Jsce Afs

Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser.
A1 (Structural Engineering & Earthquake Engineering (SE/EE)), Vol. 74, No. 4, I_131-I_147, 2018.
A HIGH SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CONCEPT

OF INTEGRATED BRIDGE PIER
WITH TRIPLE RC COLUMNS
ACCOMPANIED BY FRICTION DAMPER PLUS GAP
Angga FAJAR Setiawan1 and Yoshikazu TAKAHASHI2

1
Student Member, Ph.D. Student, Dept. of Urban Management, Kyoto University
(Kyodai Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan)
E-mail: angga.setiawan.85z@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp
2
Member of JSCE, Professor, Dept. of Civil and Earth Resource Engineering, Kyoto University
(Kyodai Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan)
E-mail: takahashi.yoshikazu.4v@kyoto-u.ac.jp
After the 1995 Kobe earthquake, the structural performance concept of a bridge in Japan considers two
levels of seismic excitation which are named as Level 1 and Level 2. However, the Level 2 of ground
motion input is a large seismic coefficient demand. Also, the problem of bridge rubber bearing support
which commonly is used in Japan lost expected seismic performance due to the deterioration. Some pos-
sible causes of the deterioration are the aging, the compression fatigue, or the frequent lateral deformation
which triggered by traffic load, wind load, thermal expansion, creeps, and shrinkages phenomena of daily
load. While the behavior and the parameters of reinforced concrete (RC) column accompanied with friction
device were determined successfully based on the experiment and numerical analysis. This study proposed
the structural system of integrated bridge pier with triple RC column connected by friction damper plus
gap which is expected to substitute the conventional bridge pier system avoiding the use of rubber bearing.
In the investigation of its behavior and seismic performance, numerical analysis was performed with fiber
cross-section of non-linear beam-column-based element model on the longitudinal direction of the bridge
structure. As the analysis result, the proposed structure had an excellent performance not only under small
deformation to allocate frequent lateral deformation but also under seismic load. Furthermore, in the struc-
tural simulations, the consideration of different limit state of column location and the various yield strength
of reinforcing steel configuration can obtain a better structural cost-performance option.
Key Words : seismic device deterioration, high seismic performance, sufficient flexibility, RC column,
large deformation limit, friction damper plus gap
1. INTRODUCTION ergy to dampen the seismic vibration, but the leniency

of the plastic hinge system in the bridge pier struc-
The earthquake occurrence is one of the most dam- ture is the residual deformation. Residual deforma-
ageable to the bridge pier. This phenomenon occurs tion poses challenges of post-quake structural restora-
in conventional pier systems which adopts the con- tion, time consumption, and traffic closure that leads
cept “weak column” 1) , unlike the frame system of the to economic problems 2) . Since the 1995 Kobe earth-
building which implements approach “strong-column quake, the seismic coefficient for the bridge design
weak-beam”. In the conventional column concept, that has been determined by the Japan Road Associa-
the plastic hinge is formed on the bottom part of the tion (JRA) 3) contains two level seismic inputs (Level
pier. In the severe earthquake event, if the strength 1 and Level 2). However, the Level 2 of ground mo-
and ductility of the pier sufficient with the earthquake tion input is a large seismic coefficient demand. Fur-
demand, it occurs cracking or spalling in the plastic thermore, based on the observation damaged bridge
4)
hinge and residual deformation, as shown in Fig. 1(a). after the Great East Japan earthquake in 2011, there
While the strength and ductility of the structure are were some rupture occurrences of rubber bearing sup-
insufficient with the earthquake demand, the pier may ports even though it were designed following the post-
fail and cause the whole bridge structure to collapse 1) . 1995 design specifications. Probably, it might be
Plastic hinge is a vital part to generate dissipation en- caused by the deterioration due to the aging 5),6) , the
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(a) (b) (c)

Fig.1 The illustration of; (a) conventional pier under earthquake, (b) lost seismic performance of deteriorated rubber
bearing 4) , and (c) compressive cyclic fatigue curve of rubber bearing 8) .
(a) (b)
14)
Fig.2 The previous study of RC column connected by friction damper; (a) experimental study and (b) numerical
verification study 16) .
compression fatigue 7),8) , or frequent lateral deforma- developed by Pall 10) . Also, the concept of the friction
tion of the daily load 9) , as shown in Fig. 1(b). The damped braced frame of steel structure was proposed
frequent lateral deformation that inflicts the fatigue by Pall and Marsh 11) . Mualla and Belev 12) devel-
damage, as shown in Fig. 1(c) may be triggered by oped rotated friction damping device (FDD) with a
the thermal expansion, creep, and shrinkage of the su- V-bracing shape for seismic control of steel structure.
perstructure, traffic load, wind load, and small to the Furthermore, the experiments of high seismic perfor-
medium earthquake occurrences. So that the develop- mance column under cyclic loading have been per-
ment of high-performance bridge pier that could limit formed by Nakamura et al. 13) . This structure consists
damage under Level 2 of seismic excitation and re- of three parts of thin concrete columns linked to fric-
duce the deterioration of seismic device in Japan is a tion devices with prestressed bolts shown in Fig. 2(a).
challenging research. Based on the experimental results, this structure has
a considerable deformation capacity elasticity with
The previous researchers below proposed some high energy dissipation. The elastic deformation ca-
kinds of passive energy dissipation for seismic con- pacity of the structure is about 2.0% of drift ratio.
trol of structure which implement friction device. A Also, it has a fairly constant resistance up to a 10.0%
large cantilever panel structure connected with lim- of drift ratio 14) . According to FEMA 356 15) , in the
ited slip bolt joints for seismic control of building was
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(a) (b)
Fig.3 (a) The conventional bridge pier (with 100% cross-section area of the reference 21) ) and (b) the proposed bridge
pier accompanied by FDG (with 116% cross-section area of the conventional bridge pier).
performance of Immediate Occupancy, the limitation structural system is expected to replace conventional
of the main reinforced concrete column structure is bridge pier consisting of a column and rubber bear-
small hairline cracks, the possibility of limited plasti- ing support. The expectation is that this structure can
cization in some locations and no damage to the 1.0% be implemented for future generation of the short-
drift ratio under temporary conditions and no perma- medium span bridges by removing bearing support,
nent drift. This structure type is expected to corre- as shown in Fig. 3. Even though the new seismic
spond to important or dangerous facility categories performance requirement of the rubber bearing sup-
that achieve Immediate Occupancy performance un- port was upgraded by the Japanese Public Work Re-
der severe earthquakes with a small probability of oc- search Institute (PWRI) 17) , some problems of the rub-
currence. Furthermore, the numerical analysis that ber bearing implementation may be remain occurred.
was conducted by the reference 16) has good agree- The friction damper plus gap (FDG) is expected to
ment results of calibrated numerical model parame- realize high flexibility in small deformations. When
ters, as shown in Fig. 2(b). So that the reinforced the seismic load design occurs, the friction damper
concrete column accompanied by this friction damper works to absorb the vibrational energy under the con-
has a high potential to be implemented on the bridge dition of the structure still below its limit state of
pier structure. With large elastic deformation capacity the performance target. The application of reinforc-
and sufficient energy dissipation, this structure is ca- ing steel materials and the location of different limit
pable of behaving elastically under Level 2 of seismic states is expected to consider regarding cost and struc-
design based on JRA standard 3) . tural performance relationship. The expected per-
formance target is the structure behaving elastically
The objective of this research is to develop mod- (called Performance I) under severe earthquake ex-
ified reinforced concrete columns accompanied by citation (called Level 2). In this study, the imple-
frictional damper with an additional gap. This
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(a) (b)
Fig.4 The proposed FDG behavior; (a) the constitutive mechanism of the device and (b) the global response of influenced
pier structure.
mentation RC pier accompanied with FDG just fo- FDD. Nakamura et al. 20) conducted a friction device
cused on the case longitudinal direction of the bridge testing experiment consisting of SS400 steel type fric-
structure. Numerical analysis with non-linear static tion material paired with SUS304 steel type material.
and dynamic was performed to simulate this proposed Their experiment results showed that in the slip incre-
structure by implementing the fiber section of force- ment, the friction coefficient increased close to linear,
based beam-column elements model with Opensees starting from about 0.2 at the beginning of sliding oc-
software. The analysis results indicated that the pro- currence and reaching around 0.5 at the end of load-
posed structure had an excellent performance not only ing.
under small deformation to allocate frequent lateral
deformation but also under the Level 2 of seismic ex- (2) The mechanism of proposed friction damper
citation. Under Level 2 of seismic excitation the pro- plus gap (FDG)
posed structure could obtain elastic or near to elastic
The friction damper plus gap is expected to achieve
behavior. Furthermore, in the structural simulations,
perfect sliding without force resistance under deter-
the consideration of different limit state of column lo-
mined gap length. While under deformation larger
cation and the various yield strength of reinforcing
than the gap, it can achieve sufficient friction resis-
steel configuration can obtain a better structural cost-
tance that triggers energy dissipation. In the ideal-
performance option.
ization, the mechanical behavior of FDG is a combi-
nation of series of stopper material as named Elastic
2. RC COLUMN ACCOMPANIED BY Perfect Plastic Gap (EPPGap) and bi-linear (named
Steel01) material models as shown in Fig. 4(a). So
FRICTION DAMPER PLUS GAP
that, the global response of the proposed structure can
(1) Friction damper behave small stiffness in the small deformation and
sufficient energy dissipation achievement under large
Pall et al. 18) , Mualla and Belev 12) and Ramirez and
deformation, as shown in Fig. 4(b). In the seismic
Tirca 19) implemented the elastoplastic idealization of
device design proposal, to accommodate sliding and
friction damper in the numerical analysis based on ex-
bearing action at the gap space, FDG is composed of a
perimental results. In the studies above, the friction
sliding surface connected to a base plate with a fence
device follows the Coulomb rule of with dry friction
custody and steel plate with polytetrafluoroethylene
law, the frictional force in both conditions of sticky
(PFTE) surface. In order to achieve friction force,
and slip was assumed to be constant. The friction co-
the friction surface connected by a top plate with a
efficient (µ) is the ratio of friction force (Fmax ) to the
SUS304 steel type paired with an SS400 of steel plate
normal force (N) which can be determined as:
with, as shown in Fig. 5.
Fmax
µ= (1)
N (3) The structural concept of RC pier accompa-
Also, Mualla and Belev 12) conducted experiments nied by friction damper
and numerical analysis of steel portal structures with The principle of the column accompanied by
friction damper devices (FDD) containing friction the friction damper is sufficient energy dissipation
material (free friction asbestos material plus high- achievement under large elastic deformation. In or-
performance steel materials). With the 400 cycles der to achieve a large elastic deformation capacity, the
of the load test, the result was almost no damage to column structure is composed of three thin columns.
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(a) (b)
Fig.5 The component of proposed FDG; (a) side view and (b) top view.
The friction device unifies each component of the col- range. When the deformation of the structure has
umn through the prestressed bolts in the lateral direc- exceeded gap length, the structure will behave as a
tion. The energy dissipation is produced by the slip monolith-section stiffness, as illustrated in Fig. 6(b).
deformation of the friction device due to the lateral The seismic performance target of the proposed
deformation of the structure 14) . structure is the structural response still below the de-
The RC column accompanied by friction damper formation limit under Level 2 of the earthquake exci-
has four stages of stiffness. When a small lateral load tation. The deformation limit of the proposed struc-
(P) work to the top of the column, small lateral de- ture is to embody elastic or close to elastic behavior.
formations occur, slippage has not occurred in the This determination was aimed at preventing residual
friction damper. At this small deformation stage, the deformation and structural damage during and after
monolith stiffness (Km ) is formed. On the other hand, the earthquake as an effort to alleviate recovery work
the greater lateral force (P) induces more significant and restoration times demand.
deformation of the column, the slips occur in some There are four limiting scenarios which the differ-
portion of the friction dampers, the column stiffness ent reinforcing steel grade configuration in the middle
decreases to the transition stiffness (Kt ). Increased and side columns was proposed, as shown in Table 1.
column lateral deformation induce all friction damper A strict limit state (full elastic conditions) was pro-
to slip, so that separated stiffness (K s ) is formed. The posed by the elastic restriction on the side column.
separate stiffness formation occurs under elastic state While a more loosely (semi-elastic) limit state was
(before the longitudinal reinforcements yield). After proposed by applying the elastic limits in the mid-
the longitudinal reinforcements yield, the plastic stiff- dle of the column section, which means that reinforc-
ness (K p ) of the structure was formed. The stiffness ing steel in the side part of the column occurs yield,
stage illustration of the structure is shown in Fig. 6(a), but the middle column remains elastic condition. The
the monolithic state has greater stiffness than the sep- purpose of using structural configurations with dif-
arate parts. ferent reinforcing steel material grades (SD345 and
USD685) is to achieve the best cost-performance of
the structure. The high strength reinforcing steel ex-
(4) The proposed bridge pier structure accompa-
pected to produce large elastic deformation capacity,
nied by FDG
while the ordinary strength of one expected to reduce
The concept of integrated multiple RC columns the construction cost.
bridge pier accompanied by the FDG is that the struc-
ture can obtain sufficient flexibility in small deforma-
tion due to a frequent lateral deformation. While un- 3. NUMERICAL ANALYSIS METHOD
der large deformation due to a severe seismic excita-
tion the structure remains under elastic performance. In this study, each structural model variation was
To achieve a large elastic deformation capacity, the on the optimum energy dissipation state. The dissi-
column structure is composed of three thin columns. pated energy optimization was conducted by calcu-
Also, a gap in the FDG expected to realize separated- lating energy dissipation in each increment of FDG’s
section stiffness of the integrated pier among the gap confinement force magnitude with static cyclic analy-
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(a)
(b)
Fig.6 The mechanism of RC columns accompanied by friction damper; (a) without gap 14) and (b) with gap.
sis. Also, the static pushover analysis was conducted tures. The three numerical simulations were analyzed
to investigate both the structural behavior and its limit with Opensees software.
state. Furthermore, the dynamic analysis was per-
formed to verify the seismic performance of the struc-
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Table1 The variable of structural parameters.
Reinforcing steel yield stregth (MPa)

Str. Name Scenario Gap (mm) Yield limit location
Middle Column (MC) Side Column (SC)
Str1 1 0.00 345 345 Middle Column
Str5 1 w/o FD 345 345 Middle Column
Str6 1 Rigid FD 345 345 Middle Column
Str19 4 0.00 685 685 Side Column
Str20 4 10.00 685 685 Side Column
Str21 4 20.00 685 685 Side Column
Str22 4 30.00 685 685 Side Column
Str23 4 w/o FD 685 685 Side Column
Str24 4 Rigid FD 685 685 Side Column
Str25 CRC - 345 - -
Str26 CRC - 685 - -
SC: side column; MC: middle column; CRC: conventional reinforced concrete.
Table2 The variable of the FDG confinement force.
Variable no. Maximum confinement force (KN)

1 0
2 to 41 4200-12000 incr. 200
42 very large
Table3 The reinforcing steel parameter input.
fy (MPa) E(MPa) b R0 cR1 cR2

345 200000 0.02 19.5 0.925 0.5
685 200000 0.02 19.5 0.925 0.5
(1) Structural idealization centrated mass idealization is expected to achieve the

The reinforced concrete pier accompanied by FDG ease of numerical convergence. Also, the superstruc-
was idealized as frame elements in a two-dimensional ture masses of bridges and piers were placed at 10.0 m
model with three degrees of freedom, as illustrated in of height. While the implementation of a Force-based
Fig. 7(a). The appropriate element type needs to be Beam-column element with a fiber cross-section ap-
considered based on its behavior. The upper end of plied to the main column elements 22),23),24),25),26) . In
the middle column was idealized as an elastic element order to obtain a convergent and accurate result, the
to simulate the support of the loading point which regularized integration method 26) was implemented
should have elastic behavior due to the covering ef- with five integration points.
fect of steel jacket. In the dynamic analysis, con- The friction damper was idealized as a link element
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(a) (b)
Fig.7 The structural idealization in the numerical model and (b) the confinement force distribution and the dissipated
energy calculation method of the structure.
(a) (b)
Fig.8 Response spectra of Level 2 seismic design 3) ; (a) Type I and (b) Type II.
(called Two-node link element) that was coupled in tic branches to the plastic branches are R0 , cR1 and
series of bi-linear (called Steel01) and stopper (called cR2 . The reinforcing steel material parameters were
EPPGap) material in the vertical direction. While an selected following the recommendations of reference
28)
elastic material was applied in the perpendicular di- , as shown in Table 2. Furthermore, the hysteresis
rection of the column height as the embodiment of parameter concrete material of the column was mod-
the PC rebar behavior. The FDG material parameters eled as concrete material (called Concrete02) based
will be discussed in the sub-section of the FDG mate- on the reference 29) . In the numerical model, the mod-
rial parameters below. ified constitutive of concrete material (Concrete02)
was adopted from the JRA code 3) . In this study, the
concrete grade was assumed as C30 ( fc ′ = 30 MPa).
(2) Model of steel and concrete material param-
eters
(3) The structural performance investigation
In the numerical model, the reinforcing steel ma-
method
terial was idealized as smoothed bi-linear material
(called Steel02) based on Giuffre-Menegotto-Pinto To examine structural performance, the full-scale
theory 27) . The reinforcing steel material input param- model of the structure was simulated by numerical
eters include fy is the yield strength, E is the modulus analysis. This study refers to the reference design
of elasticity, b is the hardening ratio and the param- of Iemura et al. 21) which the designed conventional
eters for controlling the transition between the elas- reinforced concrete structures following JRA code 3)
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was applied as a benchmark of the proposed struc- behavior including force and deformation relation-
ture. The bridge pier properties are 9.6 m in height, ships as well as the dissipated energy capacity under
507 tons of superstructure mass, 5.0 of the ductility proposed deformation limit. Also, the static pushover
factor. The column has a 2.4 × 2.4 m2 of the cross- analysis was performed to examine the skeleton curve
section area with 1.20% of longitudinal reinforcement characteristic and the limit state of the structure. Fur-
(72D35, 345 MPa). Furthermore, the transversal re- thermore, the dynamic analysis was conducted to find
inforcing steel consists of 4D19 with a distance of out the structure response and to verify the perfor-
150 mm. The conventional RC pier was simulated mance of the structure under Level 2 of the seismic
to make structural performance comparisons. In this excitation.
study, there are two types of conventional structures, In the cyclic loading analysis, there are two stages
the structure that followed the reference 21) was varied of the loading pattern. The first is the equivalent grav-
with different reinforcing steel grades, namely SD345 itational load in the form of a constant nodal load pat-
and USD685. tern in the gravity direction. And the second one is a
The performance of the proposed structures were cyclic load with displacement loading protocol in the
compared with conventional reinforced concrete piers lateral-longitudinal direction of the bridge structure.
which were modified to 10.0 m in height by 1.40%, In the cyclic loading analysis, there are 3 steps of dis-
1.51%, and 1.62% of the reinforcement range with placement loading protocol to the center of the mass
0 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm, and 30 mm in 42 variations of of the structure in a height of 10.0 m, as shown in
friction damper confinement force, as shown in Table Fig. 7(a). During cyclic loading of proposed deforma-
1. The reinforced concrete column section connected tion limit, energy dissipation was calculated by inte-
by FDG was designed with a total area of 116% of grating the hysteresis loop area formed by the second
the conventional column with a 33%-50%-33% con- and the third step, as shown in Fig. 7(b). Under both
figuration, as shown in Fig. 3. The structural con- of the equivalent gravity load and cyclic load, New-
figurations were determined with an area greater than ton algorithm 29) of load integrator was adopted. The
100% of the structure in reference 21) because, in the- equivalent gravity loads was applied directly without
ory, its strength is smaller than the monolith column increment, while the cyclic load to be implemented
structure, as illustrated in Fig. 4(b). with increment 0.1 mm. Otherwise, Newmark inte-
In this study, the significant influence structural pa- gration method was applied in the dynamic analysis
rameters were estimated, i. e. the confinement force with time increment 0.001 s.
of the friction device, the reinforcing steel area de- To examine the re-centering capability of the struc-
mand, and the gap length. The structure was designed ture, the residual deformations after an earthquake
to accommodate lateral deformation up to 20 mm (40 were recorded in the state before and after the con-
m of bridge span, ∆t = 40 ◦ C, α = 1.2e-5 m/m ◦ C). In finement force of FDG to be released. There are
this case, the triangular confinement distribution pat- two types of post-earthquake structural deformation
tern was implemented along the height of the pier, as records namely the FDG state still merges with struc-
shown in Fig. 7(b). The optimum energy dissipation ture, and the FDG contribution has been removed
in the optimum FDG confinement force was selected from the structure (confinement force released after
to verify its behavior and seismic performance. earthquake event). The recording of the two residual
A non-linear analysis includes static pushover and deformation records were performed at (Teq to Teq +5)
dynamic time history was performed to observe the and (Teq +15 to Teq +20), respectively. While at the
structural behavior and performance, respectively. time (Teq +15), the FDG was released under free vi-
The structural seismic performance verification was bration.
conducted by applying the Level 2 of earthquake ex-
citation with Type I and Type II in which consist
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
of three different excitations of ground types. The
response spectra of the earthquake excitation inputs (1) Structural behavior
were presented in Fig. 8. Also, the residual defor- Based on the dissipated energy optimization results
mations of the structure after the end of earthquake that are shown in Fig. 9, the greater reinforcing steel
excitation were examined to confirm the re-centering cross-section proportion resulted the greater the en-
capability. ergy dissipation. While the optimum confinement
force magnitude could achieve the largest energy dis-
(4) Numerical analysis scenarios sipation. The structural variation number 19 config-
The numerical analysis consists of three types i. e. ured with 1.62% of reinforcement and 10200 kN of
static cyclic analysis, static pushover analysis, and dy- confinement force that achieve the largest dissipated
namic analysis with earthquake excitation. The static energy capacity in the scenario was chosen for the
cyclic analysis was conducted to investigate structural structural performance examination. The other hand,
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from Fig. 10, the larger gap resulted the smaller en- nario 3 (Scnr3). In the scenario 4, the structure was
ergy dissipation. The reduced energy dissipation oc- expected to behave fully elastic. Envisaged in sce-
curs due to the descended area of each friction device nario 3, the structure still occurring plastic deforma-
hysteresis loop. From the friction devices hysteresis tion on the side column. Consequently, in the opti-
loop monitoring in Fig. 11, the gap existence reduces mum energy dissipation, the FDG of scenario 3 re-
the hysteresis loop area of the friction device. quired a larger confinement force than the scenario 4.
The stiffness ratios of the proposed structure with The larger the FDG confinement force resulted the
gaps and without gaps are shown in Table 4. The larger the structural strength, but the elastic deforma-
proposed structure had small initial stiffness and large tion capacity of the middle column is almost identical,
elastic deformation limit capacity. Hence, the ability as shown in Fig. 13.
to accommodate frequent lateral deformation could Based on the comparison the energy dissipation
be realized. The structure that implements a 20 mm scenario 3 and scenario 4 of the structure that is
gap has a stiffness of 0.26 times as compared with the shown in column third of Table 5, the scenario 3
structure which did not consider the gap. achieved larger energy dissipation compared to the
As the analysis result graphed in Fig. 12, the pro- scenario 4. While in the scenario 4, the maximum
posed structure with scenario 1 had a deformation strength of the proposed structures with different gap
limit capacity 0.75% of drift ratio. In the scenario 2, were adjacent rather than the scenario 1, 2, and
a significant improvement to be enriched which is 3. Also, the scenario 4 (perfect elastic deformation
1.30% of drift ratio. Furthermore, both proposed limit) had equal confinement magnitude in the op-
structures with scenarios 3 and 4 achieved a deforma- timum energy dissipation, while the scenario 1, 2,
tion capacity limit about 1.40% of drift ratio. There- and 3 had different confinement force magnitude, as
fore, the use of high-strength steel rebar (USD685) shown in Table 5. However, in the term friction
of reinforcement only in the middle column could device proportion of the dissipated energy achieve-
significantly increase the deformation limit capacity. ment to the whole proposed structural system, the sce-
While the use of high-strength steel rebar in the mid- nario 2 achieved the smallest value, as shown in col-
dle and side of the column is just slightly improved umn fourth of Table 5. The reason is the using high
of the using high-strength steel rebar in the middle strength of reinforcing steel and the limiting state on
column only. The use of high-strength steel rebar ma- the middle column resulted in the significant yielding
terials also significantly increases structural strength occurrence of the side part column.
both in the occurrence of FDG post-slip and at defor-
mation limit. This reason will be explained in the next (2) Structural seismic performance
paragraph below. As the seismic performance results that are shown
The use of high-strength steel rebar (USD685) in column seventh of Table 5, several proposed struc-
could increase the dissipated energy. The reason tural variations could achieve the expected perfor-
is the increased deformation limit capacity and the mance target. All structures with scenario 1 (Scnr1)
improved structural strength, as the comparison of could not enrich performance target. While the max-
Fig. 12(a) with Fig. 12(b)-12(d). While based on the imum responses of the structures with scenario 2
result graphed in Fig. 12(b), the implementation of (Scnr2) were below the deformation limit in the case
high-strength reinforcing steel in the middle column of gap application less than 10 mm. Finally, the struc-
and ordinary-strength reinforcing steel in the side col- tures with scenario 3 and 4 could achieve the perfor-
umn is significant enough to achieve large dissipated mance target in the gap implementation up to 20 mm.
energy. Although the dissipated energy of this struc- Under earthquake excitation, the time history defor-
ture (Scnr2) is slightly smaller than that implements mations of the proposed structures which implement
all reinforcing bars using high-strength steel (Scnr3 20 mm of gap length correspond to the deformation
and Scnr4), it makes prosper in terms of the con- limit are shown in Fig. 14.
struction cost. Meanwhile the damping ratio of the Based on the skeleton curve with its limit state and
structures with Scnr2, Scntr3, and Scnr4 in the equal maximum response of the structure under Level 2 of
gap length were approximately to the same, which is earthquake excitation, as shown in Fig. 13, the ad-
supported by the data in column fifth of Table 5 and ditional 20 mm of gap increase structural response.
Fig. 12. Consequently, it made some structures decrease its
Based on the comparison of Fig. 12(c) and performance. Furthermore, the proposed structure
Fig. 12(d), in the using high strength rebar in all col- (with 20 mm gap) of Str15 and Str21 were below the
umn, the difference deformation limit determination deformation limit (behave elastic or near to elastic)
of the column location could slightly achieve equal under Level 2 of earthquake excitation with a maxi-
deformation capacity but different strength. The limit mum displacement near to the conventional structure
state of scenario 4 (Scnr4) is more stringent than sce- response, as shown in Fig. 14. While the proposed
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Fig.9 The dissipated energy influenced by the FDG confinement force and the proportion of reinforcing steel.
Fig.10 The dissipated energy influenced by the gap length.
(a) (b)
Fig.11 The SPD hysteresis curves of; (a) Str19 and (b) Str21.
structure that implements combination with ordinary- formation limit of the structure with elastic behavior
strength and high-strength of column reinforcement (Performance I) under Level 2 of ground motion ex-
(Str9) in the scenario 2 slightly exceeded its deforma- citations.
tion limit with a deformation ratio 1.05. The maxi-
The proposed structures in scenarios 2, 3, and 4
mum response and the limit state of the structure are
produced smaller residual deformations than conven-
described in Fig. 14 and Table 5. Therefore, the ap-
tional pier structures, as shown in Fig. 15. The pos-
plication of high-strength steel reinforcement was re-
sible reason, in scenario 2 and 3, the middle struc-
quired to achieve sufficient dissipated energy and de-
ture remained elastic behavior, more ever in scenario
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Table4 The stiffness comparison at the small deformation.
Displacement The structural stiffness with the gap length The structural stiffness ratio with
(mm) (Ke f , kN/m) the gap length (ratio Ke f )
0 mm 10 mm 20 mm 30 mm 0 mm 10 mm 20 mm 30 mm
0.10 434083.47 45254.56 45254.56 45254.56 1.00 0.10 0.10 0.10
10.00 147214.38 38426.31 35829.41 35829.41 1.00 0.26 0.24 0.24
20.00 110595.51 69624.47 28570.04 28387.38 1.00 0.63 0.26 0.26
30.00 90735.87 76979.29 51619.02 25611.03 1.00 0.85 0.57 0.28
Table5 The seismic performance of the structures.
Str. Name Pmax (KN) En (KJ) E FDG (%) ζ eq Maximum response (mm) Residual deformation (mm)
δmax δmax /δlim GM no. δres1 δres2 GM no.
Str1 7400 332.73 0.96 0.21 107.87 1.48 II-I-1 10.68 9.21 II-I-1
Str2 6000 232.79 0.98 0.17 156.49 2.15 II-III-1 19.50 15.75 II-III-1
Str3 6000 171.11 0.97 0.12 172.69 2.37 II-II-1 27.65 24.23 II-III-1
Str4 5600 117.30 0.96 0.09 208.52 2.87 II-II-1 18.90 18.92 II-I-1
Str5 0 2.27 0.00 0.00 260.59 3.93 I-II-1 22.24 22.21 I-II-1
Str6 ∼ 9.13 0.00 0.01 64.53 1.89 II-II-1 6.13 6.99 II-I-1
Str7 10400 875.33 0.65 0.22 99.46 0.76 II-I-1 8.49 6.16 II-I-1
Str8 10200 760.85 0.65 0.19 128.98 0.98 II-I-1 7.74 5.09 I-II-1
Str9 8800 709.36 0.83 0.18 141.59 1.05 II-III-1 7.00 3.18 I-II-1
Str10 8600 626.11 0.84 0.16 162.05 1.20 I-II-1 7.58 7.09 I-II-1
Str11 0 16.79 0.00 0.01 151.94 1.23 I-I-1 1.20 1.26 I-I-1
Str12 ∼ 7.29 0.00 0.01 68.78 2.10 II-I-1 2.49 5.33 II-I-1
Str13 13800 1220.04 0.97 0.22 85.52 0.61 II-I-1 6.33 4.02 II-I-1
Str14 13000 1048.47 0.97 0.20 120.97 0.85 II-I-1 5.22 5.41 II-II-1
Str15 12000 918.56 0.97 0.18 123.44 0.86 II-III-1 4.23 3.04 II-III-1
Str16 11800 809.41 0.97 0.16 148.65 1.03 I-II-1 4.73 3.22 I-II-1
Str17 0 10.65 0.00 0.01 285.68 2.18 I-III-1 30.67 30.97 II-I-1
Str18 ∼ 13.69 0.00 0.01 71.74 1.33 II-I-1 1.13 1.65 II-I-1
Str19 10200 1086.84 0.98 0.23 98.31 0.69 II-I-1 4.62 2.69 II-I-1
Str20 10200 955.50 0.98 0.20 126.76 0.89 II-I-1 5.58 4.44 II-II-1
Str21 10200 849.94 0.98 0.18 131.12 0.92 II-III-1 5.56 4.12 I-II-1
Str22 10200 755.77 0.97 0.16 153.82 1.08 I-II-1 6.57 4.16 I-II-1
Str23 0 10.65 0.00 0.01 285.68 2.18 I-III-1 30.67 30.97 II-I-1
Str24 ∼ 13.69 0.00 0.01 71.74 1.33 II-I-1 1.13 1.65 II-I-1
Str25 - - - - 129.13 3.85 II-I-1 15.01 - II-III-1
Str26 - - - - 128.36 2.14 II-I-1 11.41 - I-II-1
Pmax : Maximum confinement force; En : Total of energy dissipation; E FDG (%): Energy dissipation
percentage of FDG; ζ eq : Equal damping ratio; δmax : Maximum deformation response; δlim : Defor-
mation limit; δres1 : Residual deformation before the FDG to be released; δres2 : Residual deformation
after the FDG to be released.
4 all structure columns still performed the elastic be- steel to all columns section (Str25), while the cases of
havior. Hence, the structure that behaves elastically Str9, Str15, and Str21 are similar to the conventional
could have a better re-centering ability. pier with high-strength reinforcing steel on the mid-
dle column (Str26). However, the proposed structure
The force and deformation relation of the maxi- with high-strength reinforcing steel in the middle col-
mum response under seismic excitation of the struc- umn remains elastic under Level 2 of earthquake ex-
ture are shown in Fig. 16. The maximum resisting citation while the conventional pier (Str26) is beyond
force of proposed structure (Str3) is similar to the the elastic deformation limit.
conventional pier with ordinary-strength reinforcing
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(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
Fig.12 The hysteresis loop comparisons under static cyclic analysis; (a) Scenario1, (b) Scenario2, (c) Scenario3, (d)
Scenario4, (e) structure without gap, and (f) structure with 20 mm gap.
5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMEN- excitation from JRA code. Also, the remaining elas-
DATIONS tic behavior of the structure manifested small resid-
ual deformations. Based on the numerical analysis
(1) Conclusions results, the structure had the following behaviors and
performances:
The integrated bridge pier with triple RC column
accompanied by friction damper plus gap was suc- (a) The gap length, the proportional cross-sectional
cessfully proposed to accommodate a 20 mm of the area of the reinforcing steel, and friction damper
frequent lateral deformation due to daily load with strength should be determined proportionately.
sufficient flexibility. This structure could behave elas- The larger of the gap length resulted in the
tic or close to the elastic state under severe earthquake smaller dissipated energy. The greater the rein-
I_143
(a) (b)
Fig.13 The skeleton curve also its limit state under static pushover analysis and the maximum response under Level 2 of
seismic excitation; (a) structure without gap and (b) structure with 20 mm gap.
forcing steel area proportion obtained the greater implemented high-strength reinforcing steel in
strength and dissipated energy. While the opti- the middle column were smaller than the con-
mum friction force magnitude needed to be de- ventional column structures. While the resid-
termined to achieve optimum energy dissipation. ual deformations of the structures which imple-
(b) The application of 20 mm gap length of the FDG mented ordinary strength reinforcing steel in all
on the structure resulted in 0.26 times smaller column were the largest. The re-centering ca-
stiffness than without the gap. pability of the structures which implemented or-
(c) The structure without and with gap can achieve dinary strength reinforcing steel in all column
the equivalent damping ratio around 22%-23% might be lost due to all the column section was
and 18%, respectively. over the elastic state.
(d) In optimum dissipated energy, the implementa- (i) The implementation of ordinary-strength rein-
tion of different location limits could affect the forcing steel on the all of the column of the pro-
strength and the dissipated energy of the structure posed structure resulted in almost equal lateral
significantly. However, the deformation limit ca- force resistance compared to the conventional
pacity of the structure was not affected signifi- RC pier with ordinary-strength reinforcing steel.
cantly. Also, the corresponding relation was obtained on
(e) The use of high-strength reinforcing steel on the the high-strength steel rebar material implemen-
middle column could increase the deformation tation.
limit capacity, strength, and dissipated energy.
Furthermore, its application on all columns was (2) Recommendations
a slightly better improvement. Further research related this study maybe can im-
(f) In the implementation of high-strength reinforc- prove the development of proposed high seismic per-
ing steel in all of the column section, the maxi- formance bridge pier and increase its sustainability:
mum structural responses with 20 mm gap were
(a) In the examination of proposed friction damper
below the deformation limit under Level 2 of
plus gap advisability, the experimental study of
seismic excitation. While in the implementa-
this seismic device that calibrated with numerical
tion of ordinary-strength reinforcing steel in all
analysis needs to be conducted.
of the column section, the maximum structural
(b) The columns configuration of the proposed struc-
responses were beyond the deformation limit.
ture needs to be improved to accommodate bi-
(g) In the application of using high-strength rebar
direction seismic excitations.
in the middle column and ordinary-strength re-
(c) The implementation of the proposed pier struc-
bar in the side column, the maximum structural
ture in the whole bridge structure needs to be
response was slightly exceeded the deformation
studied to verify its behavior and performance.
limit. Therefore, potentially, it is more economi-
cal to be implemented in the real structure.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: This research was par-
(h) In the proposal of implementation 20 mm gap,
tially supported by JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific
the residual deformations of the structures which
Research (B) Grant Number JP26289145. The au-
I_144
Fig.14 The maximum displacement response of the structure under seismic load level 2; (a) Str3, (b) Str9, (c) Str15, (d)
Str21, (e) Str25, and (f) Str26.
Fig.15 The maximum residual displacement response of the structure under seismic load level 2; (a) Str3, (b) Str9, (c)
Str15, (d) Str21, (e) Str25, and (f) Str26.
thors would also like to thank Prof. Sumio Sawada, Ms. Wu Shuanglan Ph.D. who checked the English
Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto Univer- writing style of this article.
sity for the fruitful discussion. Also, many thanks to
I_145
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
Fig.16 The force and displacement seismic response under Level 2 of earthquake excitation; (a) Str3, (b) Str9, (c) Str15,
(d) Str21, (e) Str25, and (f) Str26.
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Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser.

A HIGH SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CONCEPT

Angga FAJAR Setiawan1 and Yoshikazu TAKAHASHI2

1. INTRODUCTION ergy to dampen the seismic vibration, but the leniency

(a) (b) (c)

Table1 The variable of structural parameters.

Reinforcing steel yield stregth (MPa)

Table2 The variable of the FDG confinement force.

Variable no. Maximum confinement force (KN)

Table3 The reinforcing steel parameter input.

fy (MPa) E(MPa) b R0 cR1 cR2

(1) Structural idealization centrated mass idealization is expected to achieve the

Fig.10 The dissipated energy influenced by the gap length.

Table4 The stiﬀness comparison at the small deformation.

Table5 The seismic performance of the structures.

REFERENCES 4) Takahashi, Y. and Hoshikuma, J. : Damage to road

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