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RESEARCH METHODS REVIEWER

MEANING OF RESEARCH
The systematic method consisting of enunciating the problem, formulating and testing the
hypothesis, collecting facts or data, analysing the facts and reaching a certain conclusion either
in the form of solution to the problem or certain generalizations for some theoretical
formulation

OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
• Find out a hidden truth that has not been discovered yet
• Gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it
• Portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or group
• Determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated
with something else
• Test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between two variables

CRITERIA OF GOOD RESEARCH


• Clearly defined purpose
• Common concepts should be used
• Clearly outlined procedures
• Objective results
• Appropriate statistical treatment
• Reliable outcome measures
• Systematic and logical
• Data-based results

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
• Based on measurement of quantity or amount
• Expressed in terms of quantity
• Descriptive research
• Correlational research
• Causal-comparative research
• Experimental research

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• Exploratory research used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions and
motivations

TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH


• Case study
• Ethnographic research
• Historical studies
• Phenomenological
• Grounded theory research
BASIC RESEARCH
• Also called pure research or fundamental research
• Understanding of fundamental aspects or phenomenon without specific application
towards processes or products in mind

Guide on how to choose a subject


• Based on an idea
• Based on your experience
• Based on your reading
• Originality

The writing paradigm


• W – Width (scope)
• R – Register (language)
• I – Intention (purpose)
• T – Tenor (tone or circumstances)
• I – Information (subject)
• N – Needs of reader (expectations)
• G – Genre (which kind)

A to Z of writing
ACCURACY - Work should be devoid of errors, its every word should be precise
BREVITY - A research should be brief and short but completeness and clarity should not be
sacrificed
COHERENCE - Coherence means the sticking together of ideas to form a whole
DIRECTNESS - Work should be direct to the point. Paper should not beat around the bush or
have roundabout construction
EMPHASIS - Emphasize maim ideas and downplay subordinate ones. Writer should use
parallelism, position, proportion, variation and other means
FACTUALITY - Information it contains is based on facts therefore is provable, testable and
credible
GRAMMATICALITY - Grammatically correct and does not violate grammar rules or standards of
correctness of structures of language
HEAVINESS - The writings should be heavy and substantial
INTELLIGIBILITY - It should be easily understood. Writer should find a way to make difficult
terms easy on the part of the reader
JUDICIOUSNESS - The ability to discriminate between facts and opinion, truth vs falsity,
relevance and irrelevance, ethicality and unethicality
KEENNESS - Should be keen and sharp as product of intelligible writer
LOGICALITY - Conforms with principles of logic, science of correct thinking and reasoning
MECHANICALLY CORRECT - Should conform to various rules of mechanics (punctuation marks,
spelling, spelling, indention, capitalization, italization, margining, alignment among others
NEUTRALITY - Should not be biased or does not favor only one side. It should not be partial and
unprejudiced.
ORDER - Ideas should be sequenced in such a way that they flow smoothly
PERSONALITY - Should manifest the writer’s personality. It reflects the kind of person the writer
is.
QUALITY - Lives up to the standard and possess all the positive traits of effective writing
READER-FRIENDLY - Adapted to the reader’s needs, interest and knowledge
SPECIFICITY - Is written by a specific writer to a specific reader for a specific purpose
THOROUGHNESS - It does not miss out anything that is essential or salient
UNITY - Unity means consistency of the purpose, idea, subject, voice, mood, etc.
VERACITY - It contains no lies and presents information coming from reliable sources
WORTH - Should have intellectual value because of its informativeness
X-FACTOR - Unknown factor which makes a paper unique or distinct for other papers
YUPPINESS - Shows characteristics of newness or freshness, modernity, and professionalism
ZEAL - Zeal means eager desire or enthusiastic diligence

GUIDELINES IN WRITING RESEARCH

Criteria for Choosing a Topic


• Importance and Urgency
• Interesting
• Researchability
• Relevance and moral implication
• Budgetary and time requirements
• Novelty

Sources of Research Topic


• Field of Specialization
• Existing and Past Research
• Problems Met
• Creative Ideas of Researcher

SMART way of Writing Research Objective


• Specific – should specift variables used
• Measurable – variables can be measured
• Attainable – needed data can be collected and analyzed
• Realistic – results obtained used scientific procedures and techniques
• Time Bound – realistic time frame

Research Variables (Descriptive)


• Independent variable – cause or the variable that influences the dependent variable
• Dependent variable – the one affected by the independent variable
Research Variables (Experimental)
• Extraneous variable – variable that is not included in the research but interferes with
the result
• Active variable – manipulated variables
• Attribute variable – measured variable

Research Hypothesis
• Assumptions and/or wise guess
1. Null hypothesis – denial of an existence of a trait
2. Alternative hypothesis – affirmation of the existence of a phenomenon

Theoretical Framework
• Legal and theoretical justifications of the research problem or the research parameters

Conceptual Framework
• Specific and well-defined concepts or constructs to explain the existence of the research
problem

Significance of the Study


• This presents the importance of the study both in the micro and macro levels
• The researcher should prove that the study has important contributions in relation to (a)
solving a problem and need (b) bridging a knowledge gap (c) improving social, economic
and health status (d) enriching research instruments, methods and strategies and (e)
supporting government thrusts

Scope and Limitation


• Includes the coverage of the study, research issues and concerns, and the constraints
that have direct bearing on the results of the study.

Definition of Terms
• Conceptual and operational definition of terms used in the study
• Conceptual definition – based from meanings presented in published materials
• Operational definition – based on observable characteristics and how it is used in
the study

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
• Review of different write-ups, readings and related studies to determine the similarities
and differences of the past and present studies
• Has 2 types: Conceptual and Research Literature

Conceptual Literature
• Collection of literature from published materials which discusses the constructs or the
parameters used in the study
Research Literature
• Literature from unpublished materials such as theses and dissertations which is closely
related to the present study you are working on

Qualities of Good Survey Instrument


• Validity – degree to which an instrument measures what it intends to measure
• Reliability – the extent to which a research instrument is dependable, consistent and
stable
• Usability – degree to which the instrument can be satisfactorily used by other people

The Research Methodology


• Discusses the research design, subjects or respondents of the study, data gathering
procedure, data gathering instrument and statistical treatment of data

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