.
shall not be mandatory for
lightning protection for fixed 7.4.2.1 Sealed metallic tanks,
roof and internal floating roof vessels, and process
tanks. equipment that contain
flammable or combustible
7.4.1.2* External Floating liquids or flammable gases
Roof Tanks. under pressure are
considered to be inherently
7.4.1.2.1 Shunt Placement. selfprotecting provided the
vessel is grounded — either
7.4.1.2.1.1 The shunt‐to‐shell inherently or by external
contact point shall be means — and the walls of the
submerged at least 1 ft (0.3 vessel are greater than 3∕16
m) below the surface of the in. (4.8 mm) thick to prevent
liquid product. puncture by a direct strike in
accordance with 7.2.2.
7.4.1.2.1.2 The shunt shall
have as short and direct a 7.4.2.2 The exposure of any
path as possible from the valves or other appurtenances
conductive floating roof to the to a direct strike or secondary
tank shell. arcing shall be considered in
the determination of the need
7.4.1.2.1.3 The shunts shall be for protection.
spaced at intervals no greater
than 10 ft (3 m) around the 7.4.3 Aboveground Tanks at
perimeter of the floating roof. Atmospheric Pressure
Containing Flammable
7.4.1.2.1.4 Above‐deck shunts Vapors or Liquids That Give
shall be removed when Off Flammable Vapors.
retrofitting existing tanks with
submerged shunts. 7.4.3.1* Fixed Roof Tanks
(Metallic) and Tanks with
7.4.1.2.2 Shunt Description. Internal Floating Roofs.
Sliding or fixed contact
7.4.1.2.2.1 The shunts shall conductors shall not be
consist of a flexible stainless mandatory for lightning
steel conductor of at least protection for fixed roof and
0.031 in.2 (20 mm2) cross‐ internal floating roof tanks.
sectional area or of other
material conductors of
equivalent current‐carrying 7.4.3.2 External Floating Roof
capacity and corrosion Tanks.
resistance.
7.4.3.2.1* Sliding Contacts.
7.4.1.2.2.2 The minimum Sliding contacts shall consist
width of the shunt shall be 2 of either metallic primary
in. (50 mm). shoe seals or shunts.

7.4.1.2.2.3 The shunts shall be 7.4.3.2.1.1 Metallic primary
of the minimum length shoe seals shall be electrically
necessary to permit the bonded to the floating roof
function of the floating roof either inherently through
assembly. design and construction or by
a minimum of one Class I
7.4.1.2.2.4 The shunts shall be lightning protection
of the minimum length conductor or equivalent at
necessary to remain in each end of each shoe.
contact with the shell during
the full horizontal and vertical 7.4.3.2.1.2* If nonconductive
design movement of the primary seals are installed,
floating roof. shunts shall be installed as
follows:
7.4.1.2.2.5* The shunts and
terminations shall be of (1) The shunts shall consist of
sufficient flexibility, cross‐ a flexible stainless steel
sectional area, and corrosion conductor of at least 0.031
resistance to maximize service in.2 (20 mm2) cross‐sectional
life. area or of other material
7.4.1.3* Bypass Conductors. conductors of equivalent
current‐carrying capacity and
7.4.1.3.1 The tank’s floating corrosion resistance.
roof shall be bonded to the
tank shell by direct electrical (2) The minimum width of the
connection. shunt shall be 2 in. (50 mm).

7.4.1.3.2 Each conductor, (3) The shunts shall be spaced
including connections, shall at intervals no greater than 10
have a maximum end‐to‐end ft (3 m) around the perimeter
electrical resistance of 0.03 of the floating roof.
ohm.
(4) The shunt shall have as
7.4.1.3.3 The bypass short and direct a path as
conductor shall be of the possible from the conductive
minimum length necessary to floating roof to the tank shell.
permit full movement of the
floating roof. (5) The shunts shall be of the
minimum length necessary to
7.4.1.3.4 A minimum of two permit the function of the
bypass conductors shall be floating roof assembly.
evenly spaced not more than
every 100 ft (30 m) around (6) The shunts shall be of the
the tank circumference. minimum length necessary to
remain in contact with the
7.4.1.3.5* The bypass shell during the full horizontal
conductors and terminations and vertical design movement
shall be positioned and of of the floating roof.
sufficient flexibility, cross‐
sectional area, and corrosion (7)* The shunts and
resistance to maximize service terminations shall be of
life. sufficient flexibility, cross‐
sectional area, and corrosion
7.4.1.4 Parallel Conducting resistance to maximize service
Paths (Seal Assembly from life.
the Floating Roof Tank).
(8) The shunt‐to‐shell contact
7.4.1.4.1 Any non–fully point shall be submerged at
submerged conductive seal least 1 ft (0.3 m) below the
assembly components, surface of the liquid product.
including springs, scissor
assemblies, and seal (9) Above‐deck shunts shall be
membranes, shall be removed when retrofitting
electrically insulated from the existing tanks with submerged
tank roof. shunts.

7.4.1.4.2 The insulation level
shall be rated 1 kV or greater. 7.4.3.2.2* Fixed Contacts.

7.4.1.5 Insulation of Gauge or 7.4.3.2.2.1 The tank’s floating
Guide Poles. roof shall be bonded to the
tank shell by direct electrical
7.4.1.5.1 Any gauge or guide connection using a bypass
pole components or conductor with a minimum
assemblies that penetrate the cross‐sectional area
tank’s floating roof shall be equivalent to that of a main‐
electrically insulated from the size conductor.
tank’s floating roof.
7.4.3.2.2.2 Each conductor,
7.4.1.5.2 The insulation level including connections, shall
shall be rated 1 kV or greater. have a maximum end‐to‐end
electrical resistance of 0.03
7.4.1.6 Metallic Tanks with ohm.
Nonmetallic Roofs. Metallic
tanks with wooden or other 7.4.3.2.2.3 The bypass
nonmetallic roofs shall not be conductor shall be of the
considered self‐protecting, minimum length necessary to
even if the roof is essentially permit full movement of the
gastight and sheathed with floating roof.
thin metal and with all gas
openings provided with flame 7.4.3.2.2.4 Bypass conductors
protection. shall be installed as follows:

7.4.1.6.1 Such tanks shall be (1) A minimum of two bypass
provided with strike conductors shall be installed.
termination devices.
(2) Bypass conductors shall be
7.4.1.6.2 Such strike installed for every 100 ft (30
termination devices shall be m) of tank perimeter or
bonded to each other, to the portion thereof.
metallic sheathing, if any, and
to the tank shell. (3) Conductors shall be evenly
spaced around the tank
7.4.1.6.3 Isolated metal parts circumference.
shall be bonded as required
by Section 4.16. 7.4.3.2.2.5 Where there is a
rolling ladder, one of the
7.4.1.6.4 Any of the following required bypass conductors
strike termination devices shall be installed along and
shall be permitted to be used: bonded to the rolling ladder.
(1) Conducting masts
(2) Overhead ground wires 7.4.3.2.2.6 The bypass
(3) Combination of masts and conductor bonded to the
overhead ground wires rolling ladder shall be a
continuous conductor bonded
7.4.1.7 Grounding Tanks. at one end to the floating roof
and at the other end to the
7.4.1.7.1 Tanks shall be tank shell.
grounded to conduct away
the current of direct strokes 7.4.3.2.2.7* The bypass
and the buildup and potential conductors and terminations
that cause sparks to ground. shall be positioned and of
sufficient flexibility, cross‐
7.4.1.7.2 A metal tank shall be sectional area, and corrosion
grounded by one of the resistance to maximize service
following methods: life.

(1) A tank shall be connected 7.4.3.2.3 Parallel Conducting
without insulated joints to a Paths (Seal Assembly from
grounded metallic piping the Floating Roof Tank).
system.
7.4.3.2.3.1 Any non–fully
(2) A vertical cylindrical tank submerged conductive seal
shall rest on earth or concrete assembly components,
and shall be at least 20 ft (6 including springs, scissor
m) in diameter, or shall rest assemblies, and seal
on bituminous pavement and membranes, shall be
shall be at least 50 ft (15 m) in electrically insulated from the
diameter. tank roof.

(3) A tank shall be bonded to 7.4.3.2.3.2 The insulation
ground through a minimum of level shall be rated 1 kV or
two grounding electrodes, as greater.
described in Section 4.13, at
maximum 100 ft (30 m) 7.4.3.2.4 Insulation of Gauge
intervals along the perimeter or Guide Poles.
of the tank.
7.4.3.2.4.1 Any gauge or
(4) A tank installation using an guide pole components or
insulating membrane beneath assemblies that penetrate the
for environmental or other tank’s floating roof shall be
reasons shall be grounded as electrically insulated from the
in 7.4.1.7.2(3). tank’s floating roof.

7.4.2 Earthen Containers at 7.4.3.2.4.2 The insulation
Atmospheric Pressure level shall be rated 1 kV or
Containing Flammable greater.
Vapors or Liquids That Give
Off Flammable Vapors. 7.4.3.3 Metallic Tanks with
Nonmetallic Roofs. Metallic
7.4.2.1 Lined or unlined tanks with wooden or other
earthen containers with nonmetallic roofs shall not be
combustible roofs that considered self‐protecting,
enclose flammable vapors or even if the roof is essentially
liquids that can give off gastight and sheathed with
flammable vapors shall be thin metal and with all gas
protected by air terminals, openings provided with flame
separate masts, overhead protection.
ground wires, or a
combination of these devices. 7.4.3.3.1 Such tanks shall be
provided with strike
7.4.2.2 Aboveground termination devices.
nonmetallic tanks shall be
protected as described in 7.4.3.3.2 Such strike
7.3.2. termination devices shall be
bonded to each other, to the
metallic sheathing, if any, and
to the tank shell.

7.4.3.3.3 Metal bodies shall
be bonded as required by
Section 4.16.

7.4.4 Earthen Containers at
Atmospheric Pressure
Containing Flammable
Vapors or Liquids That Give
Off Flammable Vapors.

7.4.4.1 Lined or unlined
earthen containers with
combustible roofs that
enclose flammable vapors or
liquids that can give off
flammable vapors shall be
protected by air terminals,
separate masts, overhead
ground wires, or a
combination of these devices.

7.4.4.2 Aboveground
nonmetallic tanks shall be
protected as described in
Section 7.3.

Chapter 8 pg 34 Protection of Structures Housing
Explosive Materials
8.3.2 Single or Multiple 8.3.3* Single or Multiple
Masts. Mast‐type systems Masts. Mast‐type systems
shall be designed as specified shall be designed as specified
in 4.6.5, using a striking in 4.6.3 and 4.6.5, using a
distance of 100 ft (30 m) striking distance as specified
radius. in 8.2.1.

8.3.2.1* Mast Lightning 8.3.3.1 Nonmetallic masts
Protection System. A mast‐ shall have a strike termination
type lightning protection device or metal cap with a
system shall be permitted to minimum thickness of 3∕16
be remote from the structure in. (4.8 mm) connected to
in order to provide a primary ground by at least one down
attachment point for a conductor.
lightning discharge.
8.3.3.2* Mast guy wires shall
8.3.2.1.1 Metallic masts shall not be used as the only down
be a minimum diameter of conductors for a mast.
5⁄8 in. (15 mm).
8.3.3.3 Each metallic guy
8.3.2.1.2 Nonmetallic masts cable shall be interconnected
shall have a strike termination at its lower end to the
No significant changes
device or metal cap with a grounding electrode(s) for the
minimum thickness of 3⁄16 in. down conductor.
(4.8 mm) connected to
ground by at least one down 8.3.3.4 Metallic guy wires
conductor. shall be provided with a main‐
size conductor to establish
8.3.2.1.3 For nonmetallic electrical continuity with
masts using a pole guy wire as metallic masts or the down
a down conductor, the guy conductor system for
wire shall be a continuous nonmetallic masts at the top
metal cable without any of the guy.
ceramic or insulating sections.
8.5.7* Railroad Tracks. All
8.3.2.1.4 Each metallic guy railroad tracks (including
cable shall be bonded at its siding tracks) that are located
lower end to the grounding within 6 ft (1.8 m) of a facility
electrode(s). housing explosives shall be
bonded to the lightning
8.5.7 Railroad Tracks. All protection system ground ring
railroad tracks that are electrode using a main‐size
located within 6 ft (1.8 m) of a conductor buried a minimum
facility housing explosives of 18 in. (450 mm) below
shall be bonded to the grade (see Figure 8.5.7).
lightning protection system
ground ring electrode. 8.5.7.1 At the point where
railroad tracks enter a facility,
8.5.8 Where railroad tracks they shall be bonded to the
provide electrical signaling, frame of the structure or
insulated joints shall be facility or the ground loop
provided to isolate railroad conductor.
siding tracks from the main
railroad track. 8.5.7.2 Where railroad tracks
are used for electrical
8.5.8.1 Siding tracks shall signaling, insulating joints
provide external bonds for shall be provided to isolate
bonding to the facility’s railroad siding tracks from the
ground ring electrode. main railroad track.

8.5.8.2 Where railroad tracks 8.5.7.3 The insulating joints
enter a facility, they also shall shall be located between any
be bonded to the frame of the bond to the lightning
structure or facility. protection system and
connection to the main track.
8.7.1.2 Tall air terminals in the
center of the magazine 8.7.1.2 Air terminals shall be
headwall and roof shall be permitted but are not
permitted in lieu of perimeter required for portions of the
air terminals only if they magazine where a minimum
provide adequate protection earth cover of 2 ft (0.6 m) is
in accordance with 8.2.1. maintained.

8.7.2.2 The mast or catenary 8.7.2.2 The mast or catenary
system shall be system shall be
interconnected with a ground interconnected with a deck‐
ring conductor. level potential equalization
network.
8.7.2.3 An additional
conductor shall be installed 8.7.2.3 The deck‐level
along the pier or wharf for potential equalization
bonding of all permanently network shall consist of
installed metal objects on the interconnected cables or
pier conductors running along
these structures to provide
interconnection of all
permanently installed metal
objects on the wharf.

8.7.2.4 All pier and wharf 8.7.2.4* The deck‐level
ground ring conductors shall potential equalization
be interconnected. network shall be provided
with multiple paths to ground
8.7.2.5 A path to earth using main‐size conductors or
consisting of a metal plate equivalent, spaced no greater
bonded to the additional than 100 ft (30 m) average
ground ring conductor shall intervals.
be permitted to create a low‐
resistance path by 8.7.2.5 A grounding electrode
submerging in water. shall be provided for each
down conductor.
8.7.3 Cranes. All cranes shall
be provided with inner and 8.7.2.5.1 Approved grounding
outer ground ring conductors electrodes shall be ground
interconnected with each rods as described in 4.13.2 or
other. ground plate electrodes as
described in 4.13.6.
8.7.3.1 The crane shall be
bonded to the inner ground 8.7.2.5.2 The grounding
ring conductor. electrodes shall be installed in
the earth at the base of
8.7.3.2 Cranes shall be pilings.
relocated into the lightning
protection zone of protection 8.7.2.5.3* Where it is not
at the approach of a practicable to install the
thunderstorm. approved grounding
electrodes in accordance with
8.7.3.3 Boom and cable lifting 8.7.2.5.2, it shall be permitted
shall be bonded to the outer to create a grounding path by
ground ring conductor. submerging the electrodes in
water.
Exception: Metal lifting hooks
on cranes equipped with hook 8.7.2.6 Cranes shall be
insulating links shall not be bonded to the deck‐level
required to be bonded to any potential equalization
of the ground ring conductors. network.

Chapter 9 pg 38 Protection for Wind Turbines
No changes

Chapter 10 pg 39 Protection for Watercraft
No changes

Chapter 11 pg 42 Protection for Airfield Lighting Circuits
No changes

Chapter 12 pg 42 Protection for Solar Arrays
12.2.2 Protection shall be 12.2.2 Protection shall be
provided by one or more of provided by either of the
the following methods: following methods:

(1) Direct mounting of strike (1) Direct mounting of strike
termination devices to the termination devices to the
solar panel solar array rack as shown in
Figure 12.2.2(a)
(2) Direct mounting of strike
termination devices to the (2) Locating strike termination
solar panel framing devices (including air
terminals, masts, and
(3) Locating strike termination overhead ground wires)
devices (including air adjacent to the solar panels in
terminals, masts, and such a manner as to place the
Criteria is now more
overhead ground wires) solar panels in a zone of
specific.
adjacent to the solar panels in protection as defined in
such a manner as to place the Section 4.8 and shown in
solar panels in a zone of Figure 12.2.2(b).
protection as defined in
Section 4.8 12.3.1 Strike termination
devices shall not be required
12.3.1 Strike termination for solar panels or arrays that
devices shall extend a are located within a zone of
minimum of 10 in. (254 mm) protection provided in
vertically above the apex of accordance with Section 4.8.
the solar panel.
12.3.2 Strike termination
12.3.2 Strike termination devices shall be required in
devices shall be located at the accordance with 12.3.2.1
ends of the uppermost edge through 12.3.2.3 for solar
or nearest support of pitched panels or arrays not located in
solar panels or panel arrays a zone of protection.
not to exceed 2 ft (0.6 m)
from the end of the panel or 12.3.2.1 Sloped solar panels
array unless the uppermost or arrays having a horizontal
edge or nearest support is distance (run) of 40 ft (12 m)
within a zone of protection. or less and a slope of 1∕8 or
greater and solar panels or
12.3.3 Strike termination arrays having a horizontal
devices shall be located along distance (run) of more than
the uppermost edge of solar 40 ft (12 m) and a slope of
panels or panel arrays at 1∕4 or greater shall have
intervals not exceeding 20 ft strike termination devices
(6 m) unless the panel arrays located as follows:
are within a zone of
protection. (1) Strike termination devices
shall be located such that they
12.3.4 Solar panels or panel extend a minimum of 10 in.
arrays that have a slope of (254 mm) vertically above the
less than 1⁄8 shall have strike uppermost edge of the solar
termination devices located panel or array.
within 2 ft (0.6 m) of the
outermost corners and at (2) Strike termination devices
intervals not exceeding 20 ft shall be located such that they
(6 m) along all edges unless are within 2 ft (0.6 m) of the
the corners or edges are ends of the apex of the solar
within a zone of protection. panel or array.

12.3.4.1 Solar panel arrays (3) Strike termination devices
that exceed 50 ft (15 m) in shall be located within 2 ft
width or length shall comply (0.6 m) of the apex of the
with one of the following: solar panel or array.

(1) Strike termination devices (4) Strike termination devices
located at intervals not to shall be located at intervals
exceed 50 ft (15 m) on the not exceeding 20 ft (6 m)
solar panel arrays, similar to along the apex of the solar
Figure 4.7.5(a) and Figure panel or array.
4.7.5(b) (2) Strike termination
devices that create zones of (5) Strike termination devices
protection using the rolling that extend 2 ft (0.6 m) or
sphere method so the sphere more above the apex of the
does not contact the solar solar panel or array shall be
panel arrays permitted to be placed at
intervals not exceeding 25 ft
12.3.5 Solar panels or panel (7.6 m) along the uppermost
arrays that have a slope of edge of the solar panel or
less than 1⁄4 and the distance array.
from the uppermost edge to
the lowermost edge along the 12.3.2.2 Solar panels or arrays
face of the panel or array that have a slope of less than
exceeds 20 ft (6 m) shall have ¼ and the distance from the
strike termination devices uppermost edge to the
located within 2 ft (0.6 m) of lowermost edge along the
the outermost corners and at face of the panel or array
intervals not exceeding 20 ft exceeds 20 ft (6 m) shall have
(6 m) along all edges unless strike termination devices
the corners or edges are located as follows:
within a zone of protection.
(1) Strike termination devices
12.3.6 Strike termination shall be located within 2 ft
devices shall not be secured (0.6 m) of the outermost
directly to the panels or panel corners of the solar panel or
frames of photovoltaic panels array unless those corners are
and arrays. within a zone of protection.

12.3.7 Where practicable, the (2) Strike termination devices
location of strike termination shall be located at intervals
devices shall minimize the not exceeding 20 ft (6 m)
effects of shadowing the solar along all edges of the solar
panels. panel or array unless those
edges are within a zone of
protection.

that extend 2 ft (0.6 m) or
more above the edges of the
solar panel or array shall be
permitted to be placed at
intervals not exceeding 25 ft
(7.6 m) along the edges of the
solar panel or array.

12.3.2.3 Solar panels or arrays
that have a slope of less than
¼ and exceed 50 ft (15 m) in
width and length shall comply
with one of the following:

located at intervals not to
exceed 50 ft (15 m) on the
solar array as illustrated in
Figure 4.7.5.1(a) and Figure
4.7.5.1(b).

that create zones of
protection using the rolling
sphere method so the sphere
does not contact the solar
array.

Annex A pg 48 Explanatory Material
Reflects updates to the
No significant changes.
standard.

Annex B pg 63 Principles of Lightning Protection
No changes.

Annex C pg 66 Explanation of Bonding Principles
No changes

Inspection and Maintenance of
Annex D pg 68 Lightning
Protection Systems
No changes

Annex E pg 69 Ground Measurement Techniques
No changes

Annex F pg 70 Protection for Trees
No changes

Protection for Picnic Grounds,
Annex G pg 71 Playgrounds, Ball Parks, and Other
Open Places
No changes.

Annex H pg 72 Protection for Livestock in Fields
No changes

Annex I pg 72 Protection for Parked Aircraft
No changes

Annex J pg 73 Protection of Smart Structures
Due to the high degree of
electrical interconnection,
particularly data wiring,
there are many more ways
for surges to enter the most
sensitive parts of the
This Annex is new equipment. Additional

measures, beyond those
specified in NFPA 780, are
suggested for enhanced
protection of smart
structures equipment
under lightning conditions.

Guide to International Standards
Annex K pg 78 Dealing with the Selection of SPDs for
Use on Photovoltaic (PV) Installations
The purpose of this annex is
to provide the installer with
a reference to other
international standards that
This Annex is new
deal with the protection of
photovoltaic installations
from the effects of
lightning.

Annex L pg 80 Lightning Risk Assessment
Revised to provide greater
clarity and correlation of
No significant changes requirements with other
lightning protection
standards.

Guide for Personal Safety from
Annex M pg 93
Lightning
No changes
Annex N pg 94 Reserved
No changes

Annex O pg 94 Informational References
No changes

Answer the following questions in a generic sense:
1. Will adoption of the new edition require additional funding or resources not currently in
the scope? (e.g., Does a change apply retroactively to an existing design that requires
funding or resources to comply that are not part of normal business?)
An increase in funding may be necessary depending on AHJ’s inspection or
testing interval requirements. Inspection or testing intervals are at the AHJ’s discretion.
(1.5.3 and 1.6.1)
2. Will adoption of the new edition require changes to procedures, manuals, programs, etc.
to remain in compliance with the changes (e.g., Is there a change to administrative
requirements that will result in a change to an existing procedure, which is generally part
of implementing the newly adopted code or standard?)?
AHJ ITM requirements will drive administrative changes.
3. Are there changes in methodologies, calculations, procedures, etc. that need to be

communicated to a select group within the organization to ensure proper implementation,
other than what is required for the above two questions?
Annex L, “Lightning Risk Assessment”, has been revised to correlate with other
lightning protection standards
3) REVIEW AND APPROVALS

REVIEW AND APPROVAL FOR SIGNATURES
Title/Group/DOESite Name Signature Date
Originator, Ryan Lehnert GSP, CFPS _________ 09/08/2017

Facility Maintenance Supervisor
Fire Protection Operations
KC NSC
Independent Technical Reviewer Craig Miller CSP, CFPS 09/11/2017

Fire Protection Specialist
Health Safety & Environmental
KC NSC

NFPA 780 Code Review (2017 Edition) PDF

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NFPA 780, “2017” REVIEW SUMMARY

AHJ ITM requirements will drive administrative changes.

3. Are there changes in methodologies, calculations, procedures, etc. that need to be

Title/Group/DOESite Name Signature Date

Originator, Ryan Lehnert GSP, CFPS _________ 09/08/2017

Independent Technical Reviewer Craig Miller CSP, CFPS 09/11/2017

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