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SURENDRA KUMAR
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HISTORY
Methyl chloride was used for domestic and commercial purpose until
Freon's were available.
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CLASSIFICATION OF REFRIGERANTS
COOLING PURPOSES.
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PRIMARY REFRIGERANTS
1.HALOCARBON COMPOUNDS:-
Contains one or more halogens, chlorine and bromine
Invented & developed by Charles Kettering in 1928
Sold in the market under the name as
Freon
Genetron
Isotron
Areton
Outstanding merits
Applications: Domestic, commercial & Industrial purposes
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1. HALOCARBON REFRIGERANTS
REFRIGERANT CHEMICAL NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA
NAME
R-10 CARBON TETRA CHLORIDE CCl4
Example: R-500
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3. HYDROCARBONS- ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
R-729 AIR O2
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DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF AN IDEAL REFIGERANT
1. THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES:
a. Low boiling point
b. Low freezing point
c. High saturation temperature
d. High latent heat
2. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
a. Non-toxicity
b. Non-flammable
c. Non-corrosiveness
d. Non-irritating & Odorless
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3. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
a. Low sp.volume
b. Low sp.heat.
d. Low viscosity.
4. OTHER PROPERTIES
a. Ease of leakage location
c. Ease of handling.
d. High C.O.P.
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PROPERTIES & USES OF COMMONLY USED REFRIGERANTS
1. AIR:
Properties:
a. No cost involved.
b. Completely non-toxic.
c. Completely safe
d. C.O.P = 1.67 [ for operating between temp. of 800C & -150C]
Uses :
a. Air is one of the earliest Refrigerants and widely used even as late
as world war –I where ever a completely non-toxic medium was
need.
b. Because of low C.O.P, it is used only where operating efficiency is
secondary as in air craft refrigeration
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2. AMMONIA (NH3)
Properties:-
a. It is highly toxic
b. It has excellent thermal properties.
c. It has the highest refrigerating effect/ kg of refrigerant.
d. Low volumetric displacement.
e. Low cost.
3. METHYL CHLORIDE
Properties:-
a. It is a colorless liquid sweet, non-irritating odor.
b. It has sp. gravity of 1.002 at atm.pressure.
c. It is neither flammable nor toxic.
Uses:-
It has been used in the past in both in domestic & commercial
applications
It should never be used with Aluminium
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REFRIGERANTS & APPLICATIONS
R-12 WHITE
R-22 GREEN
R-40 ORANGE
R-500 RED
R-717 SILVER
R- 764 BLACK
1.First leak detection device that can be used for some large leaks is
listening for the hiss of the escaping refrigerant. –Fig. A.
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STORAGE & HANDLING FACILITY
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REFRIGERANT PIPING & DESIGN
The material used for fluro carbon refrigerant piping is
either seamless copper tubing or iron.
For ammonia only iron pipes are used.
Sizes are given in terms of – OD for copper tubing
- Normal iron pipe sizes (IPS) for iron pipes.
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REFIGERENT NOMENCLATURE
The refrigerants of Methane and Ethane series are known by their numbers.
Each refrigerant carries a specific number and this number is preceded by the
word Refrigerant , R or by manufacturers trade name as Freon or Genetron.
The last digit gives the number of fluorine atoms in the molecule.
The digit next to the last digit equals one more than the number of Hydrogen
atoms.
Any atoms not accounted for in the Methane or Ethane series are Chlorine.
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LUBRICANTS IN REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS
For refrigeration systems, oil must perform certain functions other than
minimising friction,
such as sealing the gas between the suction & discharge ports,
Acting as coolant to transfer heat from the crank case to the compressor
shell.
Synthetic oils such as alkybenzenes & phosphate esters –use for R-22
& R-502.
Polyalkaline glycol(PAG) & esters are primary lubricants –for R-134a.
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SECONDARY REFRIGERANTS.
CCl 2 F2 SUNLIGHT
CClF2 Cl
O 3 Cl SUNLIGHT
ClO O 2
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ODP & GWP
Details are given for the following reference terms with a brief explanation, such
as its effect on the Ozone layer and Greenhouse effect.
ODP - The ODP or Ozone Depletion Potential, is the potential for a single
molecule of the refrigerant to destroy the Ozone Layer. All of the refrigerants use
R11 as a datum reference and thus R11 has an ODP of 1.0. The less the value of
the ODP the better the refrigerant is for the ozone layer and therefore the
environment.
GWP - The GWP, or Global Warming Potential, is a measurement of how much
effect the given refrigerant will have on Global Warming in relation to Carbon
Dioxide, where CO2 has a GWP of 1. This is usually measured over a 100-year
period. In this case the lower the value of GWP the better the refrigerant is for the
environment
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R11 is a single chlorofluorocarbon or CFC compound. It has a high chlorine content and
ozone depletion potential (ODP) and high global warming potential (GWP). The use and
manufacture of R11 and similar CFC refrigerants is now banned within the European Union
even for servicing. - ODP = 1, GWP = 4000
Note: Although the use of R11 is banned, it was used as the datum for ODP therefore
having an ODP of 1. The ODP of all other refrigerants are compared to R11
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R22.
From 1 January 2004 no more heat pump equipment can be manufactured that uses
refrigerant R22.
After 1 January 2010 no more virgin refrigerant R22 can be used in existing systems.
After 2015 no more recycled refrigerant R22 can be used in existing systems.
If you have recently installed an R22 air conditioning system the phase out dates should
not cause you concern. Your system will only require additional refrigerant should a leak or
major repair is required and this can be effected within current legislation until 2015.
There is already a "drop in" replacement refrigerant for R22 with zero ODP - R417A - See
below.
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R134A is a single hydrofluorocarbon or HFC compound. It has no chlorine content, no ozone depletion
potential, and only a modest global warming potential. –
ODP = 0, GWP = 1300
R407C is a ternary blend of hydrofluorocarbon or HFC compounds, comprising 23% of R32, 25% of R125
and 52% of R134a. It has no chlorine content, no ozone depletion potential, and only a modest direct global
warming potential. –
ODP = 0, GWP = 1610
R410A is a binary blend of hydrofluorocarbon or HFC compounds, comprising 50% of R32 and 50% of
R125) it has no chlorine content, no ozone depletion potential, and only a modest global warming potential. –
ODP = 0, GWP 1890
R417A is the zero ODP replacement for R22 suitable for new equipment and as a drop-in replacement for
existing systems.
There are currently no restrictions on equipment or use of the following refrigerants: R134A, R407C, R410A,
and R417A.
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Alternative refrigerants
R290 - Pure propane, a hydrocarbon (HC) an efficient naturally occurring refrigerant with
similar properties to R22, but has no ozone depletion potential and an extremely low global
warming potential. Whilst it is environmentally safe, it is also highly flammable and must only
be used after careful consideration is given to safety. - ODP = 0, GWP = 3.
Ammonia - A highly efficient refrigerant, that has been used in industrial applications for
many years and with success. It is however, highly toxic and very careful consideration must
be given to any design or application.
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