Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MEANING OF RESEARCH
The systematic method consisting of enunciating the problem, formulating and testing the
hypothesis, collecting facts or data, analysing the facts and reaching a certain conclusion either
in the form of solution to the problem or certain generalizations for some theoretical
formulation
OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
• Find out a hidden truth that has not been discovered yet
• Gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it
• Portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or group
• Determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated
with something else
• Test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between two variables
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
• Based on measurement of quantity or amount
• Expressed in terms of quantity
• Descriptive research
• Correlational research
• Causal-comparative research
• Experimental research
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• Exploratory research used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions and
motivations
A to Z of writing
ACCURACY - Work should be devoid of errors, its every word should be precise
BREVITY - A research should be brief and short but completeness and clarity should not be
sacrificed
COHERENCE - Coherence means the sticking together of ideas to form a whole
DIRECTNESS - Work should be direct to the point. Paper should not beat around the bush or
have roundabout construction
EMPHASIS - Emphasize maim ideas and downplay subordinate ones. Writer should use
parallelism, position, proportion, variation and other means
FACTUALITY - Information it contains is based on facts therefore is provable, testable and
credible
GRAMMATICALITY - Grammatically correct and does not violate grammar rules or standards of
correctness of structures of language
HEAVINESS - The writings should be heavy and substantial
INTELLIGIBILITY - It should be easily understood. Writer should find a way to make difficult
terms easy on the part of the reader
JUDICIOUSNESS - The ability to discriminate between facts and opinion, truth vs falsity,
relevance and irrelevance, ethicality and unethicality
KEENNESS - Should be keen and sharp as product of intelligible writer
LOGICALITY - Conforms with principles of logic, science of correct thinking and reasoning
MECHANICALLY CORRECT - Should conform to various rules of mechanics (punctuation marks,
spelling, spelling, indention, capitalization, italization, margining, alignment among others
NEUTRALITY - Should not be biased or does not favor only one side. It should not be partial and
unprejudiced.
ORDER - Ideas should be sequenced in such a way that they flow smoothly
PERSONALITY - Should manifest the writer’s personality. It reflects the kind of person the writer
is.
QUALITY - Lives up to the standard and possess all the positive traits of effective writing
READER-FRIENDLY - Adapted to the reader’s needs, interest and knowledge
SPECIFICITY - Is written by a specific writer to a specific reader for a specific purpose
THOROUGHNESS - It does not miss out anything that is essential or salient
UNITY - Unity means consistency of the purpose, idea, subject, voice, mood, etc.
VERACITY - It contains no lies and presents information coming from reliable sources
WORTH - Should have intellectual value because of its informativeness
X-FACTOR - Unknown factor which makes a paper unique or distinct for other papers
YUPPINESS - Shows characteristics of newness or freshness, modernity, and professionalism
ZEAL - Zeal means eager desire or enthusiastic diligence
Research Hypothesis
• Assumptions and/or wise guess
1. Null hypothesis – denial of an existence of a trait
2. Alternative hypothesis – affirmation of the existence of a phenomenon
Theoretical Framework
• Legal and theoretical justifications of the research problem or the research parameters
Conceptual Framework
• Specific and well-defined concepts or constructs to explain the existence of the research
problem
Definition of Terms
• Conceptual and operational definition of terms used in the study
• Conceptual definition – based from meanings presented in published materials
• Operational definition – based on observable characteristics and how it is used in
the study
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
• Review of different write-ups, readings and related studies to determine the similarities
and differences of the past and present studies
• Has 2 types: Conceptual and Research Literature
Conceptual Literature
• Collection of literature from published materials which discusses the constructs or the
parameters used in the study
Research Literature
• Literature from unpublished materials such as theses and dissertations which is closely
related to the present study you are working on