See

discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248541594

Effect of the addition of wood shavings on

thermal conductivity of sand concretes:
Experimental study and modelling

Article in Construction and Building Materials · March 2007

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.12.008

CITATIONS READS

55 113

6 authors, including:

Madani Bederina Laurent Marmoret

Université Amar Telidji Laghouat Université de Picardie Jules Verne
54 PUBLICATIONS 268 CITATIONS 25 PUBLICATIONS 96 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

K. Mezreb Abderrahim Bali

Université de Picardie Jules Verne National Polytechnic School of Algiers
12 PUBLICATIONS 361 CITATIONS 70 PUBLICATIONS 336 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

waste valorization View project

Valorization of industrial wastes in Civil Engineering Applications View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Laurent Marmoret on 24 March 2017.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. All in-text references underlined in blue are added to the original document
and are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately.
 Construction
and Building

Construction and Building Materials 21 (2007) 662–668

MATERIALS
www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Effect of the addition of wood shavings on thermal conductivity

of sand concretes: Experimental study and modelling
M. Bederina a, L. Marmoret b, K. Mezreb b, M.M. Khenfer a, A. Bali c, M. Quéneudec b,*

a
Université Amar Thélidji, Département de Génie Civil, Laghouat, Algeria
b
Laboratoire des Technologies Innovantes, EA 3899 UPV, IUT, Département de Génie Civil, Universite de Picardie Jules Verne,
Avenue des facultés, 80025 Amiens cedex 01, France
c
Ecole Polytechnique, Département de Génie Civil, Alger, Algeria

Received 4 March 2005; received in revised form 13 November 2005; accepted 10 December 2005
Available online 3 February 2006

Abstract

This work aims at the valorisation of local materials and the reuse of various wastes. The main objective of this research is to con-
stitute a structural lightweight sand concrete and to improve its thermal properties while preserving its mechanical performances. The
purpose of this work is to study the effect of addition wood shavings on thermal conductivity of the sand concretes. The shavings, which
stem from waste of woodworking activities, have been incorporated, without any preliminary treatment, into two types of sand con-
cretes. A range of shavings contents, varying from 0 to 100 kg/m3, have been examined herein. The sand concretes, constituting the
matrix, are composed of sand, cement, filler, admixture and water. Results demonstrate that the inclusion of shavings into the sand con-
cretes reduces material density to a considerable extent, while the structure remaining homogeneous and with a strong wood–matrix
adherence; furthermore, thermal conductivity has been improved.
At smaller shavings contents, the dune sand concrete exhibited slightly better thermal conductivities than those of the river sand con-
crete. A modelling application per auto-coherent homogenisation reveals good correspondence with the experimental results.
 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Lightweight concrete; Sand concrete; Wood shavings; Filler; Thermal conductivity; Microstructure; Modelling

1. Introduction
The use of local materials in the building industry,
regardless of their level of underutilisation, has become a
necessary component to the solution to the economic prob-
lems of developing countries [1]. This finding was high-
lighted given the fact that sand concretes are able to
replace the conventional concretes in certain structures,
along with the conclusion that the use of fillers is essential
(for improvement compactness and consequently strength,
enhancing workability, deriving saving on cement in com-
parison with mortars [2,3]). By definition, a sand concrete
either does not comprise any gravel at all or only contains
*
Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +33 3 2253 4016.
E-mail address: michele.tkint@iut-u-picardie.fr (M. Quéneudec).
a small enough proportion such that the mass ratio (sand/
gravel) remains higher than 1. If the mix were to contain
gravel, the material would be called ‘‘a loaded sand con-
crete’’ [4,5].
The reuse of various wastes, which constitutes an envi-
ronmental nuisance and generated particularly complicated
problems, has also been the focus of considerable research
lately. Let us start by noting that waste is perceived as any
residue stemming from a process, transformation or use [6].
Moreover, the lignocellulosic material additive within a
cementing provides the topic of numerous studies and
applications [7,8] due to the thermal and acoustic qualities
as well as the renewable aspect of the resources employed.
The idea pursued herein of introducing lignocellulosic
waste into sand concrete to improve its thermal perfor-
mances, while preserving its mechanical qualities, was thus
quite attractive. In previous work [2], local dune sands and

0950-0618/$ - see front matter  2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.12.008
 M. Bederina et al. / Construction and Building Materials 21 (2007) 662–668 663

Nomenclature

A inclusion of air Rc compressive strength

b wood fraction RS river sand
B wood content (kg/m3) S sand content (kg/m3)
C cement content (kg/m3) W water content (l/m3)
DS dune sand q density (kg/m3)
Eq equivalent homogeneous material k thermal conductivity (W m1 K1)
F filler content (kg/m3)

river sand serve as the primary aggregates, with crushing Table 1

wastes as the filler. The present work therefore is aimed Physical properties of various used sands
at studying the influence of adding wood shavings on the Characteristics q (apparent) (kg/m3) qS (specific) (kg/m3)
thermal conductivity of these sand concretes. DS 1428 2596
RS 1482 2576
2. Used materials

2.1. Sands 2.2. Cement

Two different sands were separately used for this study:
 a dune sand (DS) from the Northern area of the town of
Laghouat (Algeria), and
 a river sand (RS) from M’zi oued (also area of
Laghouat).
Results from the particle size distribution analysis of the
two sands, established according to standard NF P18-560
[10], are presented in the Fig. 1.
The dune sand is a fine-graded sand, whose maximum
diameter does not exceed 0.63 mm and features a tight par-
ticle size distribution. In contrast, the river sand is coarser,
with a maximum diameter reaching 5 mm and a more
widely-spread particle size distribution. An SEM investiga-
tion has revealed the rounded grain shape. Microscopic
observation shows a low angularity in the grains. The river
sand grains are more rounded than those of the dune sand
[9]. The densities of the sands used for purposes of this
study have been listed in Table 1.
The X-ray analysis of both dune and river sand demon-
strates their essentially siliceous nature [9].
100
90
DS
Cumulative passing (%)
The used cement is a Portland cement (type II) of class
45 whose denomination is ‘‘CPJ-CEM II/A’’. The chemical
analysis and composition of this cement are given in Table
2. The physical characteristics are the following: specific
density 3078 kg/m3 and specific surface area 289 m2/kg.
2.3. Fillers
Fillers are intended both to supplement the particle size
distribution curve of sand over its fine part and to fill the
intergranular vacuums in the sand. Among the several
types of filler used, it was confirmed that the limestone fill-
ers are well adapted to the sand concretes (due to their
reactivity with cements) and yield the best mechanical per-
formance [3]. The fillers used in this work have been
obtained by sifting (with a sieve opening of 80 mm) crush-
ing waste from a quarry located in the region north of
Laghouat. The chemical analysis conducted shows that
these fillers are mainly composed of limestone [9]. The spe-
cific density (as measured using the pycnometer) is of
2900 kg/m3. The specific surface (as measured with Blaine’s
permeability meter according to the standard EN 196-6)
[11] is of 312 m2/kg.
2.4. Wood shavings

80
70
60
RS The shavings consist of fir tree waste produced from
50
woodworking activities; they display an irregular shape,
40 with particle size distribution ranging from 0.1 mm and
30 8 mm. These characteristics however are only given as an
20 indication, since their significance has not been determined
10
0 Table 2
10 100 1000 10000 Composition of the two sand concretes (without shavings)
Grain diameter (µm) SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3 PF
20.66 4.77 2.88 63.31 1.17 2.32 1.06
Fig. 1. Particle size distribution of various sands, (dune and river sand).
664 M. Bederina et al. / Construction and Building Materials 21 (2007) 662–668

Table 3
Chemical analysis of the cement used
Material C (kg/m3) S (kg/m3) F (kg/m3) W (l/m3) SPa (%)
Dune sand 350 1305 200 245 1.5
River sand 350 1460 150 210 1.5
a
The percentage of the admixture is calculated, in mass, compared to
the cement mass.

Table 4
Volume of wood shavings in sand volume and concrete volume
Wood Volume Volume wood/sand ratio (%)
content wood/concrete DS-concrete RS-concrete
(kg/m3) ratio (%)
0 0 0 0
Fig. 2. Particle size distribution of wood shavings. 20 3.76 7.77 6.87
40 7.25 15.54 13.74
60 10.50 23.33 20.61
rigorously due to a lack of rigidity and the geometry of 80 13.50 31.07 27.47
shavings. Fig. 2 shows the corresponding particle size 100 16.34 38.85 34.34
distribution.
Real density of the shavings was taken as the apparent cement and filler were then introduced into a mixer and
density of a solid of wood block. The measurement of this mixed for 3 min at slow speed. Once the mixture has
density was then applied to a massive block dried at a tem- become perfectly homogeneous, water-saturated wood
perature of about 60 C so as not to modify the chemical aggregates were added. Mixing then continued at slow
and physical properties of material. The measured value speed for another 3 min. The shavings were added to the
amounted to approximately 512 kg/m3. The apparent den- dry mixture in a saturated state, for the two following
sity of shavings is on the order of 160 kg/m3. Water reasons:
absorption for the lightweight aggregates is both sizable
and variable. Builders have always considered this absorp-  It was noted that with saturated shavings, dispersion in
tion level to be a major difficulty on construction sites by the dry mixture is better.
virtue of causing wide variations in concrete plasticity  The mixing water, intended to hydrate of cement and
and workability. Water absorption, as measured after total enhance concrete workability, will not be absorbed by
immersion of wood block until weight stabilization and the shavings.
expressed by the ‘‘Water/shaving’’ mass ratio, stands at The mixing water was added gradually. Material homog-
approximate 36%. enisation was guaranteed by mixing at slow speed for 3 min,
then at high speed for one more minute. Following setting
2.5. Admixture of the moulds, the samples are maintained in a wet room
(90% HR and 20 C); after 24 h, they were demoulded
The admixture used is an Algerian superplasticiser of and kept in a dry environment (50% HR and 20 C) to
‘‘MEDAPLAST (SP40)’’ type; it is a brown sulfuric Poly- remain close to local climatic conditions.
napthalene (PNS) solution, with a dry extract of 40% The thermal characteristics are measured on dry half-
(±1%) and a pH of 8.2 (index of acid level). cubic samples of 10 · 10 · 5 cm3 (Fig. 3) using a non-sta-
tionary method, which displays several advantages, in
3. Material fabrication and experimental techniques

The optimal compositions of the studied sand concretes,

without the addition of any shavings, were given in a pre-
vious study [2]. These compositions (Table 3), were taken
as the basic compositions in constituting the matrix of
the studied composites.
The material was lightened by incorporating wood shav-
ings with proportions varying from 0 to 100 kg per cubic
meter of sand concrete. The different used proportions
are given in Table 4. In order to better control the use of
mixing water, which plays an important part in the mate-
rial’s physical and mechanical properties, the raw materials
are dried beforehand. Dry mixing proves essential to a
proper homogenisation of the mixture. The sand, the Fig. 3. Introduction of TPS-element between two half test-tubes.
 M. Bederina et al. / Construction and Building Materials 21 (2007) 662–668 665

particular in terms of contact resistance, power and dura- Table 5

tion of the emitted signal. The theoretical bases of this tech- Characteristics of the matrix
nique have been discussed by SE Gustaffson [12,13] as well B (kg/m3) 0 20 40 60 80 100
as by various other authors [14–16]. The experimental k (W m k ) 1 1

device used is composed of Transient Plane Source (TPS) DS-concrete 1.20 0.98 0.86 0.71 0.65 0.55
element, a power supply stabilised in tension, a Wheatstone RS-concrete 1.30 1.10 0.90 0.80 0.69 0.65
bridge, an acquisition power station and a microcomputer Rc (MPa)
for the data control and processing. In order to protect the DS-concrete 20 17.5 13.2 9.4 7.4 5.6
RS-concrete 23.6 21.7 14.3 10.6 9.4 6.2
probe against the damage and to ensure that flow is being
distributed over a more representative surface, two copper
plates of 1 mm thick and of 5 · 5 cm in dimension were
2200
introduced between the TPS sensor and the two same mate-
rial block 10 · 10 · 5 cm3. The surfaces of the two half-
samples were polished beforehand in order to minimise 2000 SD
the influence of contact resistance. A chucking device was
employed to ensure a good contact between the various ele-
SA
ments. The whole assembly was then introduced into an 1800

enclosure to allow controlling the experimental tempera-
ture. Two thermocouples were welded onto the metal
plates to check thermal stability at the samples level. The
probe was standardised on several materials of known ther-
mal characteristics in order to validate both the test condi-
tions and parameters. To obtain reliable results, the
duration of the experiment was extended from 240 to
360 s and the power emitted from the stabilised power sup-
ply was maintained equal to 0.06 W cm2. It should also be
noted that the rise in the temperature during the entire test
period did not exceed 1 C in the studied material [12,14].
The TPS method uses a conducting pattern with a heat
capacity simultaneously as a heating element and tempera-
ture sensor when measuring thermal conductivity of sample
surrounding the TPS-element [12,14]. The time-dependent
resistance of TPS-element during the transient recording
can be written as [12]:
RðtÞ ¼ R0 ð1 þ aDT ðsÞÞ
where R(t), resistance of the TPS-element at time (t); R0,
resistance of the TPS-element at time zero; a, temperature
coefficient of resistivity (TCR); DT(s), the mean value of
temperature rise in the TPS-element.
The thermal conductivity has been calculated with a
developed Matlab program [17] using the following
relation:
k ¼ cDðsi Þ=DEðtÞ
where c, constant depending of the different resistances in
the Wheatstone bridge; D(si), theoretical expression of
time-dependent increase [17]; DE, the variation in potential
across the TPS sensor.
The experimental conductivity values are given in Table
5.
4. Experimental results and analyses
The thermal conductivity of wood is definitely lower
than that of the concretes. The Fig. 4 shows the effect of
the proportion of shavings on the density of the sand
Density (kg/m 3 )
1600
1400
1200
1000
0 20 40 60 80 100
Wood content (kg/m3)
Fig. 4. Evolution of the dry density (at 28 days) according to the wood
content.
concrete. This figure indicates a correlation with the wood
ð1Þ content that follows a parabolic-type law. For a wood con-
tent of 100 kg/m3, the density is reduced by approximately
30%.
Lightening the mix by the addition of shavings repre-
sents a complex phenomenon, which entails both a poros-
ity specific to the wood aggregates and a complementary
porosity of matrix or wood–matrix interactions. Previous
results have shown [18] that the porous structure of wood
aggregates is slightly or not at all affected by their introduc-
ð2Þ tion into the matrix. As for all the concretes and mortars,
the porosity of the matrix, and consequently its thermal
conductivity, depends on several factors such as: age of
the composite, proportion of aggregates, quantity of
cement, W/C ratio, type of mixture, proportion of fine,
temperature, state of sample moisture, mode of samples
preparation, etc. [19]. Let us point out for example that
water alone may be a lightening factor, by virtue of creat-
ing pores during the evaporation of water in excess of what
is necessary for cement hydration.
As regards the matrix-shaving connection, Fig. 5 reveals
that, generally, the shavings adhere well to the (cement–fil-
ler–sand) matrix. However, defects around the wood
aggregates can also be observed at time, most likely due
666 M. Bederina et al. / Construction and Building Materials 21 (2007) 662–668
Fig. 5. Optical micrograph of the wood sand concrete. (a) Concrete with RS (B = 20 kg/m3), (magnification 150·) and (b) concrete with DS (B = 20 kg/
m3), (magnification 175·).
to the retraction of the aggregates following evaporation of
the water absorbed by the shavings. This type of defect was
already noted by Aouadja et al. [20]. Similarly, a typical
additional porosity due to air entrainment is observed at
the level of the matrix.
This additional porosity may have been generated by the
shavings during mixing or by the admixture [17].
The curves in Fig. 4 make it clear that without any wood
addition (i.e. B = 0), the dune sand DS-concrete is slightly
less dense and more porous than the river sand RS-con-
crete [2,3]. This finding is due to the different particle size
distribution of the two sands: a dispersed particle size dis-
tribution for RS with a maximum diameter of 5 mm vs. a
tightened particle size distribution for DS with a maximum
diameter of 0.63 mm. This difference in density is main-
tained for the various wood contents studied but tends to
decrease as wood content increases. Fig. 6 shows the evolu-
tion in thermal conductivity vs. composite density. It may
be noted that at equal densities, thermal conductivity
remains appreciably the same regardless of the origin of
1.6
SD
T he mal co nduc ti v ity (w/ m.k)
1.2
SA
0.8
0.4
0 2
1400 1600 1800
Density (kg/m3 )
Fig. 6. Evolution of thermal conductivity according to the density of the
concrete.
the sand component. This finding can be explained by the
identical mineralogical nature of the two sands.
5. Modelling by auto-coherent homogenisation
Modelling by auto-coherent homogenisation allows
estimating thermal conductivity of heterogeneous materi-
als on the basis of knowing the conductivity of each com-
ponent and its concentration. This approach was
developed for the mechanical characterisation (elasticity
and elastoplasticity) of heterogeneous materials and was
used by Arnaud et al. [21] on hemp in bulk, hemp con-
cretes and hemp wools. Another application has been
recently established for lignocellulosic concretes [22]. This
method is based on the following energy condition: the
energy contained in heterogeneous material is equal to
that of the equivalent homogeneous material submitted
to the same boundary conditions. The homogeneous
material is assimilated to an assembly of spherical com-
posite inclusions of variable sizes. We have considered a
heterogeneity within the required homogeneous material.
The heterogeneous material could be constituted of either
two or three components.
5.1. Case of a heterogeneous material constituted of two
components
Equivalent homogeneous material with properties keq
(conductivity) and qeq (density) are assumed to be consti-
tuted of a sphere of radius R1 representing component
‘‘1’’ (k1, q1) (in the present case, air contained within the
wood particles). It is furthermore surrounded by a concen-
tric shell of external radius R2 representing component ‘‘2’’
(k2, q2) (wood block) (Fig. 7a).
The resolution of a system with four equations with
three unknowns, which has a solution if the determinant
is null, leads to the following relation:
3
2000
6 x 7
keq ¼ k2 6
41 þ  7
5 ð3Þ
1x 1
3
þ k1
1
k
2
 M. Bederina et al. / Construction and Building Materials 21 (2007) 662–668 667

1.6
Model (DS)

Thermal conductivity (W/m.k)

1.4
Exp. Points (DS)
((a) , ra) ((1), ra) 1.2 Model (RS)
Exp. Points (RS)
1
((b), rb) ((2), rb)
0.8
((3), rc)
0.6

(a) : case of 2 components (b) case of 3 components 0.4

0.2
Fig. 7. Modelling of different phases. 0
0 20 40 60 80 100
where x is the volume concentration of the intern phase Wood content (kg/m3)
‘‘1’’ definite by x = (R1/R2)3.
Fig. 8. Thermal conductivity according to the content of wood: confron-
For this work, the model with two components allows tation of the experimental results to the results obtained by auto-coherent
deducing the total conductivity of homogeneous material model.
as equivalent to the bulk wood shavings along with the
conductivity of the wood particle (k2) (Table 6). This ther- to apply the model to variable wood contents, the material
mal conductivity will now be applied to 3 component densities were evaluated by means of a parabolic regression
model described below. obtained from the experimental results of material densities
(q) as a function of wood content (B):
5.2. Case of a heterogeneous material constituted of three
 For dune sand concrete:
components
q ¼ 0:00002B2  0:0077B þ 2:0390 ðR2 ¼ 0:999Þ ð5Þ
The preceding explanation may now be extended to a  For river sand concrete:
material made of three components 1, 2 and 3 (Fig. 7b).
The additional shell is the matrix ‘‘3’’ representative of q ¼ 0:00001B2  0:0077B þ 2:0999 ðR2 ¼ 0:998Þ ð6Þ
the concrete made of sand, cement and filler (R3, k3, q3). where B is the mass content of wood shavings and R is the
Equivalent thermal conductivity then becomes: coefficient of correlation.
x
keq =k3 ¼ 1 þ 2 3 ð4Þ
dðk1 =k2  1Þ The experimental measurements of conductivity for the
61  x 1þ 7 two sand concretes containing shavings where then com-
6 3 7
4 3 þ dðk1 =k2  1Þð2k1 =k2 þ 1Þ5 pared to the theoretical approach based on the auto-coher-
3 ent method. Fig. 8 indicates that the theoretical results
correspond well to the values obtained during the experi-
with x = (R2/R3)3; d = 1(R1/R2)3; K = m1/m2. ments, which serves to validate both the model coefficients
The auto-coherent model is applied to the composite and relations.
with 3 components, comprising a spherical cavity of air
‘‘1’’ (vacuum contained in wood and matrix), surrounded 6. Conclusions
by a concentric wood shell ‘‘2’’, and moreover surrounded
by an additional shell of matrix ‘‘3’’ (concrete). The phys- The results presented herein reveal a remarkable
ical characteristics of the matrix have been listed in Table 7. improvement of the thermal conductivity of the composite
The concentrations x and d are directly calculated from thanks to the addition of wood shavings. This new material
the masses of each component (of known density). In order inclusion could therefore provide multiple applications, in
particular for heat insulation and as a filling material, or
Table 6
Physical characteristics of the air and wood
for use in structures with low load-bearing capacities
should the wood content not be high enough. In general
Air Wood shaving Wood block
it was found that:
3
q (kg/m ) 0.001 160 512
k (W m1 K1) 0.026 0.087 0.280  The increase in shavings content reduces the weight of
sand concretes by distinctly decreasing their density;
 The increase in shavings contents decreases the thermal
Table 7
Physical characteristics of the matrix conductivity of sand concrete and thus increases their
insulating capacity,
Matrix
 With small proportions of shavings, river sand concrete
Matrix (with RS) Matrix (with DS)
displays thermal conductivities slightly higher than
3
q (kg/m ) 2040 2100 those of dune sand concrete, but this difference tends
k (W m1 K1) 1.20 1.25
to disappear at higher wood contents,
668 M. Bederina et al. / Construction and Building Materials 21 (2007) 662–668
 The increase in shavings content reduces the mechanical
strength of sand concretes. However, with small propor-
tions, we can obtain interesting values of strength (Table
5).
 As regard the aspect of this composite, observation by
means optical microscopy shows in general a homoge-
neous matrix in which wood grains are well wrapped
and intertwined in the matrix,
 The results obtained by applying the auto-coherent
model correspond well to the values derived through
experiment.
 Since the wood is a vegetal material, we have found that
it is necessary to study the durability of the studied com-
posite (work in progress).
References
[1] Soufo YM. Matériaux locaux et construction de logements dans les
pays en voie de développement. Ph.D. Université de Montréal, 1993.
p. 235 [in French].
[2] Bederina M. Caractérisation mécanique et microstructure des bétons
de sables locaux: effets des fillers et de la nature des sables sur le
comportement mécanique du matériau, Thèse de Magister, Université
de A.Tledji de Laghouat, Algérie, October 2000. p. 110.
[3] Presse de l’Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées ’Béton de sable,
Caractéristiques et pratique d’utilisation’, (Projet SABLOCRETE),
édition: Association Amicale des Ingénieurs Anciens Elèves de
L’Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1994. p. 15–71 (237 p).
[4] NF P 18-325 (mars 1991) Bétons, Performances, Production, Mise en
Œuvre et Critère de conformité (ENV 206).
[5] Chauvin JJ, Grimaldi G. Les Bétons de Sable, Bulletin de Liaison des
Laboratoires des Ponts et Chaussées, No. 157, September–October
1988. p. 9–15.
[6] Ballester JM. Traitement et Valorisation des Déchets Solides, Centre
de Prospectives et d’Etudes, Ministère de la Recherche et de l’Espace,
Innovation 128 – Jui. 1992, France. p. 7–15 (200 p).
[7] Campbell MD, Coutts RSP. Wood fibre reinforced composites. J
Mater Sci 1980;15(10):1962–70.
[8] Nenitescu CD, Chimie Organica. Editura Tehnica, BBucuresti, vol. 2,
1988. p. 287–308.
[9] Bederina M, Khenfer MM, Dheilly RM, Queneudec M. Reuse of
local sand: effect of lime stone filler proportion on the rheological and
mechanical properties of different concrete sand. Cement Concrete
Res 2005;35:1172–9.
View publication stats
[10] NF EN 18-560, Analyse granulométrique par tamisage, Granulats,
AFNOR, 1990.
[11] NF EN 196-6, Méthodes d’essais des ciments, PARTIE 6/ Déter-
mination de la finesse (indice de classement) – AFNOR, août 1990. p.
15–476.
[12] Gustafsson SE. Transient plane source techniques for thermal
diffusivity measurement of solid materials. Rev Sci Instrum
1991;62(3):777–804.
[13] Saxena NS, Pradeep P, Mathew G, Thomas S, Gustafsson M,
Gustafsson SE. Thermal conductivity of styrene butadiene rubber
compounds with natural rubber prophylactics waste filler. Eur Polym
J 1999;35:1687–93.
[14] Bouguerra A, Laurent JP, Goual MS, Queneudec M. The thermal
conductivity of solid aggregates using the transient plane source
technique. J Appl Phys 1997;30:2900–4.
[15] Bouguerra A. Contribution à l’étude d’un procédé de valorisation de
déchets argileux: Comportement hygrothermique des matériaux
élaborés, thèse de doctorat, Institut National des sciences Appliquées
de Lyon, 1997. p. 212.
[16] Saxena NS, Izhar-ul-haq. Thermal conductivity and its temperature
dependence in selected steel samples. Int J Energy Res
1992;16:489–96.
[17] Laidoudi B. Contribution à la valorisation de déchets de
caoutchouc dans une matrice cimentaire: Caractérisation phys-
ico-thermique, Etude expérimentale et modélisation, Thèse de
doctorat soutenue le 29 juin 2005 à l’Université de Picardie Jules
Verne, Amiens. p. 213.
[18] Ledhem A. Contribution à l’étude d’un béton de bois, Mise au point
d’un procédé de minimisation des variations dimensionnelles d’un
composite Argile-Ciment-Bois, Thèse de doctorat soutenue le 01
juillet 1997 à l’INSA de Lyon. p. 150.
[19] Kim K-H, Jeon S-E, Kim J-K, Yang S. An experimental study on
thermal conductivity of concrete. Cement Concrete Res 2003;33:
363–371.
[20] Aouadja FZ, Mimoune M, Laquerbe M. Etude expérimentale sur les
bétons à base de résidus de bois, Revue Algérie-EQUIPEMENT, No.
18, mars–avril, 1995. p. 24–7.
[21] Arnaud L, Monnet H, Cordier C, Sallet F. Modélisation par
homogénéisation autocohérente de la conductivité thermique de
béton et laines de chanvre. In: Proceedings of the Congrès français de
thermique, 15–17 mai 2000, Elsevier Ed. A. Lallemand et J.F. Leone,
2000. p. 543–8.
[22] Dupré B, Marmoret L, Quéneudec M. Application de la modélisation
par homogénéisation autocohérente à la détermination de la con-
ductivité thermique de bétons ligno-cellulosiques, Congrès Français
de Thermique, SFT 2004, Presqu’ı̂le de Giens, 25–28 mai 2004. p.
607–12.