Test 1 Reading and Use of English

Part 7 Studying the law

You are going to read extracts lrom an introductory book about studying the law. For questions
44-53, choose Irom the sections (A-O). The extracts may be chosen more than once. Mark your A
answers on the separate answer sheet. Ordinary people regularly encounter law in a variety 01 circumstances. Freely-negotiated commercial
contracts may bind them to act in particular ways. By becoming members 01 a sports club or a trade union
they agree to comply with a set 01 rules. Sometimes these torrns 01 law will use the courts to enlorce their
arrangements. In other cases privately-instituted adjudication bodies are established, a third party being
appointed to decide whether an agreement'or rule has been broken or not. These kinds 01 arrangements
In which extract are the following mentioned? may seem very different lrom the normal idea 01 law, especially if law is thought 01 mainly in terms of
the criminal law. However, it is possible to see law simply as a way 01 regulating our actions, 01 deciding
what can be done and what cannot be done. Most laws are not about something spectacular but, rather,
about the details 01 ordinary lile. Every time a purchase is made, a contract is made. Both parties make
the relative Irequency 01 certain types 01 legal cases promises about what they will do; one to hand over the goods, one to pay the price. In this and other ways,
everybody is involved in law every day of their lives.

B
input by those who are not directly involved in a dispute Legal rules can be divided up in many different ways. The rules show differences in purpose, in origin
and form, in the consequences when they are breached, and in matters 01 procedure, remedies and
enforcement. One 01 the most fundamental divisions in law is the division between criminal and civillaw.
Newcomers to the study 01 law tend to assume that criminallaw occupies the bulk of a lawyer's caseload
and 01 a law student's studies. This is an interesting by-product 01 the portrayal 01 the legal system by the
how common transactions assume certain guarantees
media. Criminal law weighs very lightly in terms 01 volume when measured against non-criminal (that is.
civil) law. There are more rules 01 civillaw than there are 01 criminal law; more court cases involve breach
01 the civillaw than that 01 the criminal law.

ascertaining the effectiveness 01 a legal system e

The term 'national law' is used to mean the internal legal rules 01 a particular country, in contrast to
internationallaw which deals with the external relationships 01 a state with other states. There is no world
government or legislature issuing and enlorcing laws to which all nations are subject. The international
determining the consequences 01 altering the legal system legal order has no single governing body and operates by agreement between states. This means that the
creation, interpretation and enforcement 01internationallaw lie primarily in the hands 01states themselves.
Its scope and effectiveness depend on the sense 01 mutual benelit and obligation involved in adhering to
the rules. Disputes about the scope and interpretation 01 international law are rarely resolved by the use
the inlluence of popular depictions of the law 01 international courts or binding arbitration procedures 01 an international organisation. This is beca use
submission to an international court or similar process is entirely voluntary and lew states are likely to
agree to this il there is a serious risk 01 losing their case or where important political or national interests
are at stake.
a reluctance to submit to formal legal processes
D
One source of detailed inlormation about the legal system is statistical analyses. Inlormation about the
number 01 cases handled by a court shows in specilic terms what a court's workload is. Changes in these
lrom year to year may indicate some effects 01 changes in the law and practice. Statistical tests can
how a decentralised legal system depends on a leeling of reciprocity
establish that there is a relationship, a correlation, between different things. For example, the length of
a sentence lor theft rnay correlate with the value 01 the items stolen or the experience 01 the judge who
heard the case. This means that the sentence will be longer il, lor exarnple. more items are stolen or the
judge is more experienced. A correlation can provide evidence lor a theory. Such conlirmation is important;
the lack of drama in the way the law operates without it we have little to establish the impact the law has, being lorced to rely on individual instances of
its application and having to assume that these have general truth. Empirical study 01 the operation of law
may reveal areas 01 improvement. It can also conlirm that, measured by particular standards, the courts
are working well.
the absence of a certain type of legal institution

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Test 1 Reading and Use of English

Part 5 31 Why does the writer describe a website about public check-ins in the first paragraph?

A to reinforce the concerns already felt by some people

You are going to read an article about the history of blogging. For questions 31-36, choose the
B to remind readers to beware of false promises
answer (A, 8, e or D) which you think fits best according to the text. Mark your answers on the
separate answer sheet.
e to explain that such sites often have a hidden agenda
D to show that the risks of internet use are sometimes overestimated

32 What is the writer's attitude to the online pioneers mentioned in the second paragraph?
81?gging: Confessing to the world
A He is concerned by the risks they took.
So me time ago, a website highlighted the risks of public check-ins - online announcements of your where-
abouts. The site's point was blunt: you may think you are just telling the world, 'Hey, I'm at this place' - but B He appreciates their unprecedented achievements.
you are also advertising your out-and-about-ness to all kinds of people everywhere - not all of them people
you might like to bump into. This appeared to confirm the growing awareness that there might be a downside
e He admires their technical ski lis.
to all the frantic sharing the web has enabled. The vast new opportunities to publish any and every aspect of D He is impressed by the extent of their cooperation.
our lives to a potentially global audience hold out all sorts of tantalising possibilities: Wealth! Fame! So we
plunge into the maelstrom of the internet, tossing conlessions, personal photos and stories into the digital 33 What does the writer suggest about Justin Hall in the third paragraph?
vortex. Toa late we realise that the water is crowded and treacherous - and we are lost.
A He was unusually innovative in his approach.
Depressing? Perhaps, but don't give up. This luture has a map, drawn lar us years ago by a reckless group 01
B His work was popular for the wrong reasons.
online pioneers. In the early days 01 the web, they sailed these waters and located all the treacherous shoals.
They got lired from their jobs, found and lost Iriends and navigated celebrity's temptations and perils - all e He inspired others writing in different fields of study.
long belore the invention 01 social networking. These pioneers, the lirst wave 01 what we now call bloggers,
D His work displayed considerable literary skil!.
have already been where the rest of us seem to be going. Before their tales scroll off our collective screen, it's
worth spending a little time with them. After all, those who cannot learn from history are doomed to re post it.
34 What point is exemplified by the references to Hall's project in the fourth paragraph?
In january 1994, justin Hall, a 19-year-old student, began posting to the 'WWW', as it was then known,
something inhabited mostly by grao students, scientists and a handlul of precocious teens like him. The web A People usually dislike exhibitionists.
had been invented at CERN, the international physics lab in 5witzerland, so researchers could more easily
share their work. Hall saw something else: an opportunity to share his lile. Link by link, he built a hypertext B Someone's life can be a form of arto
edilice 01 autobiography, a dense thicket 01 verbal sell-exposure leavened with photos and arto In january
1996, on a dare, he began posting a daily blog, and readers flocked to the spectacle 01 a reckless young man
e Relationships are always a private matter.
pushing the boundaries of this new medium in every direction at once. D Being too open may be counterproductive.

Hall's ethos was absolute: cross his path and you could appear on his site; no topic was taboo. Certainly, 35 What does the account of Armstrong's later career suggest about blogging?
this was the work 01 an exhibitionist, but there was also a rigour and beauty to his project that only a snob
would refuse to call arto One day though, visitors to Hall's site discovered his home page gane, replaced A It is important to choose an appropriate audience.
with a single anguished video titled Oark Night. His story tumbled out; he'd fallen spectacularly in lave,
B It is possible to blog safely and successfully.
but when he started writing about it on his site he was told 'either the blog goes, or Ido'. He'd published
his life on the internet and, Hall protested, 'it makes people not trust me'. The blog went, but the dilemma e It is vital to consider the feelings of others.
persists. Sharing online is great. But if you expect your song of yoursell to 'make people want to be with
D It is best to avoid controversial subjects when blogging.
you', you'll be disappointed.

In 2002, Heather Armstrong, a young web worker in Los Angeles, had a blog called Dooce. Occasionally, 36 In this article, the writer's aim is to
she wrote about her job at a software company. One day an anonymous colleague sent the address 01
A illustrate a point.
Armstrong's blog to every vice president at her company - including some whom she'd mocked - and that
was the end 01 her job. Those who study the peculiar social patterns 01 the networked world have a term to B defend a proposition.
describe what was at work here. They call it the 'online distribution effect': that leeling so many 01 us have
that we can get away with saying things online that we'd never dream of saying in persono But our digital
e describe developments.
lives are interwoven with our reallives. When we pretend otherwise, we risk making terrible, lile-changing D compare arguments.
mistakes.

Armstrong's saga had a happy ending. Though she was upset by the experience and stopped blogging
for several months afterwards, she ended up getting married and restarting her blog with a locus on her
new family. Today she is a star in the burgeoning ranks 01 'mommy bloggers' and her writing supports her
house ha Id. Once a poster child lar the wages 01 web indiscretion, she has beca me a virtuoso 01 managed
sell-revelation. What Armstrong has figured out is something we would all do well to remember: the web
may allow us to say anything, but that doesn't mean we should.

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