Professional Documents
Culture Documents
HeinzBrandl,Institute
for SoilMechanicsand GroundEngineering,
Technical
University
of Vienna,Austria
RobertHofmann,Geotechnical Engineering,
Perchtoldsdorf,
Austria
\
MODELTESTS 20 6 cnr
i.g,rI @ @ @ @ @ 0,8
;
* s w
1.0
t
ol & # # ^di
'w@ I6 piles
w*_w_*w' J U . üc m
Figure3. Influenceof pile numberand pile length(l) on the
| . 4C {:nl
'wt
{\j
0l(Ad")
0 1000 1500
i - . . -
ü @ @'
0,!
0.4
i . . ..*30.S cm --.. -_*-e
0,6
!
pilegroupsusedfor model
Figure2. Patternof conventional ; s.B
tests(scalel:50) as a comparison to Figure1. Brokenline j.0
indicates areaA andcircumference
equivalent U.
= 2d. a)= 16piles;b)= 20 piles.
Axialpilespacing i.ä
'of I u e g r e eo f h o n d.
is ratherrecommended to designpileswith a box-factor
that then is kept constant(for safety reasons).Under
failureload the forcesconcentratein the piles,because
I the ratioof stiffnessof pilesto plastifiedsoil increases.
- it This causes a decreaseof the box-factorx. Figure9
demonstratesthe great influenceof the cell size(s)on
s/0 no b6nd full bond
{n}0nolith) the load transfer via the soil core(s).The portion of
(Eoo,t".r" = 0) (Erort,r'.e = Etrte) externalload directlytakenby the enclosedsoil of the
Figure6. Influence
of stiffness
of enclosedsoilor bondeffect box-foundation increases withthe "hydraulic radius"A/U
between pilesandenclosed S; pile
soilof the box-foundation or AiUld.A cohesionof the soilhas no significant effect
lengthl=40cm. on the ratioQsoil but it influencesthe loadtransfer
/Qtotar,
mechanismof the piles,hencethe percentage of skin
The different load transfer of a single pile, a frictionforceand base resistanceforce.
conventionalpile group and a box-shapedpile Figure 9 represents only one among various
foundationis illustratedin Figure7. lt showsthat the correlationsbecause the box- factor deoends on a
normalised total load carriedby boxes is higherthan seriesof oarameters:
thatcarriedby conventional pilegroups. r RatiotuU/d;
. Slenderness of the box-foundation, l/D:
a / {A d.i) . Ratioof stiffnessof concretemembers(Econsere) to
0 1000 150c soil(Esoir);
**.*;\'-.*-
-..+-----
The influenceof size and shape of the foundationbox The transferof verticalloads by a box-shapedpile
on the load-settlementbehaviour is summarised in foundationconcentrates ratheron the innerpilesthan
Figure I for the standard model tests (Figure 1)and a on the outerones.This effectincreases with increasing
pile lengthof 50 cm, whereby the resultsfor pile lengths total load (e.9. Figure 10) and can be explainedby
between40 and 60 cm also lie within the hatchedzone. Figure11:The loadflowingfromthe raftdirectlyintothe
The influence of the ratio of box area A to box soilcausesa silopressurethere,hencea negativeskin
circumferenceU increaseswith the limit pile load. This frictionalongthe piles.In the lower part of the inner
"hydraulic pilesthe negativeskinfrictionmay changeto a positive
ratio correspondsto the radius" R. Hence,
boxes with a small hydraulicradius (i.e. long-stretched) value, but the resultantskin friction force Qsiusually
can transfer higher loads than those with a square or remainsnegative.Consequently, the inner piles are
circular shape. This coincides well with the theory loadedmore intensively. Sucha loaddistribution could
because square or circular foundationscause a higher also be observedin clay, while in conventional pile
in the ground.
stressconcentration groupsthe load concentrates ratheron the outerpiles
(according to the base pressuredistribution beneatha
The portionof externalload directlytaken by the soil rigidraft).
core increaseswith increasinghydraulicradiusof the
pilebox,assuminga similarpilearrangement. Fromthe
"box-factor"
r couldbe deduced:
modeltests,a
13 0.45
tl, Figure8. Summarising resultsof modeltestson
0,d pileboxesS, M, L (Figure'l).Pilelengthl= 50
u cm.
uJ 0,35 Ql, = limitload (sumof externalload,actingon
t-* the box in the level of pile heads); s =
LU
ä settlement; 6 = pile diameter; T= densityof
<(
soil,
A = foundationarea (of the pile box), U =
uJ circumference of the pile box
ö
\ 0'15
!-""
Z o,J
UJ
*u o.os AiU . 5.2
AiU - 3.4 -A/U = 3,9
J ....-AtU . 2.8
A/i.l * 2 il
l * o
ul r0 300 400 s00 600
t/)
Q1;* i {A.d.1}
tangent piles. In the case of contiguousor even
A/U/d [1]
pile walls,a loadtransferringclosurecan be
intermittent
obtainedby jetgroutingbetweenthe spandrels.
1 4 r.6 18 2 2.?
**-r--*-*t-*-*r**
l
: The effectiveness of pilesformingcrosswalls in a deep
box-foundationcan be quantifiedby dividing the
settlementreductionby the increaseof the proportional
o "-i. i pile numberwhen addinginner pilesto form a multi-
F
t) cellularpattern.The model test exhibitedthat piles
{tL *---j*.
1 i . . . - j , - . ,
wilhorit innef pils$
- *J-
forming cross walls in long-stretchedboxes have a
{
X I ..,:,r.-.^.-:1.-
iilrsr vrrss larger effect than those in square-shapedor circular
o 0.s+ ) cells(Table'l).
m
I
I i ! - =, . : - l lo,. r
I
T
B A $ EP R E S S U R [ Q s[ k N / m " ]
40n 800 1?ü0
E
E
(t 10
f"*
z
UJ
ä 0.^ a^..
ul outer pile
J
t"*
F 3 Ü F
- n. , a l\\ p
ul
Q
x'}-
iNä
Figure10.Basepressure
pileboxS (Figure
of the pilesversussettlement
1).Pilelength | = 50cm.
of the