BE 102

Design &
ES . I N
O T
Engineering
KTU N

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 “Building the Nations Future”
“Learning gives creativity
Creativity leads to thinking
Thinking provides knowledge .IN
O T E S
Knowledge makesK T U N
you Great”
“What is really needed
to make democracy function
Is not knowledge of facts
but right education….”
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Subject
introduction….......
TUN O T ES . I N
K

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Our world is full of problem………..

ES . I N
N O T
KTU

Which is a good news…………

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 That engineers keep solving

ES . I N
N O T
KTU

……..and make the world a better place to live

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We can go wrong as well……….

ES . I N
N O T
KTU

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 ES . I N
N O T
KTU

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 Whether we make it or not…...
Is determined by & large by its core….

ES . I N
N O T
KTU

ie design……………….
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 A word of difference……….

Analysis : Defining the problem..….

understanding of what user/ society/market/
customer needs E S . I N
U N O T
T
Assimilating Kwhat the needs, wants and
objectives
Understanding of “unstated” requirement
Translate the problem to technical problem

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 Design : Defining the problem

• Encompassing functional, non functional,

social, economical aspects of solution
• Design does not just solve.Ithe N problem, but
T E S
look the impactTofU NitsOfor the large community
K
• Good design go ahead of time and look at
the solution for its relevance
• Creativity is the biggest attribute of Design

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An Engineer
is the
S . I N
custodian
K T U N O T E
of
Design……!!!!!!!!!!

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Engineers responsibility

ES . I N
N O T
KTU

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 General Observations
 This course is a generic one, meant for all branches of
engineering.
 It has been introduced to allow the students to
understand and appreciate the creative aspects of
engineering, before getting deeper into their areas of
specialization.
ES . I N
N O T
KTU

 This course is formulated to excite the student about

design and engineering which are the ultimate
objectives in any engineering profession.
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 To make this course a success, it should be offered
in an interactive way whereby student’s participation
enriches the delivery.
 Students are to be excited about the course from
day one by allowing them to be a part of the course.
 The course outcome given in the syllabus is to be

ES . N
met so that the students are confident about what
I
O T
they can achieve from the course.
N
KTU
 Evaluation of the this course is planned through
“Open Book” examinations- internals as well as the
semester examination. The weightage for this course
is now 2/3rd internal and 1/3rd Semester. (100 and 50
marks)

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Why such designs???

ES . I N
N O T
KTU

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 ES . I N
N O T
KTU

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 ES . I N
N O T
KTU

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Range of options is varying….
1) Options are many

ES . I N
N O T
KTU

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 2) Narrow option

ES . I N
N O T
KTU narrow option
3) Very

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Design and engineering

Module 1 – a
ES . I N
U N O T
K T
Number of Lectures- 2

Practice - 2

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 Contents
 Introduction
 Design and its Objectives
 Design Constraints and Design Functions
 Design means and Design forms
 Role of Science, Engineering & Technology in
ES . I N
design.
N O T
KTU
 Engineering – A Business Proposition
 Functional and Strength Designs
 Design - Form, Function and Strength

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 Introduction
o Design – The starting point in Engineering
o Why do we design? To meet a need / find a solution.
o What are some of the common individual needs?

Read the news paper and see the friend

standing a bit away.TES.IN
U N O
KT to stay
Have shelter
Prepare coffee quickly in the morning
o What are the organizational needs?
Establish a modern restaurant.
To have a modern curriculum in engineering
A plant to make bicycles
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o What are the national needs?
Eradication of Polio.
Warning for Tsunami.
Buildings to withstand earth quakes.
Draught relief
E S . I N
O T
o What are the universal
N needs?
KTU
Prevent Global warming
Avoid collision of meteorites
Support for the elderly
Seamless transportation of goods
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 Which came first? Science, Engineering or
Technology?
 Technology 1st – doing things
Science 2nd - why like this?
Engineering 3rd – planning and designing

ES . I N
 Today most of the advances in E &T come from
N O T
KTU
advances in science.
 This evolution happens often in parallel.
Technology at times prompts engineering and in turn
prompts science to give the clue.

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 Science gives the clue, Engineering Plans(designs)
and Technology delivers.
 Technology transforms these solutions into realities
like products, processes, systems that can be
implemented.
 While science is basically a knowledge driven

ES . N
entity, engineering and technology are often seen
I
as business entities. N O T
KTU
Reason? – E&T cannot drive without input from
society and money
 As E&T encompasses many areas, it was natural to
have different thrust areas in the field.

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 Design and its Objectives
 In engineering everything is about design, but design is
not everything about engineering

 Design have engineering, colour, aesthetic need etc..

ES . I N
 While purchasing a product we are looking for a wide
N
angle. Eg: look, colour etc.. O T
KTU
 Design is a common terminology used in all branches of
engineering as well as in some specific areas of science

 Primary aim of engineering is to design and realize a

product
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 Design Objectives
 This is the most important aspect to be understood before
initiating design.
 Objectives are often not what the design should do, but
what the design should be. Eg: water bottle
 Objectives are normally expressed verbally.
ES . I N
U N O T

K T
Example: Portable drilling machine
: want a cell phone with some
features

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 Design Constraints
Design is not an open field. It has many
constraints.
An engineer has to carefully understand
these constraints and work out a design that
fits the situation.
E S . I N
This at times puts
U Na O T
break on creativity. Such
K T
challenges are there in all designs.
One major constraint in engineering, is the
regulatory frame work.
What is this?

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Examples of regulatory frame work

• Cell phone radiation

• Tower

• X-ray N
T ES . I
N O
KTU

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 Design Constraints
 Constraint is a restriction on design, in many fronts.
 They could be on some of the features or attributes of
the design.
 Many a time these constrains can be considered as “yes”
or “no’ types.
ES . I N
Examples: N O T
KTU
Should a design work at high temperature?
Should the product be portable?
Should it meet the environmental regulations?
Can it be exceed some time?

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 Design Constraints
 Note that Design objectives and Constraints are
related, but different.
 Objectives allows us to have wider choices.
(Wider Design Space – means options available eg:
drinking water possible with cup, bottle, glass etc..)
S . I N
 Constraints limit the choices in design.
E
U N O T
K T
(Drill weight not to exceed 1.5kg - Reduced Design
Space)
 Can one think of an example - satellites?
Satellite constraints – weight

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 Design Functions
 This is about the specifics, the design is planned
to do.

 The drill should work in high humidity ( in rain)

. I N
The drill should switch off if the load exceeds.
ES
N O T
KTU
Some of the functions can lead to constraints.
( specifying the maximum load)

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 Design Means
It is about the approaches to make it
function as proposed.
One may look at other drill designs.
E
At times do someOsmallS . I N
U N T survey of similar
activities.K T
Do some research to see the workability.
Borrow some features from other designs.

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 Design Form
 Form is the shape of the design.
 This has not much to do with the function.
 For the same function the shape could be
different.
ES . I N
N O T
KTU

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 ES . I N
N O T
KTU
Can one design a new form for a pen???

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 However, often the design starts with form.
 A building design starts with sketches.
 Functions creep in slowly together with the means.

ES . I N
N O T
KTU

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 ES . I N
N O T
KTU

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 Science, Engineering and
Technology
 They are closely related, but are different.
• Science gives the Principle for temperature measurement -
Thermal expansion of solids and liquids
• Engineering uses this principle to design a thermometer
ES . I N
N O T
KTU

• Technology allows to realize the thermometer.

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 Science is about understanding the physical world.
 Sciences give us unique solutions.
 Engineering gives us choices.
 It applies scientific, technological and practical knowledge
. I N
in solving the needs of the society to its satisfaction,
ES
creatively and economically.N O T
KTU

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 ES . I N
N O T
KTU

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 Engineering- A business
Proposition
 Engineering is not all about designing things.
 Engineering is not a curiosity shop to try different
products, processes, technology etc.

. I N
 Engineering is Business. To succeed it has to pay
ES
back. N O T
KTU
 There are some exceptions to this - Strategic
products.

Examples of designs- Faded and Sustaining ones

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• Examples of designs- Faded and Sustaining ones

ES . I N
N O T
KTU

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 Functional and Strength
Designs
 Function and Strength are the two important
aspects of any design.
 Design of bridge and tower – strength more
important
E S . I N
 Software designs are O
U N T
always functional.
 Designs in
K T electronics are predominantly
functional.
 However most designs consider these two
aspects often together.
 Engineers tend to be more oriented towards
strength designs.
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• Function

• Strength N
T ES . I
N O
KTU

• Function and strength

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Desirable qualities of a Design
Engineer
• Problem solving skills- able to identify and define the
problem to be solved.
• Scientific temper and proficiency in STEM
N
T ES . I
[ Science, N O
Technology, Engineering and
Mathematics] KTU
• Technical and Computer skills.
• Ethical, moral and professional values

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Desirable qualities of a Design
Engineer
• Business and managerial acumen.
• Excellent communication skills.
• Cultural exposure- sensitivity, understanding,
N
T ES . I
etiquettes and manners.
N O
KTU
• Self confidence and optimism.
• Concern for the environment and safety.

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 Module 1 – b

Number of Lectures-
I N 3
ES .
KTU NOT
Practice - 2

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 Contents
• Design – An introduction
• Initiating the Thinking process
• Need identification
ES . I N
N O T
KTU
• Problem Statement
• Market survey- customer requirements
• Design attributes and objectives
• Ideation, Brain storming
• Solutions and Closing on Design

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 Design – An introduction
 Design is the most creative part of engineering or
Technology.

ES . I N
N O T
KTU

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 Engineers have a wide spectrum of design
requirements.
 Research and development is the focus of all thriving
engineering organizations.
Eg: LED lamp

ES . I N
N O T
KTU
 Output from these provide a wider area for creative
design.
 In brief , believe it or not, we are a lot more creative
than many.
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 Design- a definition
One definition of Design is:-
“ Design is conceiving and giving form to artifacts that
solve problems or meet the needs “
 Conceiving in this context means imagining,
ES . I N
U N O T
visualizing a solution to a problem or need.
 K T
Form means shape, physical appearance,
formulation or a procedure.
 Artifact means object

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 Design? What is it?
• Artifacts– standard definition:

An object produced or shaped by human craft, especially

a tool, weapon, or ornament of archaeological or historical
ES . I N
interest.
N O T
KTU
• Artifacts in design could be a product, software, building,
dress, a process, a dam, graphics etc.

• Based on the final artifacts, Designs have different

domains of existence.
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Examples: Architectural Design; Building Design;
Interior Design; Fashion Design; Lighting Design;
Software Design; Product Design; Engineering
Design; Automobile Design; Machine Design; Web
Design; Logo Design- to name a few.

 While these are diverse designs, they are all designs.

S . I N
There is a commonality in design across all domains.
E
N O T
K TU
 So the term “Design”, is a common frame work to
achieve solutions and meet the needs.

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Initiating the Thinking process
 How to initiate creative designs?
 In this course we deal mostly with physical objects.

ES . N
 However the same process is applicable to the
I
N O T
design of a business model or the design of a
software. KTU
 If one encounters a totally new problem, the solution
ought to be termed as creative !
 If one solves the problem differently with an
improvement then also it can be termed as creative.

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 However today there are many designs available to
us, in all segments of engineering.
 So how one can be creative in design?
 Look at an existing design and think of a new way of
meeting the requirement.

ES . I N
N O T
KTU

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 Start with a creative idea for a new artifact.
 ROOMBA robot for automatic vacuum cleaner
 Look for any inventions that can be harnessed to
develop a new artifact.
 Velcro - used in a new product

ES . I N
N O T
KTU

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For this we have to initiate the thinking
process.
What is the thinking process involved in
design?

ES . I N
N O T
KTU

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General Design Framework

ES . I N
N O T
KTU

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 Need Identification
 Design starts with need identification.
Eg: street light
Needs: automatic switch on
automatic switch off after 6 am

ES . I
 Whose need? User , Client or Customer;N
U N O T
K T
 Aircraft- Designer – Boeing or Airbus
Client- Air India or IndiGo
User: Passengers
 At times the user, the client and the customer could
be the same or different.
 User - The entity that has the need to use the design.
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Designer User and Client

ES . I N
N O T
KTU

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 Need Identification
 1st form – need from client or user
 3rd – know the need (industry)
 To start with, the Designer has to meet the needs of
the Client as well as the User.
E S . I N
U N O
 They provide theTsynergy
T
for a good design.
K
 In addition the Designer should be aware of
professional and social ethics and values.

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 For any Design to be taken up, there should be a
need gap or a problem that needs a solution.
 This gap or need could be identified by the user, an
observer or by an organization.
 Is design same as invention?
 When you design a new product with a novel idea it
could be an invention. 3M glue!ES . I N
N O T
KTU
 Post -it by 3M Company

 All inventions require design to realize them.

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 All inventions require design to realize them
 Often the need or the need gap are only vaguely
identified by the user.
 Design requires clearly defined needs.
 This is termed as Problem definition and
identification of Design goals.
S . I N
Ewhen the
O T
 Problem definition isNeasier user is the
designer. KTU
 Otherwise we need market survey and informal
interviews.

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 Problem Statement
 Problem statement-
“Students need an easy way to take their books to
school”.
 Now there is the need to define this problem a bit
more in detail.
Who are the students? ES . I N
N O T
KTU
What is meant by easy?
 Make the problem definition as best as possible.
 Identify the Product attributes/functions and assign
weightages.

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Formatting the Objective Tree

ES . I N
N O T
KTU

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 Market survey- customer
requirements (seminar)
• Identification and Defining the Problem
• Market Survey/Research Objectives
• Design of the Survey
• ES . I N
Samples
N O T
• KTU
Data collection
• Data Analysis
• Survey outcome

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 Design Objectives and
Attributes
 Objectives :- These are the desired deliverables from
the design.
 They often include design attributes and operation
that the user wants in the design.
ES . I N
N O T
KTU
 Constraints:- These could be from the product angle ,
user angle, regulatory angle, or from the
scientific/technical angle.
 Functions:- are entities a design is supposed to do.
 Requirements:- are specifications (functional or non
functional) that are specified by the user/ standards.
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• Example: automobile

Requirement : run for 25 km/hr

Product angle : coast
Regulations : exhaust
Scientific :O E S .
ICTengine I N
K T U N

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 Design Attributes
 Designs have both “soft” and “hard” objectives.
 Presently many products rule the markets based on
their soft attributes like novel design, styling and the
image they bring to the user.
ES . I N
N O T
KTU
Aesthetics Perception Style
Feel, Form Cheap Contemporary
Texture, Colour Delicate

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Thank
K T U N O Tyou
ES . I N

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