CONSTI LAW 2 MIDTERM REVIEWER ALEEZAH GERTRUDE REGADO
SECTION 1: No person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without
due process of law nor shall any person be denied equal protection of laws
PROCEDURAL DUE PROCESS
 PROMULGATION OF LAWS AND OTHER GOVERNMENT ISSUANCES
1. Published
2. Not vague –lacks comprehensible standards men of common intelligence must
necessarily guess as to its meaning and differ as to its application
 JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS (CIVIL CASES)
1. Court or tribunal with power to hear/determine
2. Jurisdiction lawfully acquired (person/property)
3. Opportunity to be heard
4. Judgment rendered upon lawful hearing
 JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS (CRIMINAL CASES)
1. the right to notice and a hearing,
2. the right to remain silent in criminal investigations and trials so as to avoid
incriminating oneself,
3. the right to be represented by an attorney in certain criminal cases, and
4. the right to have one’s case heard before a jury in criminal cases
 PROCEDURAL DUE PROCESS IN JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS IN GENERAL
- Cold neutrality of an impartial judge
- Opinions formed in the course of judicial proceedings although erroneous as long
as they are based on evidence presented and conduct observed by judge do not
prove personal bias or prejudice on the part of the judge
- Only exception : when error is so gross and patent as to produce ineluctable
inference of bad faith or malice
- Bias and prejudice must be shown to have stemmed from an extrajudicial source
and result in an opinion on the merits on some basis other than what judge
learned from his participation in the case
- Judge must not only be impartial but appear to be impartial as an added assurance
to the parties that his decision will be just
 EXTRADITION PROCEEDINGS
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights applies to deportation cases, there is no
reason why it cannot be invoked in extradition cases. (Customary international
law, binding on all members of international community)
- Modern trend in public international law which places primacy on the worth of
individual persons and the sanctity of human rights
- Standard : clear and convincing evidence : potential extradite
PROVE
1. He is not a flight risk
2. Will abide with all the orders and process of the extradition court
 DEPORTATION PROCEEDINGS
- Consequences as serious as those of criminal prosecution.
- Rules of Court for criminal cases are applicable as well as the right to bail
 QUASI-JUDICIAL OR ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS
1. Right to actual or Constructive notice of the institution of proceeding
2. Real opportunity to be heard personally or with right of counsel, present
evidence and defend one’s rights
3. Tribunal vested with competent jurisdiction having a reasonable guarantee
of honesty as well as impartiality
4. Finding supported by substantial evidence during hearing or records or made
known to the parties affected
 QUASI-JUDICIAL OR ADMINISTRATIVE EXERCISING QUASI-LEGISLATIVE
POWERS
- Same but notice and hearing may not be necessesary
- Only publication is required
 SCHOOL DISCIPLINARY PROCEEDINGS
1. Informed in writing of the nature and cause of accusation
2. Right to answer charges with counsel if desired
3. Informed of evidence against them
4. Adduce evidence on their own behalf
5. Evidence duly considered by the investigating committee or official
designated by school
- Does not entail proceedings and hearings similar to those proscribed for actions
and proceedings in courts of justice
- Take note of schools academic freedom : who, what, how, who
 BANK CLOSURE PROCEEDINGS
- Close now hear later doctrine (may be considered as an exercise of police power)
- Receiver to immediately take charge
- Due process does not necessarily require prior hearing. Opportunity to be heard
may be subsequent to closure.
 EXPROPRIATION PROCEEDINGS
- Chance to be heard before determination of just compensation
- Although as a general rule: motion for reconsideration negates the allegations of
denial of due process, it s equally true that there are very specific rules for
expropriation cases involve painful deprivation of property for public purpose an
disbursement of public funds.
 EX PARTE PROVISIONAL ORDERS
 CONSTI LAW 2 MIDTERM REVIEWER ALEEZAH GERTRUDE REGADO

- Interest of public outweigh the right of defendant to prior notice and hearing Overbreadth Doctrine
- Valid exercise of police power to protect the safety, health and general welfare - A governmental purpose may not be achieved by means which sweep
and comfort of the public unnecessarily broadly and thereby invade the area of protected freedom
- It is constitutional commonplace that the ordinary requirements of procedural due Vagueness
process yield to the necessities of protecting public interest like those here - Lacks comprehensible standards that men of common intelligence must
involved through the exercise of police power necessarily guess at its meaning and differ as to its application
 DISMISSAL IN PRIVATE SECTOR Void for Vagueness
1. Valid reason - Either forbids or requies the doing of an act n terms so vague that men of
2. Opportunity to be heard common intelligence must necessarily guess its meaning and differ as to its
3. Any evidence derived from confession without counsel is inadmissible application
 FIXING OF RATES AND REGULATION OF PROFESSIONS
1. Notice and hearing EQUAL PROTECTION
2. Rate must be reasonable and just
3. Must not be confiscatory and oppressive Requisite of Reasonable Classification
1. Rests on substantial distinctions
SUBSTANTIVE DUE PROCESS 2. Must be germane to the purpose of law
Standards of Police Power 3. Not limited in existing conditions only
1. Legal Subject/Purpose 4. Must apply equally to all members of the same class
2. Legal Means or Methods  Goddess of justice is portrayed with a blindfold not because she must be hindered in
Test to determine if a legislative measure satisfies substantive due process seeing where the right lies but that she may not discriminate against suitors before her,
 STRICT SCRUTINY TEST dispensing instead an even handed justice to all.
o Compelling state interest Tests for Valid Classification
o Absence of less restrictive means for achieving the interest  Strict Judicial Scrutiny
o Regulation of speech, and other fundamental rights o Classification serves a compelling state interest
 Intermediate Scrutiny Test o Classification is necessary to serve that interest
o Government Interest is extensively examined o (Gender and illegitimacy)
o Availability of less restrictive measures considered  Intermediate Scrutiny Test
o Regulation of gender and legitimacy o Serves an important state interest
 Rational Basis Test o At least substantially related to serving that interest
o Laws or ordinances are upheld if they rationally further government o (race,national origin, religion, alienage, denial of right to vote, interstate
interest migration, access to courts , and other rights recognized as fundamental)
o Economic legislation or propert rights  Rational Basis Test
Test for valid ordinance o Rationally related to serving a legitimate state interest
1. Does not contravene the constitution or statute o Most liberal test : PH
2. Must not be unfair or oppressive o Reluctance to invalidate law unless there is a showing of a lear and
3. Not partial and Discriminatory unequivocal breach of the constitution
4. Must not prohibit but may regulate trade Doctrine of Relative Constitutionality
5. Must be general and consistent with public policy - Initially valid, may become subsequently unconstitutional on ground that its
6. Must not be unreasonable continued operation would violate equal protection clause
 CONSTI LAW 2 MIDTERM REVIEWER ALEEZAH GERTRUDE REGADO
SECTION 3.
(1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable
except upon lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order
requires otherwise as prescribed by law.
(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section
shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding.
RIGHT TO PRIVACY OF COMMUNICATIONS AND CORRESPONDENCE
 Correspondence covers:
- Letters, messages, telephone calls, telegrams and the like
 When is intrusion allowed
1. Upon lawful order of court
2. Public safety or order requires it as prescribed by law
 Exclusionary Rule: bars admission of illegally obtained evidence
 RA 4200: Anti-wire tapping law
 When correspondence sought is written correspondence, there should be no
inconvenience in requiring particularity of description
 Wiretaps(not yet made) : (x) Description but: :
1. Identity of person/s whose communication to be intercepted
2. Identity of offense sought to be prevented
- Unauthorized tape recordings are not admissible as evidence absent a clear
showing that both parties allowed recording of the same.
 Requisites for law to intrude upon privacy of individual
1. Narrowly focused
2. Compelling interest justifies intrusion
3. Proper safeguards
4. Well-defined standard
SECTION 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of
expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble
and petition the government for redress of grievances.
RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF SPEECH, OF THE PRESS AND THE RIGHT TO
PEACEBLE ASSEMBLY AND PETITION
Kinds of Speech
 Preferred Speech : Core Speech
- Political, Social, Religious Ideas
 Less Preferred Speech
- Commercial Speech (Advertisements)
 Unprotected Speech
- Libel and Obscenity
Prior Restraint
 Content Based Regulation
- Aimed at message/idea of expression (Subject Matter)
STRICT SCRUTINY:
- burden falls upon the government to prove that their action does not infringe
constitutional right ;
- existence of a clear and present danger of a substantive evil congress has a right
to prevent
 Content Neutral Regulation
- Incidents of speech (Time, Place or Manner)
INTERMEDIATEAPPROACH/O’BRIEN TEST
1. Within Constitutional power of the government
2. Furthers important or substantive government interest
3. Government interest is unrelated to the suppression of free expression
4. Incidental restriction is no greater than is essential to the furtherance of that
interest
- Only Substantial Government interest
Subsequent Punishment
 Clear and Present Danger Rule
- Speech and expressions used are such a nature as to create a clear and present
danger that will bring about the substantive evils that state has right to prevent
- Extremely serious and degree of imminence extremely high before utterance can
be punished
- Broadcast media , contempt cases
 Dangerous Tendency Test
- Rational connection between speech and evil apprehended
- Sufficient if the natural tendency and probable effect of utterance be to bring
about the substantive evil which the legislative body seeks to prevent
- Seditious Speech ,high probability of serious injury to state , contempt case SC
 Balancing of Interest Test
- Balance public interest and the constitutional freedoms affected by it and to
arrive at a judgment where the greater weight shall be placed.
- Right vs. Right, Privacy , COMELEC regulations
(COMMERCIAL SPEECH)
- To enjoy protection, commercial speech must NOT
1. Be false/misleading
2. Propose an illegal transaction
- But even if truthful and lawful, may be regulated if
 CONSTI LAW 2 MIDTERM REVIEWER ALEEZAH GERTRUDE REGADO

 Hudson test 3. Statement made in good faith and communicated withoit malice.
1. Government has substantial interest to protect  OBSCENITY
2. Regulation directly advances that interest - Offensive to chastity, decency and delicacy
3. It is not more extensive than necessary to protect interest Tests for Obscenity
 Miller Test (Appeal to Prurient Interest Test)
(Facial Challenge of laws regulating Freedom of Speech and expression) 1. Average person applying contemporary community standards would find
Facial Challenge As Applied Challenge that work taken as a whole appears to prurient interest
Seeks to invalidate the entirety of the law Seeks to invalidate a particular 2. Prurient interest:measured by effect of work not on susceptible persons but
because very application is application of statute on the average person
unconstitutional 3. Patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by contemporary
May be brought son after statute’s Can only be brought once it has been community tandards
passage enforced
4. Must exceed the limits of tolerance imposed by contemporary staandards of
Examination of the entire law, Considers only extant facts affecting
pinpointing its defects litigants community with respect to freedom of expressions on matters concerning
Grounds for Facial Challenge sex
- Vagueness 5. Whether work taken as a whoe lacks serious literary, artistic political or
- Over breadth : only to free speech cases scientific value
UNPROTECTED SPEECH  To bar the exercise of right there must be a clear ad present danger that would warrant
- NO ESSENTIAL PART IN THE EXPOSITION OF IDEAS AND ARE OF SLIGHT SOCIAL state interference (Clear and Present Danger)
VALUE AS A STEP OF TRUTH FOR THE BENEFIT OF MEN RIGHT TO PEACEABLE ASSEMBLY AND PETITION
 LIBEL  May be impaired only when there is clear and present danger
1. Allegation of discreditable act or condition concerning another  RA 4200 (Content Neutral Regulation: regulates the time, manner and place of
2. Publication of charge assemblies to ensure the maintenance of order and public safety
3. Identity of person defamed  Maximum Tolerance : highest degree of restrain that military, police or other
4. Existence of malice or evil intent peacekeeping authorities shall observe during public assembly or in the dispersal of
GR: Every defamatory imputation is presumed to be malicious even if it be true, if no good the same
intention and justifiable motive for making it is shown
EXCEPT: Malice is not presumed and actual malice must be proven as a a fact SECTION 5.
a) Privilege Communication No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
b) Fair and True commentaries on government conduct exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship,
c) Fair Commentaries on matters of public interest without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall
d) Commentaries on Public officials and Public Figures be required for the exercise of civil or political rights.
e) Testimony in Judicial proceedings (w/c are relevant to the case) Non-establishment Clause
- Actual Malice: w/knowledge that it is false or with reckless disregard of whether TESTS
it is false or not  Strict Neutrality/Separation
Requisites for exception - Examines only whether government action is for a secular purpose and does not
1. Person who made the communication has a legal moral or social duty to consider inadvertent burden of religious exercise
make communication or had an interest to protect - High and impenertrable separating church and state
2. Communication is addressed to an officer, or a board or superior having  Benevolent Neutrality/Accommodation
interest in thee matter
 CONSTI LAW 2 MIDTERM REVIEWER ALEEZAH GERTRUDE REGADO
- Looks further than secular purpose of government and examines th effect of these
activities on religious exercise.
- The court shall strive to accommodate religious beliefs and practices when it can
within flexible constitutional limits
- Accommodates the needs of individuals to the operation of law by carving out
exemptions from its general application
 Lemon Test : when is government aid allowed
- Secular legislative purpose
- Primary effect that neither advances nor inhibits religion
- Must not require excessive entanglement with recipient institution
 Use of Public Funds: Aglipay v. Ruiz
- The government should not be precluded from pursuing valid objectives secular
in character even if the incidental result would be favorable to religion or sector
Free exercise clause
TESTS:
 Clear and Present Danger
- Existence of clear and present danger of a substantive evil that State has right to
prevent
 Compelling State Interest
1. Sincerity of religious belief . without inquiring into the truth of belief
2. State has to establish that its purpose are legitimate and compelling enough
to override such religious belief and practice
3. State must use thee least instrusive and restrictive means
 Smith Standard
- A law that is neutral and of general applicability need not be justified by a
compelling government interest even if it has the incidental effect of burdening a
particular religious practice
- In such case, clear and dangerous test suffice
 Sherbert v. Verner
- Validity of state intrusion in free exercise of religion is determined by :
1. Court must determine whether individual’s right to religious freedom
has been burdened
2. Whether the individual’s religious belief in the matter is sincere and its
centrality in his faith
3. If first 2 requisites prove positive, then Court must require state to
demonstrate a compelling state interest in pursuing the interference or
intrusion
4. If interest exists, then state must prove that its chosen course of action
is the least restrictive or least burdensome to the individual’s religious
freedom
No religious Test
 Conscientious Objector Test : (U.S v. Seeger)
1. Belief in God or some parallel belief that occupies a central place in
believer’s life
2. Involve a moral code transcending individual belief
3. Sincerity in belief is necessary but the court must not require into the truth
or reasonableness of belief
4. There must be some associational ties although there is also a view that
religious belief held by a single person rather than being part of the
teachings of any kind of group are entitled to protection of Free exercise
Clause
SECTION 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits
prescribed by law shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Neither
shall the right to travel be impaired except in the interest of national security, public
safety, or public health, as may be provided by law.
Liberty of Abode
 Upon lawful order of court
 Within the limits prescribed by law
Right to travel
- May be impaired in the interest of national security, public safety, or public
health as may be provided by law
Covers
1. Right to travel from Philippines to another country 
2. Right to travel within Philippines (;)
IT DOES NOT COVER
- Right to return to the Philippines
SECTION 7. The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall
be recognized. Access to official records, and to documents, and papers pertaining to
official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to government research data used as
basis for policy development, shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations
as may be provided by law.
Right to Information on Matters of Public Concern
**All citizens have standing :: Writ of Mandamus
Test :
 CONSTI LAW 2 MIDTERM REVIEWER ALEEZAH GERTRUDE REGADO

The standards that have been developed for the regulation of speech and press and of
assembly and petition and of association are applicable to the access to information SECTION 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just
- Clear and Present Danger Test compensation.
Information Covered Information NOT COVERED Requisites for the validity of expropriation
1. Official Records 1. National Security Matters 1. Public Purpose
2. Documents Papers Pertaining 2. Criminal matters-courts (x) 2. Payment of just compensation
to official acts, transactions or inquire prior to arrest,detention Public Purpose
decisions and prosecution
- Any use directly available to the public as a matter of right and not merely of
3. Government research data used 3. Pleadings and other documents
as basis for policy development filed by the parties in a case forbearance or accommodation
4. Any other information on 4. Diplomatic Correspondence - Normally a political question because the power to expropriate belongs to the
matters which is of public 5. Closed door cabinet meetings congress
concern 6. Executive sessions in either - As long as public has right to use, whether exercised by one or many members of
house of congress the public, a public advantage or public benefit accrues sufficient to constitute a
**Definite proposition: committee has 7. Internal deliberation of SC public use
already makes its official 8. Trade Secrets
- ―usefulness, utility or advantage or what is productive of general benefit of the
recommendation 9. Banking Deposits and
**proposed settlement ill gotten wealth Transactions public‖
10. Informers Privilege GOVERNMENT HAS NO UNRESTRICTTED TITLE TO EXPROPRIATE A
11. Presidential Communications LAND
Privilege  Taking is always conditional to public purpose
12. Deliberative Process Privilege  If abandoned, the former owner may seek reversion subject of course to the
return at the very least of just compensation
SECTION 8. The right of the people, including those employed in the public and  Public use must be maintained throughout the proceedings for expropriation
private sectors, to form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to  Public use should be the use for the purpose specified in the petition.
law shall not be abridged.  If this is not done, the expropriator must return the property even if there was no
Freedom of Association valid agreement of reversal
Test  Owner must return to the expropriator the compensation it has received + legal
- It depends upon the purpose of the association interest + / pay the expropriator for the benefits lot may have obtained
- If the purpose is manifestation of freedom of speech then the standards of such
CONGRESS LGU
right applies Necessity (x) Pre-requisite to expropriation The ascertainmen of necessity must
 Includes freedom not to join an association  As long as devoted for public use PRECEDE or ACCOMPANY (x) follow the
 Government employees have right to association but is statutorily prevented from taking
engaging in strikes
Payment of Just Compensation
 Associations must be for a lawful purpose (x) : Rebellious, Subversive ; illegal
- Full and fair equivalent of property taken
associations and assemblies are not protected
- Basically it means payment matches the market value
 Managerial employees cannot form unions
- It must be (S.A.R) = Substantial, Real, and Ample
 Supervisory employees may form unions but NOT with r&f employees - Court determines ―Just‖ compensation: Rule 67ROC
 Lawyers—IBP - Statutes may serve only as guiding principle or ine of the factors in determining
just compensation BUT it may not substitute the court’s own judgment as to
what amount should be awarded and how to arrive at such amount
 CONSTI LAW 2 MIDTERM REVIEWER ALEEZAH GERTRUDE REGADO

 POINT OF REFERENCE 2. Impairment Involves a substantial right

- Generally filing of complaint coincides with taking 3. The law must change the relation between parties to the contract and not between
- EX: when however the filling of case comes later than time of taking and parties and non-parties
meanwhile the value of property has increased because of use to which the Exceptions : Law may impair a contract if it is a valid exercise of police power
expropriator put it, the value is that of time of earlier taking POLICE POWER
- Based on the time of entry:: not its value after many years. Beyond payment of OBLIGATIONS OF CONTRACTS
value, owner is entitled to interest
- **in case of LGU: LGC:::@ time of taking of property Test:
Requisites of expropriation by NG Requisite of Expropriation by LGU  Since the right of parties arising out of contract are considered property, then the test
1. Taking: Public Purpose 1.Taking: Public Purpose for substantive due process applies
2.Payment of Just Compensation 2.Payment of Just Compensation 1. Legal Purpose
3.Procedure of expropriation: Rule 67 ROC 3.GENUINE necessity for expropriation
4.Valid and Definite offer previously made to 2. Rational basis
owner (x) accepted
5.Ordinance authorizng Local Chief Exec to
exercise power of eminent domain
6.Procedure of expropriation : Rule 67 ROC

Payment of Initial Deposit

 Initial Deposit : advance of Just compensation which is still to be determined.
*Provisional value

WHO EXERCISES/PURPOSE AMOUNT OF INITIAL DEPOSIT

NATIONAL GOVERNMENT = Assessed value of property for purposes of
taxation
LGU = At least 15% of FMV based on current tax
declaration of property
NATIONAL INFRASTRACTURE (x) Deposit
PROJECTS RA 8974 -- must make payment of FULL value of
property based on the current relevant zonal
valuation of the Bureau of Internal Revenue
(BIR); and (2) the value of the improvements
and/or structures as determined

SECTION 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed.

RIGHT AGAINST NON-IMPAIRMENT OF CONTRACTS
 When is there an impairment of contract
1. Changes the contract between parties
a) Terms
b) Conditions
c) Considerations
d) Intentions