DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BENGALURU

A Project Report On
EXTENSIVE SURVEY PROJECT
At Melukote
(Mandya District)
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the academic requirement in respect of Project Work

2018-2019

Under the guidance of

Faculty of Civil Engineering Department
R V College of Engineering

Project Associates:
ACHINTYA JACHAK (1RV15CV004)
DEEPANSHU SWAMI (1RV15CV025)
MAHAVIR ASTIGIKAR (1RV15CV044)
PRAKHAR SAXENA (1RV15CV062)
SANDEEP KUMAR (1RV15CV083)
PRIYANKA C (1RV15CV066)
DIVYANSHU RAJ (1RV15CV129)
AJJAYYA K P (1RV16CV403)
SADDAM SONAR (1RV16CV419)

R V COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institution Under V.T.U., Belagavi)
R.V. Vidyaniketan Post, Mysore Road, Bengaluru – 560059

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BENGALURU

R. V. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institution under V.T.U., Belagavi) R. V. Vidyaniketan, Mysore
Road, Bengaluru-560059

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the project work entitled “Extensive Survey Project” is a bonafide
work carried out by Batch 4 of seventh semester in civil engineering during the
academic year 2018-19. It is certified that all the correction/ suggestion for internal
assessment have been incorporated into the report. The project have been certified as
it satisfies the academic requirement of this project work.

Guides: Camp Officer: Head of the Department:

Assist Prof. VARUNA M Assist Prof. ANAND KUMAR B.G. Prof. Dr. RADHAKRISHNA
Assist Prof. SHASHANK B S Assist Prof. VENUGOPAL.G
Assis Prof. SHASHIKIRAN C R

Examiners: Teacher In-charge

1. ________________ Assis Prof. ANAND KUMAR.B.G

2._______________ Assis Prof. VENUGOPAL.G

3._______________

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BENGALURU

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At this moment of successful completion of our extensive survey project work, we

would like to place it on record our sincere gratitude for those who were a source of
inspiration, encouragement and guidance.
We would like to thank our Guides Assist Prof. Varuna M, Assist Prof. Shashank
BS and Assist Prof. Shashikiran CR for the continuous support and guidance for
preparation of Extensive Survey Project in the Highway Project, New Tank Project
and Environmental Engineering Project respectively.

We extend our sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. Radhakrishna, H.O.D of Civil

Engineering Department for facilitating smooth conduction of Survey work.
We are highly indebted to Assist Prof. Anand Kumar B G and Assist Prof. Venugopal
G Our camp officer and other lecturers of Department of Civil Engineering,
Rashtreeya Vidyalaya College of Engineering for their valuable and constant
encouragement throughout our project work. We are also thankful to Mr. Naveen,
Mr. Anil, Mr. Venkatesha , Mr. Shiva Prakash B.G, Mr.Balakrishna, Mr.Pradeep,
Sunil kumar S and Mr. Timmappawho were in charge of our stores and equipment
for providing us good instruments.

We would like to extend our sincere thanks to Dr. K.N Subramanya, Principal, R.V.
college of Engineering for permitting us to take up this project work.
Lastly I extend my sincere thanks to my parents to for their kind co-operation and
support in the successful completion of our project report.

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BENGALURU

SYNOPSIS

The present project is an effort to analyze the existing ground profile and geometric
elements of the terrain and to design the features of New Tank Bund at Melukote.
Melukoteis a famous pilgrimage place located at a distance of approximately 133Km
from Bengaluru and is situated amidst extensive tracts of agricultural lands. This
seemed to be a good terrain for analyzing and propose the plan of New Tank which
may help to improve the living conditions.
Providing a New Tank would result in many tangible benefits. This may also help the
people of the Melukote for water for future years. Providing a new and better alignment
would also result in many benefits. The present and future requirements of water can
be handled by careful alignment of canal thus serving many irrigation fields in and
around Melukote.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BENGALURU

CONTENTS

SL. Page
CHAPTERS
No No.

1 INTRODUCTION 06

2 STUDY OF TOPO-SHEETS 07

3 INTRODUCTION TO IRRIGATION 08

4 NEW TANK PROJECT 11

5 HIGHWAY PROJECT 24

6 WATER SUPPLY PROJECT 37

7 SANITARY PROJECT 42

8 ABBREVIATIONS 45

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BENGALURU

1. INTRODUCTION

This extensive survey project is conducted to acquire a practical knowledge and application
of theory and overcome the difficulties that could arise in field during surveying. We also learn the
use of different survey instrument and to develop the team spirit at work. It also helps to develop the
confidence in handling of survey project. We conducted survey for a new tank project, Highway
project, water supply scheme and sewerage project. This survey is conducted at Melukote located in
Mandya District.

1.1 OBJECTS OF EXTENSIVE SURVEY CAMP:

In order to acquire a sound knowledge of both theory and in practical way and also the
difficulties that could arise during surveying.
The object of this survey project is as follows:-
1. To impart training in the use of survey instruments and to acquire a comprehensive idea of the
project.

2. To train the students under difficult and realistic situation of the surveying project.

3. To develop team spirit in practical work.

4. To impart confidence in the management of the survey project.

1.2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF A PROJECT:

The design and construction of any project such as dam, road alignment requires a thorough
investigation of the site as regards to its stability and feasibility. The preliminary investigation starts
from the reconnaissance work, study of top sheets, proposal of alternate sites etc.
The second stage work of investigation includes the survey work at the site in order to collect
the data necessary for the design of project elements, preparation of drawings, estimates etc. the office
work is confined to the designs, drawings and estimates of the project.

1.3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PLACE

Melukote in Pandavapurataluk of MandyaDistrict is one of the sacred places in Karnataka. The place
is also known as Thirunarayanapuram.Melukote is the location of the CheluvanarayanaSwamy
Temple, with a collection of crowns and jewels which are brought to the temple for annual celebrations.
Many more shrines and ponds are located in the town.

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BENGALURU

2. STUDY OF TOPO SHEET

This sheet gives the topographical features of the locality like alignment of a railway line,
roadway, streams and its distributaries and permanent structures located in that locality. This map
helps in selecting the site for a new tank and also gives clear picture of transportation to the proposed
area in proposed site for the transportation of men and material for their construction. From this we
can know the approximate catchment area of site. This map has to be study before reconnaissance
survey.

2.1 CALCULATION OF YIELD AT SITE.

The catchment area of proposed New Tank determined from the topo sheet is 6.3 Km2. The rainfall
of a bad year is always taken as 2/3 of mean amount of rainfall. Average annual rainfall for Melukote
area from Meteorological department data is 70 cm.
Bad year rainfall is 2/3 of 70 cm = 46.7 cm.
Runoff coefficient is usually assumed as 15 % to 20%
Assuming as 20%
Annual Yield = 0.2 x 46.7 = 9.34 cm

6.3 𝑥 9.34 𝑥 104

Yield from catchment = = 588.42 m3/year
1000

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BENGALURU

3. INTRODUCTION FOR IRRIGATION

Irrigation may be defined as the process of artificially supplying water to soil for rising crops.
India is basically an agricultural country and its economy depends to a great extent on the agricultural
output. Water is evidently the most vital element in the plant life. Water is normally supplied to the
plants by nature through rains.
However, the total rainfall in a particular area may be either insufficient or ill timed. In order
to get the maximum yield, it is essential to supply the optimum quantity of water and to maintain
correct timing of watering. This is possible only through a systematic irrigation system that is
collecting water during the periods of excess rainfall and releasing it to the crop as and when required.
The need for irrigation can be summarized in the following four points:
Less rainfall:
When the total rainfall is less than that needed for the crop, artificial supply of water is
necessary. In such a case, irrigation system should be developed at the place where more water is
available and then, the means to convey water to the area where there is deficiency.
Non-uniform rainfall:
The rainfall in a particular area may not be uniform throughout the crop period. During the
early periods of the crop rains may be there, but no water may be available at the end, with the result,
that either, the yield may be less or the crop may wither. But the accumulated or stored water during
the excess rainfall period may be supplied to the crop during the period when there may be no rainfall,
but there is a need for watering.
Commercial crop with additional water:
The rainfall in a particular area may be just sufficient to raise the usual crops, but more water
may be necessary for raising commercial or cash crops, in addition to increasing the annual output
by adopting multiple cropping patterns distributed throughout the year.
Controlled water supply:
By constructing a proper distribution system, the yield of crop may be increased. Application
of water to the soil by modern methods of irrigation serves the following purpose:
• It adds water to the soil to supply moisture essential for the plant growth.
• It washes out all diluted salts in the soil.
• It reduces the hazard of soil piping.
3.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF IRRIGATION
Duty:

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BENGALURU

Duty represents the irrigating capacity of a unit of water. It is the relation between the area
of a crop irrigated and the quantity of irrigation water required during the entire period of growth of
that crop.
For example, if 3 cumecs of water supply is required for a crop sown in an area of 5100
hectares, the duty of irrigation water will be 5100/3 = 1700 hectares/cumec, and the discharge of 3
cumecs will be required throughout the base period.
Delta:
Delta is the total depth of water required by a crop during the entire period from the day of
sowing to harvesting.
For example, if a crop requires about 12 watering at an interval of 10 days and a water depth of 10
cm in every watering then the delta for that crop will be 12x10 = 120 cm = 1.2 m. If the area under
that crop is A hectares, the total quantity will be 1.2 x A = 1.2A hectare-meters in a period of 120
days.
Crop period:
Crop period is the time, in days, that a crop takes from the instant of its sowing to its harvesting.
Base period:
Base period for a crop refers to the whole period of cultivation from the time of first watering
for sowing the crop, to the last watering before harvesting.
The duty of water is reckoned in the following four ways:
• By the number of hectares that 1 cumec of water can irrigate during the base period, i.e., 1700
hectares per cumecs.
• By total depth of water, i.e., 1.20 meters.
• By number of hectares that can be irrigated by a million cubic meter of stored water. This
system is also used for tank irrigation.
• By the number of hectare meters expended per hectare irrigated. This is also used in tank
irrigation.
Relation between duty (D), delta (d) and base period (B) in metric system
Let there be a crop of base period b days. Let one cumec of water be applied to this crop on
the field for B days.
Now, the volume of water applied to this crop during B days (V)
V = (1x60x60x24)m3 = 86,400B m3
By definition of duty (D), one cubic meter supplied for B days matures D hectares of land.
Therefore this quantity of water (V) matures D hectares of land or 104 D square meters of area.
Total depth of water applied on this land

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BENGALURU

= Volume/Area
= 86,400 B/104 D meters
= 8.64 B/D meters
By definition, this total depth of water is called delta (d).
Therefore
8.64𝐵
D= ∆

Cultivable commanded area:

The gross commanded area also contains unfertile barren land, alkaline soil, local ponds,
villages and other areas as habitation. These areas are known as uncultivable areas. The remaining
area on which crops can be grown satisfactorily is known as cultivable commanded area. The
cultivable commanded area can be further classified as cultivable cultivated area and cultivable
uncultivated area.
Gross commended area:
An area is usually divided into a number of watersheds and drainage valleys. The canal
usually runs on the watershed and water can flow from it, on both side, due to gravitational action
only up-to drainage boundaries. Thus in a particular area lying under the canal system, the irrigation
can be done only up-to the drainage boundaries, which can be commanded or irrigated by a canal
system.
Cultivable commanded area:
The gross commanded area also contains unfertile barren land, alkaline soil, local ponds,
villages and other areas as habitation. These areas are known as uncultivable areas. The remaining
area on which crops growth , including water consumed by accompanying week growth.
Gross commanded area:
An area is usually divided into a number of watersheds and drainage valleys. The canal
usually runs on the watershed and water can flow from it, on both sides, due to gravitational action
only up-to drainage boundaries. Thus in a particular area lying under the canal system, the irrigation
can be done only up-to the drainage boundaries. The gross commanded area is thus the total area
lying between drainage boundaries, which can be commanded or irrigated by a canal system.

Consumptive use:
Consumptive use of water by a crop is the depth of water by a crop is the depth of water
consumed by evaporation & transpiration during the crop growth, including water consumed by
accompanying weed growth.

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BENGALURU

4. NEW TANK PROJECT

The design and construction of any dam whether earthen masonry or concrete has to be
preceded by a thorough investigation to select the most suitable and economical site. The thoroughness
of the investigation depends upon the size of the project.

4.1 PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION

Before taking up a detailed survey of project, it is essential to carry out considerable reconnaissance
work. The topo sheet study of the probable project area gives possible sites in that area and the
catchment area of the site. This reconnaissance survey was carried out by us the day before we started
the actual survey. During this survey, we decided the site for the construction of bund, weir & canal
alignment. Using chain or tape rough data regarding the level and the length of the dam are collected.
The preliminary investigation should include.
1. A rough leveling work to give the topography of the site.

2. A study of the rocky out crop and a few boring is done to note the nature of the foundation.

3. Availability of construction materials such as Earth and good quarry etc.

4. Nature and extent of land, roads, bridges, etc. that would be submerged by the construction of the
dam.

5. Benefit the dam would give to the people.

6. Collection of hydrological data like rainfall, floods discharge etc.

7. Facility for discharging the floodwater.

Keeping the above points in view, a thorough study was done were the final choice of the site was
made
4.2 FACTORS CONSIDERED FOR SELECTION OF SITE FOR EARTHEN DAM.
The following topography and geological features affects the selection of site for earthen dam.
1. The water storage should be largest for the minimum possible height and length. The site should be
located in a narrow valley.
2. Good impervious strata [foundation] should be available at moderate depth.
3. Good and suitable basin should be available.
4. Material for construction should be available locally.
5. There should be suitable site available for waste weir.
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6. Value of the property and land likely to be submerged by the proposed dam should be sufficiently
low in comparison with the benefit expected from the project.
7. Dam should be accessible in all season.
8. Overall cost of construction and maintenance is to be taken into
After selection the site, final and precise investigation was carried out. In the present survey work it
was assumed that a choice of site was made and the type of dam to be constructed is of earthen dam,
with this assumption the detailed survey were carried out which includes.
A. Longitudinal and cross section along the centre line of the bund.
B. Block levels at the waste weir site.
C. Water spread contours.

4.3 FLY LEVELLING

It is one type of method to determine the R.L of required point. This levelling work is carried
from the nearby permanent B.M for example from a railway station or other permanent structure. In
this project we established T.B.M near the bund.

The field work is carried as follows:

1. Set the levels near the P.B.M and carry out temporary adjustment.
2. Keep staff on permanent B.M and take readings and enter it as back sight in the field book.
3. Take intermediate points towards the direction of required point is reached.
4. If the staff is invisible shift the level and note down the last reading as fore sight, after shifting the
level and temporary adjustment take readings of that point and note down it as back sight.
5. Continue this procedure until the required point is reached.
6. The R.L of the point is determine by using these formula
1. P.C= P.B.M +B.S
2. R.L = P.C-I.S or P.C-F.S
4.4 LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS & CROSS SECTIONS ALONG THE PROPOSED
CENTRE LINE OF THE TANK BUND:
Object: -
• To obtain the Profile of the valley along the assumed centre line of the dam.
• To estimate the quantity of earthwork for the proposed construction of the bund the following
points should be considered:-

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TOP WIDTH
Top width of earth dam should be sufficient to keep the seepage line well within the body of
dam. It should withstand earthquake and wave action. For small dams, top width is generally
governed by minimum road way requirements.
Top width of earth dam can be selected as per the following recommendations.

1. T = 0.2 x Z+3 for very low dams (<15 m)

2. T = 0.55 √𝑍+ 0.2Z for height less than 30m

3. T = 1.65√(Z + 1.5) for height greater than 30m.

Where Z is the max height of dam in meters. From the longitudinal section of the bund we know that
the lowest RL = 923.780m and the top bund level = 948 m. hence, the height of the dam is = 948 –
923.780 that is z = 24.22 m < 30 m

Hence by using the second formula,

Width of the dam B = 0.55√24.22 + 0.2 x 24.22 = 7.55 m say 8.00 m

FREE BOARD:-

Free board of an earth dam is the height provided above MWL/FRL up to TBL in order to
prevent over topping of water due to wave action.

“Minimum free board” is defined as vertical distance between max reservoir level and top of dam.
The vertical distance between full reservoir level and top of dam is called “Normal free board”. The
Minimum height of free board for wave action is 1.5hw where hw = max.ht. of wave.

The wave height (hw) in meters can be calculated according to

1. Molitor’s formulae (British Practice)

hw meters = 0.032 x √𝑉𝐹 + 0.763 – 0.271(𝐹)0.25

Where, F is fetch in km and F<32 Km.

Fetch is defined as the longest unobstructed distance for wind to blow from one edge of reservoir up
to the dam on u/s side of the dam. (Fetch can be measured from capacity contour sheet) V is wind
velocity in kms/hr.
(The max wind velocity in any area is 60 kmph according to meteorological data)
hw meters = 0.032 x √60 𝑋 1.4 + 0.763 – 0.271(1.4)0.25

hw = 0.763 m
Free board = 1.5 x 0.763 = 1.15 m
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Earth dams are classified into following.

1. Homogenous earth dam: A purely homogeneous earth dam is composed of single kind of material
{Exclusive of the slope protection}.Shown below is a typical cross-section of a purely
homogeneous type earth dam.

h/3

2. Zoned embankment type earth dam: It is the one in which the dam is made up of more than
one material. The most common type of a rolled earth dam section is that in which a central
impervious core is flanked by zones of material considerably more pervious. Shown below is
a typical cross-section of a Zoned Embankment type earth dam.

TRANSITION
FILTER

RIP RAP

ROCK TOE
CORE
(IMPERVIOUS)

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3. Diaphragm Embankment type: This is a modification over the homogeneous embankment type,
in which the bulk of the embankment is constructed of pervious material and a thin diaphragm of
impermeable materials is provided to check the seepage. The diaphragm may be of impervious
soils, cement concrete, bituminous concrete, or any other material, and may be placed either at
the centre of the section as a central vertical core, or at the upstream face as a blanket. Shown
below is a typical cross-section of a Diaphragm Embankment type earth dam.

DIAPHRAGM

PERVIOUS FOUNDATION

IMPERVIOUS

RECOMMENDED SIDE SLOPES FOR EARTHFILL DAMS ON STABLE FOUNDATION:

Type of section Type of material Upstream Downstream

sl.no Slope slope

1 Homogeneous section well graded material 2.5:1 2,:1

Homogeneous section
2 coarse silt 3,:1 2.5:1
Homogeneous section
3 silt clay or clay
a) height < 15m 3,:1 2.5:1
b) height ≥15m 3,:1 2.5:1

sand or gravel shell, with clay

4 Zoned section core 3,:1 2.5:1
sand or gravel shell, with RCC
5 Zoned section core 2.5:1 2,:1

Note; 1. Minimum and maximum size cores shown in Fig:

2. CL and IH soils are not recommended for major portions of the cores of earth fill dams Pt
soils are unsuitable.
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Though any one of the tables can be used for preliminary selection of the bund section the
current practice has been in favors of Strange’s table.
Note: provide sand and gravel shell, with RCC core

Core (Hearting): Core or Hearting is clay type of material provided mainly to prevent seepage
through the body of the dam. The different types of clay silt for suitability of construction or core is
provided in Table No.1 under the heading “Rolled Earth Dams.”

Rip Rap or u/s Revetment is coarse material placed on the embankment to prevent erosion of soil
is termed “Rip Rap”
Rip Rap is of two types
1. Dumped
2. Placed (also called “Pitching”)

RIP rap is placed in layers. The innermost is the “cushion“acts as filter to prevent washing of the soil
in the shell zone. It also prevents sinking of the coarse rock into the softened surface of the shell.

The following table gives the dimension of riprap as a function of wave height.
Max. Wave Minimum rip rap Min thickness of cushion
height Thickness
Fine Thickness
0 to 1.5 300mm 150mm 150mm
1.5 to 3.0 150mm 150mm 150mm
> 3.0m 600mm 150mm 150mm

Cut off wall

When river bed is having thick stratum of sand, an impermeable structure is constructed
within the stratum to reduce seepage through the foundation.

There are two types of cut off wall:

1) If the bottom of the cut off wall permeates into the impermeable layer then cut off is called positive
cut off wall. This type has the advantage of reducing seepage loss, but the disadvantage of
increasing neutral stress due to water thus decreasing the factor of safety of slope – stability on
u/s side.

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2) If the bottom of cut off wall does not permeate into loose stratum completely, cut off is called “
Partial cut off wall”
The Minimum bottom width of cut off wall is 4m, side of at least 1:1 or flatter slope may be provided
in case of overburden. ½:1 or ¼:1 may be provided in soft rock and hard rock respectively. It also
prevents seepage, erosion, and mass, instability, boiling and piping.
Internal drainage system:
The drainage system consists of two components.
a) Protective filter which is in contact with core.
b) The conduits, which collect & dispose off seepage water.

Minimum thickness of protective filter is provided as follows

Thickness for given head (M)

Filter Material
0 to 22m 22 to 46m 46 to 92m
Fine sand 150mm 300mm 450 mm
Coarse sand 200 mm 450 mm 650 mm
Gravel 300mm 600 mm 750mm

Rock toe/ toe drain

The toe drain is placed at D/s side toe of each dam. In small dams only drains are provided.
In large dams embankment will be saturated below the phreatic line. And tow drain acts as a disposal
zone of the drainage water. Its height varies from 5% of dam height (above tail water level), with
external drainage system, to as much on 20% in small dams with no internal drains. The Rock toe
designed like protective filter except for the gravel zone. The top width of rock toe will have the
dimension same as of berm.

4.5.WATER SPREAD CONTOUR:

This survey is necessary to draw the capacity contours by the help of witch the storage levels
of the tank are fixed. This can be carried out by the following methods.
1. One set of levels is taken along the course of the river on the up stream and another set at right
angle to it at the widest region and counters are interpolated.

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2. The F T L counter is traced directly and cross section at suitable intervals are taken across this
until F T L on the other side is reached. The lowest point of main valley is met and the contours’ are
interpolated
3. The entire water spread is covered by block leveling and any number of contours is interpolated.
Of the above three methods the third method is most accurate but it is tedious. Any of the above
methods may be adopted depending upon the degree of the accuracy required and the size of the
project.

Calculation of the storage capacity of reservoir:

Areas of successive contours are measured using planimeter or by constructing squares.
CONTOUR(m) AREA ENCLOSED ( Km2 )
915.13 0
920 0.0123
930 0.0825
940 0.2083
950 0.369

If A1, A2, A3 … An, are the areas of successive contours, h being the contour interval, then by
Prismoidal rule. The storage capacity can be calculated. Using Prismoidal rule

V1: Volume between the contour lines 915.13 and 920

V1= [(0+0.0123)/2]*4.87 =0.02995x 106cubic meter.

V2= Volume between the contour lines 920 and 950

V2 =
H
( A1 + An) + 4( A2 + A4 + A6 + ......) + 2( A3 + A5 + A7 + .......) cubic meter.
3
Where, A = in km2.
10
V2 = {(0.3619 + 0.0123) + 2 𝑥 0.2083 + 4 𝑥 0.0825}
3

V2 = 3.736x 106 m3.

Total Volume (V)=V1 + V2=3.76 x 106 m3
Full reservoir level:
Lowest RL = 915.13 m (capacity contour)
By extrapolation, the area enclosed by 915.13 RL is 0 Km2.

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Contour Area enclosed 106 m2 Volume contained 106 Cumulative volume

m3
920 0.0123
0.47
930 0.0825 0.47
1.45
940 0.2083 1.92
2.85
950 0.3619

FRL should lie between 940 and 950 RL, let’s say it’s at a height of h from the RL 940.000m.
Volume of water beyond 940 RL = volume of reservoir – 1.92 x 106 = 1.816x 106 m3.
Again using trapezoidal formula for RL 940 and RL 940 + h, that is
ℎ
𝑉 = (𝐴1 + 𝐴2 )
2
0.1536𝑥106
𝐴1 = area enclosed by the contour of RL 940.000 + h = 0.2083 x 106 + ℎ.
10
𝐴1 is obtained by interpolation.
A2 is the are enclosed by RL 940.000
ℎ
Now, volume beyond 940.000RL =𝑉 = 2 (𝐴1 + 𝐴2 ) = 1.816 x 106
On substituting in the above formula we get a quadratic equation of the form
0 = 0.4166h–3.632 + 0.0154ℎ2
On solving this we get h = 6.94 m~ 7.0 m
Top bund level (TBL) = 950.000m
Maximum water level (MWL) = TBL – freeboard = 950.00-1.5 = 948.50m.
Full reservoir level= (940+h) = (940+7)= 947.0m

Top bund level (TBL) = 950.000m

Maximum water level (MWL) = TBL – freeboard = 950.000-1.50 = 948.50m.
Full reservoir level = 947.00m

4.6 BLOCK LEVELS AT THE WASTE WEIR SITE.

Waste-weir:
Similarly, as in case of all dam reservoir projects, tanks are provided with arrangements for spilling
away the excess water that may enter in to the tank, to avoid over–topping of the tank bund. These
escape arrangements may be in the form of a surplus escape weir or waste weir, provided in the body
or at one end of the tank bund. The weir is a masonry weir with its top level equal to the Full tank level
(F.T.P). When the tank is full up to its FTL and extra water comes in and discharges over the waste
weir. The capacity of the weir is so designed that the water level in the tanks does not exceed the
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maximum water level (M.W.L). The top of the bund will be kept at a level so as to provide suitable
freeboard this M.W.L.
A detailed survey at the waste weir site is necessary to design the body wall of waste weir, the approach
and draft channel and other protective works and to arrive at the cost of their work. In choosing the
site for waste weir the following points must be borne in mind:-
1. A saddle disconnected from the tank bund is the best site for a surplus work.

2. The natural ground surface at the weir site should be approximately at F.T.L.

3. The height of body wall must be minimum possible and should be located as far as possible in
cutting.

4. The soil should be hard both at the weir site and along the draft channel.

5. There should be natural diversion to lead the water safely from the bund.

6. Cost of protective work should be minimum.

Design of Surplus Weir or Waste Weir:

RL at the top of waste weir = 947.000 m
Ryve’s formula: Qmax= CM2/3
C: Ryve’s Coefficient = 10.1
M: Catchment area = 6.3Km2
Discharge Qmax= 34.45 m3/Sec
Assuming it as broad crested weir.
Discharge Q = 1.022 LH3/2
H: Head over the weir = (MWL - FRL) = (948.5-947) =1.5 m
L: Length of weir L= 18.34m ~ 20m (on substituting in the above equation)

4.7 CHANNEL ALIGNMENT

A canal is provided on the downstream side of the bund, taking off from the sluice points at
a gentle bed slope. This is the paths along which water stored in the tank is supplied to the command
area for the purpose of irrigation. Based on the alignment, canals are classified as:
a) Ridge or watershed canal
b) Side slope canal
c) Contour canal
In contour canals, gravity flow of water is made use of to irrigate the area on the lower side, down to
the valley whereas in ridge canals irrigation is possible on either sides of the canal.
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A contour canal has been provided for the proposed bund. Its alignment is similar to the figure shown
below.

Channel alignment is meant to estimate the cost of the channel and cross drainage works, and also to
determine the gross command area.
The following points were kept in view while aligning the channel.
1) The channel should as far as possible be aligned in a straight line.
2) A channel in embankment is less desirable when compared to a channel in cutting.
3) A channel should be aligned as a ridge channel wherever possible but the main channels are
usually aligned as contour channels.
4) There should be as few cross drainage work as possible. If cross drainage is necessary then
channel should cross the valley or the river at a point where the width is least and the foundation
soil is good for the cross drainage works.
5) If there is only one channel, the channel should preferably be aligned on the flank opposite to
the one where the waste weir is located.

Calculation of Ground level for starting channel alignment

Sluice level : 929.435m

Full supply depth of water : 0.400 (According to Channel design)
Free board : 0.200 m (Assumed)
Ground level : 930.035m
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Calculation of actual gross command area:

The area enclosed between center line of bund, the mother valley and the final alignment is defined
as gross command area. This area can be calculated by using Planimeter or by constructing squares.

Design of Channel Section:

Determination of Irrigable area:

The yield of catchment has been found to be 0.56 X 106 cum
Assuming 10% for evaporation loss and 15 % of conveyance loss i.e., 25% as total loss in reservoir
storage capacity.
Volume of water available for irrigation is = 0.75 X 0.56 X 106 cum
= 0.42 X 106 cum
Assuming average duty of 286 Hectares million cum for mixed crop pattern.
0.42 𝑋 286
Area that can be irrigated = 𝑥 106 ͌ 120 hectares
106

It is assumed that the reservoir gets filled once annually.

Design of channel section using Lacey’s silt theory.
Taking average duty for mixed crop pattern as 3000 hectares/cumec.
120
Discharge Q = = 0.04 m3/s
3000
Side slope =1:1
Lacey silt factor (F) = 1.0 (for standard silt)
1 1
𝑄 𝐹2 6 0.04 𝑋 12 6
Velocity in channel = V={ } ={ } = 0.2566 m/s
140 140
𝑄 0.04
Area of the channel section = 𝑉 = 0.26 = 0.1538 m2

Let the base width be = 30cm, and side slope be equal to 1 : 1

Area = Bd2 + d = 0.157
On substituting and solving the above equation, we get
d = 0.25m, let 20 cm be free board
Bottom width = 30 cm, Depth = 25cm
5 5
𝑓3 (1)3 1
Longitudinal slope of channel S= 1 = 1 =
1961
3340 𝑥 𝑄6 3340 𝑥 (0.041)6

Hence assumed slope of (1/2000) is correct

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4.8 PARTICULARS AND SALIENT FEATURES OF THE NTP

1. Place of the project Melukote,

Pandavapura taluk
Mandya district.
2. Distance from Bangalore 133 Km.
3. Nature of Project New tank Project
4. Type of Bund Earthen Bund.
5. Bund
• Length of Bund 288.1 m

• Deepest Streambed 923.780m.

• T.B.L. 950.000 m.

• M.W.L. 948.0m.

• F.T.L. 947.000 m.

• Max height of Bund 26.22m.

6. Length of waste Weir 80m

7.
Capacity contour 3.76 x 106 m3

8. Canal
• Length of the Canal 600.00 m
• Bed Width 0.30 m.
• F.S.D. 0.400 m.

• Free Board 0.200 m.

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5.HIGHWAY PROJECT

5.1 HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT:

The positioning or the laying out of the center line of the highway on the ground is
called the alignment. The horizontal alignment includes the straight path, the
horizontal deviations and curves. Changes in gradient and vertical curves are covered
under vertical alignment of roads.
A new road should be aligned very carefully, as improper alignment would
result in one or more of the following disadvantages:
1. Increase in construction cost.
2. Increase in maintenance cost.
3. Increase in vehicle operation cost.
4. Increase in rate of accidents.
Once the road is aligned and constructed, it is not easy to change the alignment
due to increase in cost of adjoining land and construction of costly structures by the
road side.
Hence the importance of careful considerations while finalizing the alignment
of a new road should be overemphasized.

Requirements:
The basic requirements of an ideal alignment between two terminals stations are
that is should be:
1. Short
2. Easy
3. Safe
4. Economical

5.2 Need for Highway Planning:

In the present era, planning is considered as a pre-requisite before attempting
any development program. This is particularly true for any engineering work, as
planning is the basic need for highway development.
Particularly planning is of great importance when funds available are limited in
contrast to the amount required which would be very high. This is actually the most
important problem that has to be addressed by the developing countries like India as
funds have to be utilized in the best possible and economic way.

5.3 The objectives of highway planning are as follows:

1. To plan a road network for efficient and safe traffic operation, but at a minimum
cost.
2. The cost of the construction, maintenance and renewal of pavement layers and the
vehicle operation costs must be given due considerations.

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3. To arrive at a road system and lengths of different categories of roads, which could
provide maximum utility and can be constructed within the available resources
during the plan period under consideration.
4. To fix up date wise priorities for development of each road link based on utility as
the main criterion for phasing the road development program.
5. To plan future requirements and improvements of road in view of anticipated
developments.
6. To work out financing system.

5.4 Factors controlling alignment:

For an alignment to be shortest, it should be straight between the terminal
stations. This is always not possible due to various practical difficulties such as
intermediate obstructions and topography.
A shortest route may have very steep gradients and hence not easy for vehicle
operation. Similarly, there may be construction and maintenance problems along a
route, which may otherwise be short and easy. Roads are often deviated from the
shortest route in order to cater for intermediate places of importance of obligatory
points.
A road which is economical in the initial construction cost need not necessarily
be the most economical in maintenance or in vehicle operation cost. It may also
happen that shortest and easiest route for vehicle operation may work out to be costliest
of the different alternatives from construction view point. Thus it may be seen that an
alignment can seldom fulfill all the requirements simultaneously hence, a judicial
choice is made considering all the factors.
The various factors controlling the alignment of the highway are:
1. Obligatory points
2. Traffic
3. Geometric design
4. Economics
5. Other constructions
In hilly areas, additional care has to be given for setting up the alignment and
the factors governing are as follows:
1. Stability
2. Drainage
3. Geometric standards of hill roads
4. Resisting length

5.5 STEPS INVOLVED IN A NEW PROJECT REPORT

1. Map Study
2. Reconnaissance Survey
3. Preliminary Survey
4. Location of Final Alignment
5. Detailed Survey
6. Materials Survey
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7. Design
8. Earth Work
9. Pavement Construction

The following points may be kept in mind while aligning any type of road:
1. Cutting and embankment must be balanced.
2. A flat gradient as far as possible should be used, only when unavoidable conditions,
the ruling gradient has to be given.
3. Super elevation has to be given for all the curves.
4. Transition curves should be provided between curve and a straight alignment.
5. Vertical curve should be provided whenever the gradient changes.
6. The alignment should be the most economical with economical with minimum
drainage crossing, so it should follow the ridge.
For this reason we have designed the road as per PMGSY guidelines. For this reason
we have made certain assumption which is explained as when required.

SOIL PROPERTIES:

CALCULATIONS:
WATER CONTENT (W):
W1=28.65g
W2= 36.72g
W3=36.45g
W= (W2-W3) / (W3-W1)= (36.72-36.45) / (36.45-28.65) = 3.46%

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CBR TEST OF SOIL

Type of CBR test sample : Remoulded
Method of compaction: Dynamic
Dynamic : Heavy
Condition of test specimen : Unsoaked
Proving ring calibration factor : 2.64
Total weight of surcharge : 5kg
Dry density :2g/cc
Optimum moisture content : 13%

Load
on Corrected load in
Sl.no Penetration in mm Proving ring reading
Plunger kg
in kg
0 0 0 0 0
1 1.5 28 73.92 73.92
2 2 31 81.84 81.84
3 2.5 34 89.76 89.76
4 5 48 126.72 126.72
5 7.5 54 142.56 142.56
6 10 61 161.04 161.04
7 12.5 68 179.52 179.52

CBR @ 2.5mm penetration =((89.76/1370)*100= 6.55%

CBR @ 5mm penetration (126.72/2055)*100)= 6.16%6.16%

CBR @ 2.5mm penetration> CBR @5mm penetration

Therefore CBR Value

of the soil =6.55%
Load in kg

Penetration in mm

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BENGALURU

PAVEMENT DESIGN:
Design is done as per the guide lines of PMGSY and IRC SP – 72: 2015 code is referred.
1.2𝑛𝑇𝑡
Average annual daily traffic = AADT = T +
365
Where T = total number of mechanical and non mechanical vehicles = 220 Nos.
n = 2 = no. of harvesting periods. (Assumed)
t = harvesting period duration. = 90 days (Assumed)
1.2 𝑥 2 𝑥 220 𝑥 90
Average annual daily traffic = AADT = 220 + = 351 vehicles
365
From traffic survey, No. of HCV per hour = 14
No. of HCV per day = 14*24=336
Anticipated traffic(A) = P(1+r)n
P = traffic at the last count
r = growth rate (0.075)
n= no of years after last count
A= 336*(1+0.075)0.5
= 348.37
VDF( vehicle damage factor) = (no of standard axle/ no of commercial vehicles)
Equivalence factor = (load in kg/standard load)4
= (9000/8200)4
= 1.45
Standard axles = CVPD*EF
= 336*1.45 = 487.2
VDF = (336*1.45)/336 = 1.45
(1+𝑟)𝑛 − 1
N = cumulative equivalent standard axles = A x 365 { } x L x VDF
𝑟

TO = total number of CV x VDF = 78 x 0.34 = 26.52

r = annual growth rate = 7.5 % (assumed as per IRC 37)
L = lane distribution factor = 1 for single lane.
N = (365*348.37*1.45*1((1+0.075)15-1))/(0.075)
= 4.81msa
CBR = 6.4 %
Referring to catalogue OF SP-72, we get
Total pavement thickness-520 mm thick
BC 25 mm

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DBM 50 mm
Granular base = 250 mm
Granular sub base = 195 mm

DESIGN OF TRAPEZOIDAL DRAIN:

The drain is proposed from chainage 360m to 900m
Estimating runoff
Any drainage installation is sized according to the probability of occurrence of an expected peak
discharge during thedesign life of the installation. This, of course, is related to the intensity and
duration of rainfall events occurring not only inthe direct vicinity of the structure, but also upstream
of the structure.
When streamflow records are not available, peak discharge can be estimated by the "rational"
method or formula and is recommended for use on channels draining less than 80 hectares (200
acres):

Q = 0.278 C i A

Where: Q = peak discharge, (m3/s)

i = rainfall intensity (mm/hr) for a critical time period
A = drainage area (km²)
Runoff is due to both the water falling on the pavement surface, shoulder and open/empty lands
adjacent to the road where the drain is proposed to be built.

Hence, individual runoffs from pavement surface, shoulder and open lands are calculated
separately. Total discharge is the sum of all these runoffs.

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Values of relative imperviousness for use in rational formula

According to the data collected from the Indian Metrological Department, the rainfall intencity for
a critical time period = 0.08mm/hr
Area of Open land available for drainage = 62.12 km2
Area of pavement surface avaiable for drainage = (5.5m x 540m)= 2970 m2
Area of shoulder surface avaiable for drainage = (1.5 m x 540m x 2)= 1620 m2

Runoff from pavement surface = Qr= 0.278 x 0.525 x .08 x 0.00297 = 3.46x10-5 m3/s
Runoff from shoulder surface = Qs = 0.278 x 0.075 x .08 x .00162 = 0.2727x10-5 m3/s
Runoff from open ground surface = Qo= 0.278 x .175 x .08 x 62.12 = 0.242 m3/s

Total runoff = Qr+Qs+Qo = 0.242 m3/s

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Geometric Design Of Drain

Camber provided 1 in 33 or 3%
Vlim = 1.3 m/s (assumed)
Side slope = 1:1/3 (V:H) (assumed)
Q = 0.242 m3/s

Q 0.242
A= = = 0.186 m2
V 1.3
Assuming bottom width as 0.3m
(0.3X2)+(2X0.33)d
Area of cross section of trapezoidal drain =d× { }
2
On solving this we get d = 0.423 m
Hence, the total depth of the drain = 0.42+0.2 = 0.623m
Where, 0.2m is free board.

Hence, top width of the drain = 0.71m

Longitudinal slope is given as same as the existing terrain slope i.e. 1 in 37.
Other improvements:

• Provision of road humps for all the cross roads near the intersection.

The road intersection doesn’t have the required sight distance because of the presence of a
building at the corner of the road. Hence each hump for all the cross roads would be necessary.

The following pavement distresses were observed on the stretch that was surveyed:

Distress Nos. Quantity

Pothole 40 240m2
Rutting 5 30mm
Ravelling 23 311.3m2
Patching 11 66.3m2
Fatigue cracking 7 12mm
Suitable measures should be undertaken to eliminate these distresses. Some of the measures
are: excavating the distressed area and repaving it; laying a fresh wearing course or a patch thick
enough to fill the distress; ensuring adequate drainage so as to avoid stagnation of water on the road.

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5.10 DISTRESS SURVEY:

Cracking on roads: The common causes of pavement deterioration and degradation

are overloading, seepage, improper or poor road surface drainage, lack of proper road
maintenance, lack of proper design, adverse climatic conditions and some other
factors.

Road distresses disturb and adversely affect the traffic flow and traffic safety leading
to poor performance of the road. They also cause an increase in fuel costs, result in
time delay and prove troublesome for every road user. Identification of the road
cracks at an early stage is essential as preventive road maintenance and effective
remedial measures can be applied before the problem becomes too severe and the
pavement fails. Pavement maintenance thus leads to enormous economic benefits in
preventing the pavement from failing. Also, the distresses whether of a smaller or
larger scale are a nuisance to the road users and may prove hazardous if neglected for
a long period as their condition worsens with time. Proper, timely and selective road
maintenance thus becomes an important principle which lengthens the life of the
pavement and also reduces the cost of maintenance.

Raveling: The crumbling up of the asphalt layer as a result of the disintegration

between the aggregate particles and the asphalt binder. The loose debris on the
pavement, roughness, water collecting in the raveled locations resulting in vehicle
hydroplaning and loss of skid resistance. Main cause of this is loss of bond between
aggregate particles and the asphalt binder as a result of:

• A dust coating on the aggregate particles that forces the asphalt binder to bond
with the dust rather than the aggregate
• Aggregate Segregation. If fine particles are missing from the aggregate matrix,
then the asphalt binder is only able to bind the remaining coarse particles at
their relatively few contact points.
• Inadequate compaction during construction.

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Rut: A rut is a depression or groove worn into a

road or path by the travel of wheels or skis. Ruts
can be formed by wear, as from studded snow
tires common in cold climate areas, or they can
form through the deformation of the asphalt
concrete pavement or sub-basematerial. Rut-like
depressions can be formed on gravel roads by the
erosion from flowing water. Ruts prevent rainwater
from flowing to the side of the road into ditches or
gutters. Ruts in gravel roads can be removed by grading the road surface. Ruts in
asphalt pavement can be filled with asphalt, then overlaid with another layer of asphalt,
but better results can usually be achieved by grinding off the surface to restore the
proper cross slope, then resurfacing. Typically rutting is reported in terms of rut depth.
Rutting is measured at highway speeds with a laser/inertial profilograph.

Pothole: A pothole is a structural failure in a road surface, usually asphalt pavement,

due to water in the underlying soil structure and traffic passing over the affected
area. Water first weakens the underlying soil; traffic then fatigues and breaks the
poorly supported asphalt surface in the affected area. Continued traffic action ejects
both asphalt and the underlying soil material to create a hole in the pavement. Potholes
may result from four main causes:
1. Insufficient pavement thickness to support
traffic during freeze/thaw periods without
localized failures
2. Insufficient drainage
3. Failures at utility trenches and castings
(manhole and drain casings)
4. Pavement defects and cracks left
unmaintained and unsealed so as to admit
moisture and compromise the structural
integrity of the pavement
Following steps can be taken to avoid pothole formation in existing pavements:

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1. Surveying of pavements for risk factors

2. Providing adequate drainage structures
3. Preventative maintenance
4. Utility cut management

Other improvements:
• Provision of road humps for all the cross roads near the intersection.
• Sign boards near the school and hospitals
• Warning board at the intersections
• Informatory boards near the temple premises need to be updated
The road intersection doesn’t have the required sight distance because of the
presence of a building at the corner of the road near the bus-stop. Hence each
hump for all the cross roads would be necessary.

OVERTAKING SIGHT DISTANCE (OSD):

V=40kmph
Vb=V-16 = 24kmph
t=2.5s .
A=4.45 kmph where A is Maximum over taking acceleration
d1=0.28Vbt = 0.28x24x2.5 = 16.8 m
d2=0.28VbT+2s
here, s=(0.2Vb+6)=(0.2x24)+6=10.8m (spacing of vehicles)
T=√ (14.4𝑆 / ) = √ (14.4×10.8/4.45 )= 5.912s
d2 = 0.28x24x5.912 + 2x10.8= 61.33m
d3 = 0.28VT = 0.28x40x5.912 = 66.214m
OSD on two way traffic road = d1+d2+d3 =16.8+61.33+66.214=144.344m ≈145m
Minimum OSD= 3xOSD=3x145=435m
Safe OSD =5*OSD=5*145=725m
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Summit Curve:
From 240to 450 chainage we encountered summit curve. It has gota ascending gradient of 1 in 36.29,
and a descending gradient of 1 in 31.71
Assuming the length of summit curve(L) > SSD

Length of summit curve is given by,

𝑁𝑆 2
L=
4.4
1 1
Where N = Deviation angle = ( + ) = 0.06
36.29 31.71
S = SSD = 45.75m
Substituting in the above formulae we get,
Length of summit curve to be (L) = 28.54m
This length of Summit curve is <SSD, Hence our assumption was wrong, Then length of summit
curve is given by
4.4
L = 2S -
𝑁
Substituting the values of S and N in these formulae we get length of summit curve
L = 18.167m
But the provided length of summit curve = 210m
Hence there is no problem in obtaining the required SSD.

ROAD WIDENING AT CURVES:

𝑛𝑋𝑙𝑋𝑙 𝑉
We = +
2𝑅 9.5𝑋 √𝐑
n=1 which is the number of lanes
R is the radius of curve provided
V is the design speed taken as 40 kmph for other village roads
We = ( 1×210×210 /2×58 ) + ( 40/9.5√58) = 0.86m
Required road width @210m chainage = (3.75+0.86) = 4.61m
PAVEMENT DESIGN:
Design is done as per the guide lines of PMGSY and IRC SP – 72: 2015 code is referred.
1.2𝑛𝑇𝑡
Average annual daily traffic = AADT = T +
365
Where T = total number of mechanical and non mechanical vehicles = 200Nos.
n = 2 = no. of harvesting periods. (Assumed)
t = harvesting period duration. = 80 days (Assumed)
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1.2 𝑥 2 𝑥 200 𝑥 80
Average annual daily traffic = AADT = 200+ = 306 vehicles
365
From traffic survey, No. of Heavy vehicles per hour = 5
No. ofHeavy vehicles per day = 24X5=120
Anticipated traffic (A) = P(1+r)^n
= 120(1+0.075)^0.5
=124.418
D= Lane distribution factor = 1
V= Vehicle damage factor = 2.5
CBR Provided= 7%
Annual Growth Rate=7.5%
Vehicle Damage Factor=2.5
Design life=15 years
Initial traffic on completion=120cvpd
Msa = million standard axles
N= (𝟑𝟔𝟓×((𝐥+𝐫)^n−𝟏))/ 𝒓 x A x D x F)
= (365×((l+0.075)^15−1)) 0.075)X (124.418x 1 x 2.5)
=2.96 ≈ 3.0msa

From IRC: 37-2001,

the total depth obtained is 45 mm
From the table IRC 37-2001,

Pavement composition is as follows:

i. Granular sub base - 170mm
ii. Granular base - 250mm
iii. Binder course - 50mm
iv. Surface course – 20mm
v. Camber provided 1in 33 or 3%

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BENGALURU

INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING PROJECT FOR MELUKOTE

1. Water Supply project:
a) New source project
(b) Augmentation scheme.
c) Water treatment system
d) Pumping system
e) Distribution system.
2. Sewerage project:
a) Sewerage system
b) Sewage Treatment facility.

6. WATER SUPPLY PROJECT FOR MELUKOTE.

Data:
a) Geological
b) Hydrological
c) Sanitary conditions
d) Topography showing elevations of various points, density of population in various zones. This
map helps in positioning intake works, treatment plant and type of system to be adopted for
conveyance and distribution of water.
e) Legal data of lands
f) Public opinion.

Water supply

(1) Population Forecast :

Year Population Increment % Increase

1991 3156
2001 3235 79 2.5
2011 3315 80 2.4

Population forecast for 2031,

P2031 =?

F = 𝐏 (𝟏 + 𝐫)𝐧
r= (0.025X0.024)^0.5= 0.0245
P2031 = P2011 (1 + r)n
P2031 = 3315(1 + 0.0245)2
P2031= 3478 ≈ 3500 nos.

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(2) Water Demand:

Average daily demand = 135x3500 = 472500 lit/day
Maximum daily demand = 2xavg daily demand
=2x472500 = 945000 lit/day
Peak hourly demand = 1.5x maximum daily demand
= 1275750 lit/day

Water treatment unit:

(1) Screenings:
Max. Depth = 1m
Inclined at 45 degree
Detention period = 0 (continuous flow)
Velocity = 1m/s

(2) Sedimentation tank:

It should be designed for twice the average daily demand
= 2X 472500 = 945000 l/day = 0.011 cum/sec
Acceleration for design consideration the velocity of flow from 15-30 cm/ min.
Assume 15cm / min
=0.15/60 = 2.5x10^3 m/sec.
Area (A) = Q / V = (0.011) / (2.5x10^3) = 4.4 Sq.m
Providing 4 tanks
L = Length in m B = Breadth in m D = Depth in m

Assuming D= (3.5+0.5) NOTE: free board 0.5m

D= 4.0m

Breadth = 4.4 / 4
B = 1.1 m.
Assume detention period to be 4 hours (240 minutes)NOTE: (4-8 hours for plain sendimentation)

Length = velocity x detention period

= 0.15X240
L = 36 m.

Therefore dimension of tank = 36 X 1.1X 4.0m

(3) Slow Sand Filter:

Design for 10 years and twice the average daily demand = 0.011 cum / sec.
Assume filtration rate = 0.15cum/hr/sq.mNOTE: between 100-200 lts/hr/sq.m
= 4.167x10^-5 cum/sec/sq.m

Area (A) = Q / Rate =(0.011) / (4.167x10^-5) = 264.5 sq.m

Provide 4 filter unit = 66.125sq.m / filter

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L = 2B
A= BxL = Bx2B

66.125 = 2B^2

B = 5.75 ≈ 6.0m

L = 2x6 = 12.0m

Height = 3.0 mNOTE:between 2.5-3.5m

Free board = 0.3m
Filter head = 0.9m

Providing size of one unit as 12m x 6m, then provide 4 such units of slow sand filter.

(4) Disinfection:

These are for 25 years and twice the average daily demand
P=3500
Q=0.011m3 /s = 945000 L/day
Assuming bleaching powder containing 30% of active chlorine & chlorine
dosage as 0.3ppm or 0.3mg/l.
0.3∗ 945000
Quantity of chlorine required = 106
= 0.284 kg/day

Quantity of bleaching powder required,

0.284
=30∗100 = 0.947 kg/day

Quantity of bleaching powder required per year

= 0.947 x 365
= 345.655 kg

(5) Overhead Tank:

It is always designed for water demand of the town.
Qmax = 0.011m3 /s = 945000 L/day

Qavg = 472500 lit/day = 5.47x10^-3

1
Capacity of tank = ×Qavg
3

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1
= ×5.47x10^-3
3

= 1.823 x 10-3 m3/s

=157500 L/day
Assuming 180000 liters volume tank.
 180m3 volume
Providing circular tank
3.14xd2 ×H
= 180
4
d2 x H = 229.3
Assume H= 5 m
d= 6.77 ~ 7 m
(6) Economical Diameter of Pipe:
Economical diameter of pipe is given by ,d=1.23√Q

Where Q= water demand in cumecs.

=1.23√0.152
=480mm

Provide pipe with diameter 500mm

(7) Pump:
Brake horse power BPH,
𝒘𝑸𝑯
BHP = 𝟕𝟓𝜼
𝒄
w = 1000kg/m3
Q = discharge = 0.011 cum/ sec (maximum daily demand)
𝜂𝑐 = efficiency of pump x efficiency of motor
H: Total head = H1 + H2 + H3
H1 = height of over head tank
H2 = Height between source to over head tank = 55.475 m
H3 = Head loss due friction

Loss due to friction,

4𝑓𝑙𝑣 2 4∗0.01∗840∗0.352
𝐻𝑓 = =
2𝑔𝑑 2∗9.81∗0.20
𝐻𝑓 = 21.24 m
Total head (H) = 15+55.475+21.24 = 91.715 m

Assuming Efficiency of pump = 65%

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Efficiency of motor = 95%

𝜂𝑐 = 0.65 * 0.95 = 0.6175
𝑤𝑄𝐻 1000∗0.011∗91.71
BHP = 75𝜂 =
𝑐 75∗0.617
BHP = 21.8 ≈ 25 HP

Adopt 2 NOs of 20 HP Pumps and 1 NOs of 10 HP Pump out of which 1 NOs of 20HP As a
stand by.

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BENGALURU

7.SEWERAGE PROJECT FOR MELUKOTE:

1) Design of sewers.
2) Design of waste stabilization pond.

Self-cleansing velocity = 1 m/s NOTE:Minimum 0.45 m/sec.(depends on specific g

gravity and diameter of particals

Non scouring velocity = 1.5 m/sNOTE:Non scouring or limiting velocity = 1.5-2.5 /

m/sec (for ordinary brick lined sewers)

𝟐 𝟏
𝟏
Manning’s Formula: V= 𝐑𝟑 𝐒 𝟐 R = d/4
𝐧
From water supply scheme, we know that,
Total average flow of water = 135 x 3500 = 472500 lit/day
Total maximum flow of water = 135 x 3500 x 3 = 1417500 lit/day
Assuming 85% of water supply is coming out as waste water,
Max sewage flow = 0.85 x 1417500=1204875 lit/day
= 0.014cumecs

Outfall Sewers:
Q = 0.85 x Qmax (of water supply)
= 0.85 x 1417500 lit/day
= 0.014m3/s
Assuming velocity=1m/s
Q=AxV
0.014=A x 1
A= 0.014m2
Circular sewer providing,
𝜋𝑑2
= 0.014
4
d = 14cm
This is obtained by considering only domestic waste. By considering other wastes like waste
from temple, institutional waste take diameter of pipe as 30cm.

Main Sewer:
Three mains are connected to outfall sewer.
Discharge coming from main sewer
Assuming velocity=1m/s
Q=AxV
0.014=A x 1
A= 0.014m2
Circular sewer providing,
𝜋𝑑2
= 0.014
4
d = 14cm

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Take diameter of pipe as 20cm.

Branch Sewer:
Branch sewers are connected to one main sewer.
Discharge coming from branch sewer
0.014
Q= =0.007 m3/s
2
Q = AxV
𝜋 ∗ 𝑑2
0.007= 𝑋1
4
d=9.4cm
Take diameter of pipe as 10cm.

The gradient should be such that, the velocity in the pipe will be always more than self-cleansing
velocity but less than scouring velocity.
Providing drop manholes when the ground slope is very steep. Provide manholes with minimum
depth of 1 m & max depth of 3 to 4 m. The depth of manhole required is steeper than 3 - 4 m. Provide
drop manholes with inlet at higher level than outlet.

Design of treatment system for sewerage:-

Since it is a village where plenty of land is available, a waste stabilization pond or oxidation
pond is proposed as treatment plant which is simple, doesn’t require any pre-treatment of sewage &
doesn’t require electric power.
An oxidation pond consists of a shallow aerobic pond which operates by the combined action
of algal photo synthesis & aerobic stabilization of organic matter.

Population = 3500

Contribution of sewage to be assumed as 85% of quantity of water supply

=0.85x135 = 115lpcd

Assuming 5 days B.O.D of sewage = 300mg/L NOTE :medium sewage BOD = 300 mg/l

Quantity of sewage to be treated for day= 3500x115=402500 lit = 402.50 m3

BOD content per day = (402.5) / (1000) x 100 =120.75 kg

Assuming the organic loading in the pond as 250 kg/hectare/day

120.75
Surface area required = hectare
300
= (0.4025x104 )m2 = 4025 m2

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Assuming the length of the tank (L) or twice its width (B)
L x B = 4025
Assuming L = 2B
B 2 =4025/2 = 2012.5
B=44.86 m Say 50m
L=2B =2x50=100m
Then, let the effective depth of the tank be 1.0 m with total depth of 2.0m
Then, Capacity provided = (100x50x1.0) = 5000m3

Now, capacity = Sewage flow per day x Detention time in days

Capacity 5000
Therefore Detention time in days = =
sewage flow per day 402.5
=12.42 say 13 days

Adopt an Oxidation pond of dimensions 100 x 50 x 2.0 m and a detention period of 13days

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8. ABBREVIATIONS:

P.B.M :Permanent Bench Mark

T.B.M :Temporary Bench Mark
R.L : Reduced Level
P.C : Plane of Collimation
B.S : Back sight
I.S : Intermediate Sight
F.S : Fore sight
T.B.L : Tank bund level
M.W.L : Maximum water level
F.T.L : Full Tank Level
F.S.L : Full Supply Level

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