Building Services CHAPTER 11
Chapter 11 addresses electrical fire safety, HVAC equipment, elevators, utilities, heating
appliances, rubbish chutes and incinerators, stationary generators and standby power systems,
smoke control, and emergency command centers. In the 2000 edition, this material was
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located in Chapter 6.
11.1 Electrical Fire Safety
The approval of new electrical installations or approval of the
modifications to an existing electrical system is a function
typically performed by an electrical inspector or other build-
ing code enforcement official using the requirements of
NFPA 70, National Electrical Code
(NEC) as the basis for
their approval. However, in many cases, prior to a building
or other facility being constructed or occupied, fire marshals
or fire inspectors perform periodic inspections to ensure that
the premises safety systems and features are in place, are
in proper working order, and have not been compromised
or adversely modified. Electrical systems are often subject
to this type of periodic safety inspection. In general, the focus
of this type of inspection is compliance with fundamental
electrical safety provisions that have long been required by
the NEC. Requirements covering the integrity of enclosures
housing electrical wiring and equipment, the proper use of
electrical appliances, the proper application and use of flexi-
ble cords, complete and up-to-date identification of circuit
disconnecting means, and the proper maintenance and opera-
tion of electrically powered emergency features such as bat-
tery-operated emergency lighting units are among the items
typically included in these periodic safety inspections.
The following pages contain references and a brief de-
scription of material extracted from the NEC that provide
some of the most common requirements that the fire official
frequently follows during an inspection or a plan review.
For the text of the full requirements of these sections, please
see the NEC.
ARTICLE 110 — REQUIREMENTS FOR
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
70:110.11 Deteriorating Agents. Unless identified for use in
the operating environment, no conductors or equipment shall
be located in damp or wet locations; where exposed to gases,
fumes, vapors, liquids, or other agents having a deteriorating
effect on the conductors or equipment; nor where exposed to
excessive temperatures. . . .
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70:110.12 Mechanical Execution of Work. Electric equipment
shall be installed in a neat and workmanlike manner.
(A) Unused Openings. Unused cable or raceway openings in
boxes, raceways, auxiliary gutters, cabinets, cutout boxes,
meter socket enclosures, equipment cases, or housings shall
be effectively closed to afford protection substantially equiva-
lent to the wall of the equipment. Where metallic plugs or
plates are used with nonmetallic enclosures, they shall be
recessed at least 6 mm (1⁄4 in.) from the outer surface of the
enclosure.
⯗
(C) Integrity of Electrical Equipment and Connections. In-
ternal parts of electrical equipment, including busbars, wiring
terminals, insulators, and other surfaces shall not be damaged
or contaminated by foreign materials such as paint, plaster,
cleaners, abrasives, or corrosive residues . . .
70:110.13 Mounting and Cooling of Equipment.
(A) Mounting. Electric equipment shall be firmly secured to
the surface on which it is mounted. . . .
(B) Cooling. Electrical equipment that depends upon the natu-
ral circulation of air and convection principles for cooling of
exposed surfaces shall be installed so that room airflow over
such surfaces is not prevented by walls or by adjacent installed
equipment. . . .
70:110.22 Identification of Disconnecting Means. Each dis-
connecting means shall be legibly marked to indicate its pur-
pose unless located and arranged so the purpose is evident.
The marking shall be of sufficient durability to withstand the
environment involved.
70:110.26 Spaces About Electric Equipment. Sufficient ac-
cess and working space shall be provided and maintained
about all electric equipment to permit ready and safe operation
and maintenance of such equipment. Enclosures housing elec-
trical apparatus that are controlled by lock and key shall be
considered accessible to qualified persons.
70:110.26(A)(1) Depth of Working Space. The depth of the
working space in the direction of live parts shall not be less
than that specified in Table 110.26(A)(1) unless the require-
ments of 110.26(A)(1)(a), (b), or (c) are met. Distances shall
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 142 Part II • General
TABLE 110.26(A)(1) Working Spaces
Minimum Clear Distance
Nominal Voltage
to Ground Condition 1 Condition 2 Condition 3
0–150 900 mm (3 ft) 900 mm (3 ft) 900 mm (3 ft)
151–600 900 mm (3 ft) 1 m (3 1⁄2 ft) 1.2 m (4 ft)
Note: Where the conditions are as follows:
Condition 1—Exposed live parts on one side and no live or grounded
parts on the other side of the working space, or exposed live parts
on both sides effectively guarded by suitable wood or other insulating
materials. Insulated wire or insulated busbars operating at not over
300 volts to ground shall not be considered live parts.
Condition 2—Exposed live parts on one side and grounded parts on
the other side. Concrete, brick, or tile walls shall be considered as
grounded.
Condition 3—Exposed live parts on both sides of the work space (not
guarded as provided in Condition 1) with the operator between.
be measured from the exposed live parts or from the enclosure
or opening if the live parts are enclosed.
(a) Dead-Front Assemblies. Working space shall not be
required in the back or sides of assemblies, such as dead-front
switchboards or motor control centers, where all connections
and all renewable or adjustable parts, such as fuses or switches,
are accessible from locations other than the back or sides.
Where rear access is required to work on nonelectrical parts
on the back of enclosed equipment, a minimum horizontal
working space of 762 mm (30 in.) shall be provided.
(b) Low Voltage. By special permission, smaller working
spaces shall be permitted where all uninsulated parts operate at
not greater than 30 volts rms, 42 volts peak, or 60 volts dc.
(c) Existing Buildings. In existing buildings where elec-
trical equipment is being replaced, Condition 2 working clear-
ance shall be permitted between dead-front switchboards,
panelboards, or motor control centers located across the aisle
from each other where conditions of maintenance and supervi-
sion ensure that written procedures have been adopted to
prohibit equipment on both sides of the aisle from being open
at the same time and qualified persons who are authorized
will service the installation.
⯗
(B) Clear Spaces. Working space required by this section
shall not be used for storage. When normally enclosed live
parts are exposed for inspection or servicing, the working
space, if in a passageway or general open space, shall be
suitably guarded.
⯗ grounding requirements of 250.110. An extension from the
70:110.27 Guarding of Live Parts (600 Volts, Nominal, or
Less).
(A) Live Parts Guarded Against Accidental Contact. Except
as elsewhere required or permitted by this Code, live parts of
electric equipment operating at 50 volts or more shall be
guarded against accidental contact by approved enclosures or
by any of the following:
(1) By enclosure that is accessible only to qualified per-
sons. . . .
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(2) By suitable permanent, substantial partitions or
screens. . . .
(3) By location on a suitable balcony, gallery, or platform so
elevated and arranged as to exclude unqualified persons.
(4) By elevation of 8 ft (2.44 m) or more above the floor or
other working surface.
(B) Prevent Physical Damage. In locations where electric
equipment is likely to be exposed to physical damage, enclo-
sures or guards shall be so arranged and of such strength as
to prevent such damage.
(C) Warning Signs. Entrances to rooms and other guarded
locations containing exposed live parts shall be marked with
conspicuous warning signs forbidding unqualified persons to
enter.
ARTICLE 300—WIRING METHODS
70:300.11(A) Secured in Place. Raceways, cable assemblies,
boxes, cabinets, and fittings shall be securely fastened in place.
Support wires that do not provide secure support shall not be
permitted as the sole support. Support wires and associated
fittings that provide secure support and that are installed in
addition to the ceiling grid support wires shall be permitted
as the sole support. Where independent support wires are used,
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they shall be secured at both ends. Cables and raceways shall
not be supported by ceiling grids.
70:300.21 Spread of Fire or Products of Combustion. Electri-
cal installations in hollow spaces, vertical shafts, and ventila-
tion or air-handling ducts shall be so made that the possible
spread of fire or products of combustion will not be substan-
tially increased. Openings around electrical penetrations
through fire-resistant-rated walls, partitions, floors, or ceilings
shall be firestopped using approved methods to maintain the
fire resistance rating.
70:300.22 Wiring in Ducts, Plenums, and Other Air-Handling
Spaces. The provisions of this section apply to the installation
and uses of electric wiring and equipment in ducts, plenums,
and other air-handling spaces.
ARTICLE 314 — OUTLET, DEVICE, PULL, AND
JUNCTION BOXES; CONDUIT BODIES; FITTINGS;
AND MANHOLES
70:314.28 Pull and Junction Boxes and Conduit Bodies.
⯗
(C) Covers. All pull boxes, junction boxes, and conduit bodies
shall be provided with covers compatible with the box or
conduit body construction and suitable for the conditions of
use. Where metal covers are used, they shall comply with the
cover of an exposed box shall comply with 370.22, Exception.
⯗
ARTICLE 400 — FLEXIBLE CORDS AND CABLES
70:400.7 Uses Permitted.
(A) Uses. Flexible cords and cables shall be used only for
the following:
(1) Pendants
(2) Wiring of luminaires (fixtures)
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(3) Connection of portable lamps, portable and mobile signs,
or appliances
(4) Elevator cables
(5) Wiring of cranes and hoists
(6) Connection of utilization equipment to facilitate their
frequent interchange
(7) Prevention of the transmission of noise or vibration
(8) Appliances where the fastening means and mechanical
connections are specifically designed to permit ready
removal for maintenance and repair, and the appliance
is intended or identified for flexible cord connection
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(9) Data processing cables as permitted by Section 645.5
(10) Connection of moving parts
(11) Temporary wiring as permitted in Sections 527.4(B) and
527.4(C)
(B) Attachment Plugs. Where used as permitted in
400.7(A)(3), (A)(6) and (A)(8), each flexible cord shall be
equipped with an attachment plug and shall be energized from
a receptacle outlet.
Exception: As permitted in 368.8.
70:400.8. Uses Not Permitted. Unless specifically permitted
in 400.7, flexible cords and cables shall not be used for the
following:
(1) As a substitute for the fixed wiring of a structure
(2) Where run through holes in walls, structural ceilings,
suspended ceilings, dropped ceilings, or floors
(3) Where run through doorways, windows, or similar open-
ings
(4) Where attached to building surfaces
Exception: Flexible cord and cable shall be permitted to be
attached to building surfaces in accordance with the provis-
ions of 368.8.
(5) Where concealed by walls, floors, or ceilings or located
above suspended or dropped ceilings.
(6) Where installed in raceways, except as otherwise permit-
ted in this Code
ARTICLE 422 — APPLIANCES
70:422.50 Cord-and-Plug-Connected Pipe Heating Assem-
blies. Cord-and-plug-connected pipe heating assemblies in-
tended to prevent freezing of piping shall be listed.
ARTICLE 525 — CARNIVALS, CIRCUSES, FAIRS,
AND SIMILAR EVENTS
70:525.1 Scope. This article covers the installation of portable
wiring and equipment for carnivals, circuses, fairs, and similar
functions, including wiring in or on all structures.
70:525.6 Protection of Electrical Equipment. Electrical
equipment and wiring methods in or on rides, concessions,
or other units shall be provided with mechanical protection
where such equipment or wiring methods are subject to physi-
cal damage.
70:525.21 Rides, Tents and Concessions.
(A) Disconnecting Means. Each ride and concession shall be
provided with a fused disconnect switch or circuit breaker
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Chapter 11 • Building Services 143
located within sight and within 1.8 m (6 ft) of the operator’s
station. The disconnecting means shall be readily accessible
to the operator, including when the ride is in operation. Where
accessible to unqualified persons, the enclosure for the switch
or circuit breaker shall be of the lockable type. A shunt trip
device that opens the fused disconnect or circuit breaker when
a switch located in the ride operator’s console is closed shall
be a permissible method of opening the circuit.
70:525.23. Ground-Fault Circuit-Interrupter Protection for
Personnel.
(A) General-Use 15- and 20-Ampere, 125-Volt Recepta-
cles. All 125-volt, single-phase, 15- and 20-ampere receptacle
outlets that are in use by personnel shall have listed ground-
fault circuit-interrupter protection for personnel. The ground-
fault circuit interrupter shall be permitted to be an integral
part of the attachment plug or located in the power-supply
cord, within 12 in. (305 mm) of the attachment plug. For the
purposes of this section, listed cord sets incorporating ground-
fault circuit-interrupter protection for personnel shall be per-
mitted. Egress lighting shall not be connected to the load side
terminals of a ground-fault circuit-interrupter receptacle.
(B) Appliance Receptacles. Receptacles supplying items, such
as cooking and refrigeration equipment, that are incompatible
with ground-fault circuit-interrupter devices shall not be re-
quired to have ground-fault circuit-interrupter protection.
(C) Other Receptacles. Other receptacle outlets not covered
in 525.23 (A) or (B) shall be permitted to have ground-fault
circuit-interrupter protection for personnel, or a written proce-
dure shall be continuously enforced at the site by one or
more designated persons to ensure the safety of equipment
grounding conductors for all cord sets and receptacles, as
described in 527.6(B)(2).
⯗
70:525.30 Equipment Bonding. The following equipment
connected to the same source shall be bonded:
(1) Metal raceways and metal sheathed cable
(2) Metal enclosures of electric equipment
(3) Metal frames and metal parts of rides, concessions, trail-
ers, trucks, or other equipment that contain or support
electrical equipment.
70:525.32 Grounding Conductor Continuity Assurance. The
continuity of the grounding conductor system used to reduce
electrical shock hazards as required by 250.114, 250.138,
406.3(C), and 527.4(D) shall be verified each time that porta-
ble electrical equipment is connected.
ARTICLE 527— TEMPORARY INSTALLATIONS
70:527.1 Scope. The provisions of this article apply to tempo-
rary electrical power and lighting installations.
70:527.2 All Wiring Installations.
(A) Other Articles. Except as specifically modified in this
article, all other requirements of this Code for permanent
wiring shall apply to temporary wiring installations.
⯗
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 144 Part II • General
70:527.3 Time Constraints.
(A) During the Period of Construction. Temporary electrical
power and lighting installations shall be permitted during the
period of construction, remodeling, maintenance, repair, or
demolition of buildings, structures, equipment, or similar ac-
tivities.
(B) 90 Days. Temporary electrical power and lighting installa-
tions shall be permitted for a period not to exceed 90 days
for holiday decorative lighting and similar purposes.
(C) Emergencies and Tests. Temporary electrical power and
lighting installations shall be permitted during emergencies
and for tests, experiments, and developmental work.
(D) Removal. Temporary wiring shall be removed immedi-
ately upon completion of construction or purpose for which
the wiring was installed.
70:527.4 General.
(A) Services. Services shall be installed in conformance with
Article 230.
(B) Feeders. Feeders shall be protected as provided in Article
240. They shall originate in an approved distribution center.
Conductors shall be permitted within cable assemblies or
within multiconductor cords or cables of a type identified in
Table 400.4 for hard usage or extra-hard usage. For the purpose
of this section, Type NM and Type NMC cables shall be
permitted to be used in any dwelling, building, or structure
without any height limitation.
Exception: Single insulated conductors shall be permitted
where installed for the purpose(s) specified in 527.3(C), where
accessible only to qualified persons.
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(C) Branch Circuits. All branch circuits shall originate in an
approved power outlet or panelboard. Conductors shall be
permitted within cable assemblies or within multiconductor
cord or cable of a type identified in Table 400.4 for hard
usage or extra-hard usage. All conductors shall be protected
as provided in Article 240. For the purposes of this section,
Type NM and Type NMC cables shall be permitted to be used
in any dwelling, building, or structure without any height
limitation.
Exception: Branch circuits installed for the purposes speci-
fied in 527.3(B) or (C) shall be permitted to be run as single
insulated conductors. Where the wiring is installed in accor-
dance with 527.3(B), the voltage to ground shall not exceed
150 volts, the wiring shall not be subject to physical damage,
and the conductors shall be supported on insulators at inter-
vals of not more than 3.0 m (10 ft); or, for festoon lighting,
the conductors shall be arranged so that excessive strain is
not transmitted to the lampholders.
(D) Receptacles. All receptacles shall be of the grounding
type. Unless installed in a continuous grounded metal raceway
or metal-covered cable, all branch circuits shall contain a
separate equipment grounding conductor, and all receptacles
shall be electrically connected to the equipment grounding
conductors. Receptacles on construction sites shall not be
installed on branch circuits that supply temporary lighting.
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Receptacles shall not be connected to the same ungrounded
conductor of multiwire circuits that supply temporary lighting.
(E) Disconnecting Means. Suitable disconnecting switches or
plug connectors shall be installed to permit the disconnection
of all ungrounded conductors of each temporary circuit.
Multiwire branch circuits shall be provided with a means to
disconnect simultaneously all ungrounded conductors at the
power outlet or panelboard where the branch circuit originated.
Approved handle ties shall be permitted.
(F) Lamp Protection. All lamps for general illumination shall
be protected from accidental contact or breakage by a suitable
fixture or lampholder with a guard.
Brass shell, paper-lined sockets, or other metal-cased
sockets shall not be used unless the shell is grounded.
(G) Splices. On construction sites, a box shall not be required
for splices or junction connections where the circuit conduc-
tors are multiconductor cord or cable assemblies, provided
that the equipment grounding continuity is maintained with
or without the box.
(H) Protection from Accidental Damage. Flexible cords and
cables shall be protected from accidental damage. Sharp cor-
ners and projections shall be avoided. Where passing through
doorways or other pinch points, protection shall be provided
to avoid damage.
(I) Termination(s) at Devices. Cables entering enclosures con-
taining devices requiring termination shall be secured to the
box with fittings designed for the purpose.
(J) Support. Cable assemblies and flexible cords and cables
shall be supported in place at intervals that ensure that they
will be protected from physical damage. Support shall be in
the form of staples, cable ties, straps, or similar type fittings
installed so as not to cause damage. Vegetation shall not
be used for support of overhead spans of branch circuits or
feeders.
70:527.6 Ground-Fault Protection for Personnel. Ground-
fault protection for personnel for all temporary wiring installa-
tions shall be provided to comply with 527.6(A) and (B). This
section shall apply only to temporary wiring installations used
to supply temporary power to equipment used by personnel
during construction, remodeling, maintenance, repair, or de-
molition of buildings, structures, equipment, or similar activi-
ties.
(A) Receptacle Outlets. All 125-volt, single-phase, 15-, 20-,
and 30-ampere receptacle outlets that are not a part of the
permanent wiring of the building or structure and that are in
use by personnel shall have ground-fault circuit interrupter
protection for personnel. If a receptacle(s) is installed or exists
as part of the permanent wiring of the building or structure
and is used for temporary electric power, ground-fault circuit-
interrupter protection for personnel shall be provided. For the
purposes of this section, cord sets or devices incorporating
listed ground-fault circuit interrupter protection for personnel
identified for portable use shall be permitted.
Exception: In industrial establishments only, where condi-
tions of maintenance and supervision ensure that only quali-
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fied personnel are involved, an assured equipment grounding
conductor program as specified in 527.6(B)(2) shall be permit-
ted for only those receptacle outlets used to supply equipment
that would create a greater hazard if power was interrupted or
having a design that is not compatible with GFCI protection.
(B) Use of Other Outlets. Receptacles other than 125-volt,
single-phase, 15-, 20-, and 30-ampere receptacles shall have
protection in accordance with (1) or, the assured equipment
grounding conductor program in accordance with (2).
(1) GFCI Protection. Ground-fault circuit interrupter protec-
tion for personnel.
(2) Assured Equipment Grounding Conductor Program. A
written assured equipment grounding conductor program con-
tinuously enforced at the site by one or more designated per-
sons to ensure that equipment grounding conductors for all
cord sets, receptacles that are not a part of the permanent
wiring of the building or structure, and equipment connected
by cord and plug are installed and maintained in accordance
with the applicable requirements of 250.114, 250.138,
406.3(C), and 527.4(D).
(a) The following tests shall be performed on all cord
sets, receptacles that are not part of the permanent wiring
of the building or structure, and cord- and plug-connected
equipment required to be grounded:
(1) All equipment grounding conductors shall be tested for
continuity and shall be electrically continuous.
(2) Each receptacle and attachment plug shall be tested for
correct attachment of the equipment grounding conductor.
The equipment grounding conductor shall be connected
to its proper terminal.
(3) All required tests shall be performed as follows:
a. Before first use on site
b. When there is evidence of damage
c. Before equipment is returned to service following
any repairs
d. At intervals not exceeding 3 months
(b) The tests required in item (2)(a) shall be recorded
and made available to the authority having jurisdiction.
70:527.7 Guarding. For wiring over 600 volts, nominal, suit-
able fencing, barriers, or other effective means shall be pro-
vided to limit access only to authorized and qualified
personnel.
⯗ a fire at one source will not cause an interruption at the other
ARTICLE 695 — FIRE PUMPS
⯗
70:695.3 Power Source for Electric Motor Driven Fire Pumps.
Electric motor-driven fire pumps shall have a reliable source
of power.
(A) Individual Sources. Where reliable, and where capable of
carrying indefinitely the sum of the locked-rotor current of
the fire pump motor(s) and the pressure maintenance pump
motor(s) and the full-load current of the associated fire pump
accessory equipment when connected to this power supply,
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Chapter 11 • Building Services 145
the power source for an electric motor-driven fire pump shall
be one or more of the following.
(1) Electric Utility Service Connection. A fire pump shall be
permitted to be supplied by a separate service, or by a tap
located ahead of and not within the same cabinet, enclosure,
or vertical switchboard section as the service disconnecting
means. The connection shall be located and arranged so as to
minimize the possibility of damage by fire from within the
premises and from exposing hazards. A tap ahead of the
service disconnecting means shall comply with 230.82(4). The
service equipment shall comply with the labeling requirements
in 230.2 and the location requirements in 230.72(B).
(2) On-Site Power Production Facility. A fire pump shall be
permitted to be supplied by an on-site power production facil-
ity. The source facility shall be located and protected to mini-
mize the possibility of damage by fire. [NFPA 20, 6.2.1, 6.2.2,
6.2.4.4]
(B) Multiple Sources. Where reliable power cannot be ob-
tained from a source described in 695.3(A), power shall be
supplied from an approved combination of two or more of
either of such sources or from an approved combination of
feeders constituting two or more power sources as covered
in 695.3(B)(2), or from an approved combination of one or
more of such power sources in combination with an on-site
standby generator complying with 695.3(B)(1) and (B)(3).
(1) Generator Capacity. An on-site generator(s) used to com-
ply with this section shall be of sufficient capacity to allow
normal starting and running of the motor(s) driving the fire
pump(s) while supplying all other simultaneously operated
load. Automatic shedding of one or more optional standby
loads in order to comply with this capacity requirement shall be
permitted. A tap ahead of the on-site generator disconnecting
means shall not be required. The requirements of 430.113
shall not apply.
(2) Feeder Sources. This section applies to multi-building
campus-style complexes with fire pumps at one or more build-
ings. Where sources in 695.3(A) are not practicable, and with
the approval of the authority having jurisdiction, two or more
feeder sources shall be permitted as one power source or as
more than one power source where such feeders are connected
to or derived from separate utility services. The connection(s),
overcurrent protective device(s), and disconnecting means for
such feeders shall meet the requirements of 695.4(B).
(3) Arrangement. The power sources shall be arranged so that
source. [NFPA 20, 6.2.3, 6.2.4.1, 6.2.4.3, 6.6.1]
70:695.6 Power Wiring. Power circuits and wiring methods
shall comply with the requirements in 695.6(A) through (G),
and as permitted in 230.90(A), Exception No. 4; 230.94, Ex-
ception No. 4; 230.95, Exception No. 2; 240.13; 230.208;
240.4(A); and 430.31.
(A) Service Conductors. Supply conductors shall be physi-
cally routed outside a building(s) and shall be installed as
service entrance conductors in accordance with Article 230.
Where supply conductors cannot be physically routed outside
buildings, they shall be permitted to be routed through build-
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 146 Part II • General
ings where installed in accordance with 230.6(1) or (2). Where
a fire pump is wired under the provisions of 695.3(B)(2), this
requirement shall apply to all supply conductors on the load
side of the service disconnecting means that constitute the
normal source of supply to that fire pump.
Exception: Where there are multiple sources of supply with
means for automatic connection from one source to the other,
the requirement shall only apply to those conductors on the
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load side of that point of automatic connection between
sources.
(B) Circuit Conductors. Fire pump supply conductors on the
load side of the final disconnecting means and overcurrent
device(s) permitted by 695.4(B) shall be kept entirely indepen-
dent of all other wiring. They shall only supply loads that are
directly associated with the fire pump system, and they shall
be protected to resist potential damage by fire, structural fail-
ure, or operational accident. They shall be permitted to be
routed through a building(s) using one of the following meth-
ods:
(1) Be encased in a minimum 50 mm (2 in.) of concrete
(2) Be within an enclosed construction dedicated to the fire
pump circuit(s) and having a minimum of a 1-hour fire
resistive rating
(3) Be a listed electrical circuit protective system with a
minimum 1-hour fire rating
Exception: The supply conductors located in the electrical
equipment room where they originate and in the fire pump
room shall not be required to have the minimum 1-hour fire
separation or fire resistance rating, unless otherwise required
by 700.9(D) of this Code.
(C) Conductor Size.
(1) Fire Pump Motors and Other Equipment. Conductors sup-
plying a fire pump motor(s), pressure maintenance pumps,
and associated fire pump accessory equipment shall have a
rating not less than 125 percent of the sum of the fire pump
motor(s) and pressure maintenance motor(s) full-load cur-
rent(s), and 100 percent of the associated fire pump accessory
equipment.
(2) Fire Pump Motors Only. Conductors supplying only a fire
pump motor(s) shall have a rating not less than 125 percent
of the fire pump motor(s) full-load current(s).
(D) Overload Protection. Power circuits shall not have auto-
matic protection against overloads. Except as provided in
695.5(C)(2), branch-circuit and feeder conductors shall be
protected against short circuit only. Where a tap is made to
supply a fire pump, and the tap wiring is run in accordance
with 230.6, the applicable distance and size restrictions in
240.21 shall not apply.
Exception No. 1: Conductors between storage batteries and
the engine shall not require overcurrent protection or discon-
necting means.
Exception No. 2: For on-site standby generator(s) that pro-
duce continuous currents in excess of 225 percent of the full-
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load amperes of the fire pump motor, the conductors between
the on-site generator(s) and the combination fire pump trans-
fer switch controller or separately mounted transfer switch
shall be installed in accordance with 695.6(B) or protected
in accordance with 430.52.
The protection provided shall be in accordance with the
short-circuit current rating of the combination fire pump trans-
fer switch controller or separately mounted transfer switch.
(E) Pump Wiring. All wiring from the controllers to the pump
motors shall be in rigid metal conduit, intermediate metal
conduit, liquidtight flexible metal conduit, or liquidtight flexi-
ble nonmetallic conduit Type LFNC-B, or Type MI cable.
(F) Junction Points. Where wire connectors are used in the
fire pump circuit, the connectors shall be listed. A fire pump
controller or fire pump power transfer switch, where provided,
shall not be used as a junction box to supply other equipment,
including a pressure maintenance (jockey) pump(s). A fire
pump controller and fire pump power transfer switch, where
provided, shall not serve any load other than the fire pump
for which it is intended.
(G) Mechanical Protection. All wiring from engine controllers
and batteries shall be protected against physical damage and
shall be installed in accordance with the controller and engine
manufacturer’s instructions.
70:695.12 Equipment Location.
(A) Controller and Transfer Switches. Electric motor-driven
fire pump controllers and power transfer switches shall be
located as close as practicable to the motors they control and
shall be within sight of the motors.
(B) Engine-Drive Controllers. Engine-drive fire pump con-
trollers shall be located as close as is practical to the engines
that they control and shall be within sight of the engines.
(C) Storage Batteries. Storage batteries for diesel engine
drives shall be rack supported above the floor, secured against
displacement, and located where they will not be subjected
to physical damage, flooding with water, excessive tempera-
ture, or excessive vibration.
(D) Energized Equipment Parts. All energized equipment
parts shall be located at least 300 mm (12 in.) above the floor
level.
(E) Protection Against Pump Water. Fire pump controllers
and power transfer switches shall be located or protected so
that they will not be damaged by water escaping from pumps
or pump connections.
(F) Mounting. All fire pump control equipment shall be
mounted in a substantial manner on noncombustible support-
ing structures.
ARTICLE 700 — EMERGENCY SYSTEMS
70:700.4 Tests and Maintenance.
(A) Conduct or Witness Test. The authority having jurisdiction
shall conduct or witness a test of the complete system upon
installation and periodically afterward.
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(B) Tested Periodically. Systems shall be tested periodically
on a schedule acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction
to ensure the systems are maintained in proper operating condi-
tion.
(C) Battery Systems Maintenance. Where battery systems or
unit equipment are involved, including batteries used for start-
ing, control, or ignition in auxiliary engines, the authority
having jurisdiction shall require periodic maintenance.
(D) Written Record. A written record shall be kept of such
tests and maintenance.
(E) Testing Under Load. Means for testing all emergency
lighting and power systems during maximum anticipated load
conditions shall be provided.
FPN: For testing and maintenance procedures of emer-
gency power supply systems (EPSSs), see NFPA 110-1999,
Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems.
70:700.9 Wiring, Emergency System.
(A) Identification. All boxes and enclosures (including trans-
fer switches, generators, and power panels) for emergency
circuits shall be permanently marked so they will be readily
identified as a component of an emergency circuit or system.
(B) Wiring. Wiring of two or more emergency circuits sup-
plied from the same source shall be permitted in the same
raceway, cable, box, or cabinet. Wiring from an emergency
source or emergency source distribution overcurrent protec-
tion to emergency loads shall be kept entirely independent of
all other wiring and equipment, unless otherwise permitted in
(1) through (4):
(1) Wiring from the normal power source located in transfer
equipment enclosures
(2) Wiring supplied from two sources in exit or emergency
luminaires (lighting fixtures)
(3) Wiring from two sources in a common junction box,
attached to exit or emergency luminaires (lighting fix-
tures)
(4) Wiring within a common junction box attached to unit
equipment, containing only the branch circuit supplying
the unit equipment and the emergency circuit supplied
by the unit equipment
(C) Wiring Design and Location. Emergency wiring circuits
shall be designed and located to minimize the hazards that
might cause failure due to flooding, fire, icing, vandalism,
and other adverse conditions.
(D) Fire Protection. Emergency systems shall meet the fol-
lowing additional requirements in assembly occupancies
greater than 1000 persons or in buildings above 23 m (75 ft) in
height with any of the following occupancy classes: assembly,
educational, residential, detention and correctional, business,
and mercantile.
(1) Feeder-Circuit Wiring. Feeder-circuit wiring shall meet
one of the following conditions:
(1) Be installed within buildings that are fully protected by
an approved automatic fire suppression system
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Chapter 11 • Building Services 147
(2) Be a listed electrical circuit protective system with a
minimum 1-hour fire rating
(3) Be protected by a listed thermal barrier system for electri-
cal system components
(4) Be protected by a fire-rated assembly having a minimum
fire rating of 1 hour
(5) Be embedded in a minimum of 50 mm (2 in.) of concrete
(6) Be a cable listed to maintain circuit integrity for a mini-
mum of 1 hour when installed in accordance with the
listing requirements
(2) Feeder-Circuit Equipment. Equipment for feeder circuits
(including transfer switches, transformers, panelboards, etc.)
shall be located either in spaces fully protected by approved
automatic fire suppression systems (sprinklers, carbon dioxide
systems, etc.) or in spaces with a 1-hour fire resistance rating.
FPN: For the definition of occupancy class, see 6.1 of
NFPA 101-2000, Life Safety Code.
ARTICLE 760 — FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS
70:760.5 Access to Electrical Equipment Behind Panels De-
signed to Allow Access. Access to equipment shall not be
denied by an accumulation of wires and cables that prevents
removal of panels, including suspended ceiling panels.
70:760.6 Mechanical Execution of Work. Fire alarm circuits
shall be installed in a neat and workmanlike manner. Cables
and conductors installed exposed on the surface of ceiling and
sidewalls shall be supported by structural components of the
building in such a manner that the cable or conductors will
not be damaged by normal building use. Such cables shall be
attached to structural components by straps, staples, hangers,
or similar fittings designed and installed so as not to damage
the cable. The installation shall also conform with
300.4(D). . . .
70:760.10 Fire Alarm Circuit Identification. Fire alarm cir-
cuits shall be identified at terminal and junction locations, in
a manner that will prevent unintentional interference with the
signaling circuit during testing and servicing.
11.1.1 Section 11.1 shall apply to new, existing, permanent,
or temporary electrical appliances, equipment, fixtures, or
wiring.
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11.1.1.1 Existing installations shall be permitted to be con-
tinued in use provided the lack of conformity does not pres-
ent an imminent hazard danger.
11.1.2 All electrical appliances, fixtures, equipment, or wir-
ing shall be installed and maintained in accordance with
NFPA 70, National Electrical Code
.
11.1.3 Permanent wiring shall be installed and maintained
in accordance with NFPA 70, National Electrical Code
.
11.1.4 Permanent wiring abandoned in place shall be
tagged or otherwise identified at its termination and junction
points as ‘‘Abandoned in Place’’ or removed from all accessi-
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 148 Part II • General
ble areas and insulated from contact with other live electrical
wiring or devices.
No wiring should be abandoned unless it has been physically
disconnected at its power source. Wiring that is disconnected
should also be tagged, noting that it is disconnected. It is
better to remove the wiring because in most cases the wiring
will never be reused and will remain in place for extended
periods, thus increasing fire load.
11.1.5 Extension cords shall not be used as a substitute for
permanent wiring.
Extension cords should not be used as permanent wiring.
Where extension cords are observed being used to perma-
nently power equipment, the fire official should require that
permanent wiring be installed in accordance with paragraph
11.1.2.
11.1.5.1 Multiplug Adapters. Multiplug adapters, such as
multiplug extension cords, cube adapters, strip plugs, and
other devices, shall be listed and used in accordance with
their listing.
11.1.5.2 Relocatable Power Taps.
11.1.5.2.1 Relocatable power taps shall be of the polarized
or grounded type with overcurrent protection and shall be
listed.
Relocatable power taps are very common for computer use
at workstations, offices, and dormitories, where additional
electrical power receptacles are needed. During inspections,
it should be noted whether power taps are plugged into other
power taps like a daisy chain. This practice is not permitted.
Exhibit 11.1 shows an example of a listed relocatable power
tap.
EXHIBIT 11.1 Listed relocatable power tap.
--`,,`,``,,,,,,``,````,`,`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright National Fire Protection Association
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11.1.5.2.2 The relocatable power taps shall be directly con-
nected to a permanently installed receptacle.
Relocatable power taps are not to be plugged into extension
cords to extend their reach. If extension cords are used,
the inspector should require that a permanently installed
receptacle be installed in accordance with Section 11.1 and
paragraph 11.1.5.
11.1.5.2.3 Relocatable power tap cords shall not extend
through walls, ceilings, or floors; under doors or floor cov-
erings; or be subject to environmental or physical damage.
If installations of power taps are found to extend through
walls and floors, or under doors or rugs, the inspector should
require that permanent receptacles be installed according to
Section 11.1.
11.1.5.3 Extension Cords.
11.1.5.3.1 Extension cords shall be plugged directly into an
approved receptacle, power tap, or multiplug adapter and
shall, except for approved multiplug extension cords, serve
only one portable appliance.
11.1.5.3.2 The ampacity of the extension cords shall not be
less than the rated capacity of the portable appliance supplied
by the cord.
11.1.5.3.3 The extension cords shall be maintained in good
condition without splices, deterioration, or damage.
11.1.5.3.4 Extension cords shall be grounded when servic-
ing grounded portable appliances.
11.1.5.3.5 Extension cords and flexible cords shall not be
affixed to structures; extend through walls, ceilings, or
floors, or under doors or floor coverings; or be subject to
environmental or physical damage.
See the commentary following paragraph 11.1.5.2.3.
11.1.6 Temporary Wiring.
11.1.6.1 Except as modified in 11.1.6, all other requirements
of this Code and NFPA 70, National Electrical Code
, for
permanent wiring shall apply to temporary installations.
[70:527.2(A)]
Temporary installations of electrical equipment must be in-
stalled in accordance with all applicable permanent installa-
tion requirements except as modified by paragraph 11.1.6.1.
For example, the requirements of 300.15 of NFPA 70, Na-
tional Electrical Code,
specify that a box or other enclosure
must be used where splices are made. This rule is amended
by 527.4(G) of NFPA 70, which, for construction sites,
permits splices to be made in multiconductor cords and
cables without the use of a box.
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11.1.6.2 Approval. Temporary wiring methods shall be ac-
ceptable only if approved based on the conditions of use
and any special requirements of the temporary installation.
[70:527.2(B)]
All temporary wiring methods must be approved based on
criteria such as (1) length of time in service, (2) severity of
physical abuse, (3) exposure to weather, and (4) other special
requirements. Special requirements might range from tunnel
construction projects and tent cities constructed after a natu-
ral disaster to flammable hazardous reclamation projects.
11.1.6.3 During the Period of Construction. Temporary
electrical power and lighting installations shall be permitted
during the period of construction, remodeling, maintenance,
repair, or demolition of buildings, structures, equipment, or
similar activities. [70:527.3(A)]
11.1.6.4 90 Days. Temporary electrical power and lighting
installations shall be permitted for a period not to exceed
90 days for holiday decorative lighting and similar purposes.
[70:527.3(B)]
Note that the 90-day time limit applies only to temporary
electrical installations associated with holiday displays.
Temporary wiring installation constructed in emergencies
and for testing is not bound by this time limit.
11.1.6.5 Emergencies and Tests. Temporary electrical
power and lighting installations shall be permitted during
emergencies and for tests, experiments, and developmental
work. [70:527.3(C)]
11.1.6.6 Removal. Temporary wiring shall be removed im-
mediately upon completion of construction or purpose for
which the wiring was installed. [70:527.3(D)]
Due to modifications permitted by Article 527 of NFPA
70, temporary wiring installations might not meet all the
requirements for a permanent installation. Therefore, all tem-
porary wiring must not only be disconnected but also be
removed from the building, structure, or other location of
installation.
11.2 Heating, Ventilation, and Air
Conditioning
11.2.1 Heating, Ventilating Ductwork, and Related
Equipment.
Air conditioning, heating, ventilating ductwork, and related
equipment shall be in accordance with NFPA 90A, Standard
for the Installation of Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Sys-
tems, or NFPA 90B, Standard for the Installation of Warm
Air Heating and Air-Conditioning Systems as applicable,
NFPA 1 Uniform Fire Code Handbook 2003 --`,,`,``,,,,,,``,````,`,`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright National Fire Protection Association
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Chapter 11 • Building Services 149
unless approved existing installation shall be permitted to
be continued in service. [101:9.2.1]
For the proper installation of HVAC systems, paragraph
11.2.1 refers the Code user to NFPA 90A, Standard for the
Installation of Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems. For
occupancies with small overall volumes, such as one- and
two-family dwellings, the Code refers the user to NFPA
90B, Standard for the Installation of Warm Air Heating and
Air-Conditioning Systems.
For example, NFPA 90A addresses fire damper require-
ments for both ductwork and air transfer grilles that penetrate
fire resistance–rated barriers. NFPA 90A also prohibits
means of egress corridors in health care, detention and cor-
rectional, and residential occupancies from being used as a
portion of a supply, return, or exhaust air system serving
adjoining areas. Exhibit 11.2 identifies some of the areas
where fire dampers and smoke dampers would be required
by NFPA 90A.
11.2.2 Ventilating or Heat-Producing Equipment.
Ventilating or heat-producing equipment shall be in accor-
dance with NFPA 91, Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air
Conveying of Vapors, Gases, Mists, and Noncombustible
Particulate Solids; NFPA 211, Standard for Chimneys, Fire-
places, Vents, and Solid Fuel-Burning Appliances; NFPA
31, Standard for the Installation of Oil-Burning Equipment;
NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas Code; or NFPA 70, National
Electrical Code
, as applicable, unless approved existing
installations shall be permitted to be continued in service.
[101:9.2.2]
11.2.3 Commercial Cooking Equipment.
Commercial cooking equipment shall be in accordance with
NFPA 96, Standard for Ventilation Control and Fire Protec-
tion of Commercial Cooking Operations, unless such instal-
lation are approved existing installations, which shall be
permitted to be continued in service. [101:9.2.3]
11.2.4 Ventilating Systems in Laboratories Using
Chemicals.
Ventilating systems in laboratories using chemicals shall
be installed in accordance with Chapter 26 and NFPA 45,
Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemi-
cals, or NFPA 99, Standard for Health Care Facilities, as
appropriate. [101:9.2.4]
NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories
Using Chemicals, contains requirements for construction,
ventilation, and fire protection in laboratory buildings, as
well as for units and work areas in all buildings. Additional
requirements for laboratories in health care occupancies are
found in NFPA 99, Standard for Health Care Facilities.
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 150 Part II • General

operations requirements of ASME/ANSI A17.3, Safety Code

2-hr fire for Existing Elevators and Escalators. [101:9.4.3.2]
barrier
Fire-rated roof/ceiling assembly
Because an elevator stopping at a fire floor (intentionally
or unintentionally) is an extreme hazard, the Code mandates
FD
compliance with the fire fighters’ emergency operations re-
Protection per rated
quirements of ASME A17.1, Safety Code for Elevators and
FD
roof/ceiling assembly Escalators, and ASME A17.3, Safety Code for Existing Ele-
AC AC
FD terminal vators and Escalators, in both new and existing buildings.
terminal
FD device device The fire fighters’ emergency operations requirements estab-
lish elevator recall activated by smoke detection in each
elevator lobby and in associated elevator machine rooms.
FD A three-position, key-operated switch, normally located in
FD Nonrated
ceiling the main lobby at the elevator, controls the recall function.
The requirements mandate specific functions for the ‘‘on,’’
‘‘off,’’ and ‘‘bypass’’ positions of this switch. The require-
ments also provide for emergency in-car operations or what
FD

--`,,`,``,,,,,,``,````,`,`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
SD 1-hr fire barrier is often referred to as fire fighters’ service. Fire fighters’
FD Smoke
Air transfer opening FD
barrier service requires a three-position, key-operated switch in each
elevator car. The functions of the ‘‘on,’’ ‘‘off,’’ and ‘‘hold’’
positions are specified in the elevator code. For specific
Nonrated
FD partition details, refer to ASME A17.1. Explanatory material on these
FD Air transfer rules can be found in the ASME Handbook A17.1.
opening

11.3.2 Number of Cars.

SD SD FD
Outside air
intake
FD
FD — Fire damper
AC — Air conditioning
SD — Smoke damper
EXHIBIT 11.2 Partition and fire barrier penetration protec-
tion.
The requirements of both documents are to be applied in
laboratories in health care facilities. See Chapter 26 for
additional guidance.
11.3 Elevators, Escalators, and Conveyors
11.3.1 Fire Fighters’ Emergency Operations.
11.3.1.1 All new elevators shall conform to the fire fighters’
emergency operations of ASME/ANSI A17.1, Safety Code
for Elevators and Escalators. [101:9.4.3.1]
11.3.1.2 All existing elevators having a travel distance of
25 ft (7620 mm) or more above or below the level that best
serves the needs of emergency personnel for fire fighting or
rescue purposes shall conform to the fire fighters’ emergency
FD The number of elevator cars permitted in a hoistway shall
be in accordance with 8.2.5.9 of NFPA 101. [101:9.4.4]
2-hr fire
barrier
11.3.3* Elevator Machine Rooms.
Elevator machine rooms that contain solid-state equipment
for elevators, other than existing elevators, having a travel
distance exceeding 50 ft (15 m) above the level of exit
discharge or exceeding 30 ft (9150 mm) below the level of
exit discharge shall be provided with independent ventilation
or air-conditioning systems required to maintain temperature
during fire fighters’ operations for elevator operation (see
11.3.2 and 11.3.3). The operating temperature shall be estab-
lished by the elevator equipment manufacturer’s specifica-
tions. When standby power is connected to the elevator,
the machine room ventilation or air conditioning shall be
connected to standby power. [101:9.4.5]
A.11.3.3 Continued operation of solid-state elevator equip-
ment is contingent on maintaining the ambient temperature
in the range specified by the elevator manufacturer. If the
machine room ventilation/air conditioning is connected to
the general building system, and that system is shut down
during a fire, the fire department might lose the use of
elevators due to excessive heat in the elevator machine room.
[101: A.9.4.5]
The reasoning behind requiring a ventilation or air-condi-
tioning system to help keep the elevator controls operable
is explained in paragraph 11.3.3 and paragraph A.11.3.3.

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For many typical installations, this can be accomplished by
installing an independent through-the-wall air-conditioning
unit. Regardless of shutdown of the building’s HVAC sys-
tem, the independent unit will continue to run, provided that
its power supply is not interrupted.
11.3.4 Elevator Testing.
Elevators shall be subject to periodic inspections and tests
as specified in ASME/ANSI A17.1, Safety Code for Eleva-
--`,,`,``,,,,,,``,````,`,`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
tors and Escalators. All elevators equipped with fire fight-
ers’ emergency operations in accordance with 11.3.1.1 and
11.3.1.2 shall be subject to a monthly operation with a written
record of the findings made and kept on the premises as
required by ASME/ANSI A17.1, Safety Code for Elevators
and Escalators. [101:9.4.6]
It is important to provide an appropriate level of elevator
testing to help ensure that the elevators can be used by
persons with mobility impairment and trained personnel
under fire and other emergency conditions.
11.3.5 Openings.
Conveyors, elevators, dumbwaiters, and pneumatic con-
veyors serving various stories of a building shall not open
to an exit. [101:9.4.7]
Openings in exit enclosures are strictly limited by the provi-
sions of paragraph 14.3.1 to doors necessary for access to
the exit from normally occupied spaces and for leaving
the exit enclosure. Elevators and other conveyors are not
considered normally occupied areas. Additionally, an eleva-
tor with its associated cables, controls, and mechanical
equipment would introduce a quantity of combustibles into
an exit enclosure that conflicts with the objective of making
the exit enclosure a safe place that is free of combustibles.
11.4 Utilities
Equipment using fuel gas and related gas piping shall be
installed in accordance with NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas
Code, or NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code.
NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas Code, applies to the installation
of fuel gas piping systems, fuel gas utilization equipment,
and related accessories as outlined in (A) through (D).
(A) Coverage of piping systems shall extend from the point
of delivery to the connections with each gas utilization device.
For other than undiluted liquefied petroleum gas systems, the
point of delivery shall be considered the outlet of the service
meter assembly or the outlet of the service regulator or service
shutoff valve where no meter is provided. For undiluted lique-
fied petroleum gas systems, the point of delivery shall be
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Chapter 11 • Building Services 151
considered the outlet of the final pressure regulator, exclusive
of line gas regulators, in the system.
(B) The maximum operating pressure shall be 125 psi (862
kPa).
Exception No. 1: Piping systems for gas–air mixtures within
the flammable range are limited to a maximum pressure of
10 psi (69 kPa).
Exception No. 2: LP-Gas piping systems are limited to 20
psi (140 kPa), except as provided in 5.5.2 or NFPA 54.
(C) Piping systems requirements shall include design, mate-
rials, components, fabrication, assembly, installation, testing,
inspection, operation, and maintenance.
(D) Requirements for gas utilization equipment and related
accessories shall include installation, combustion, and ventila-
tion air and venting. [NFPA 54:1.1.1.1]
NFPA 54 does not apply to the following items (refer-
ence standards for some of which appear in Annex L of
NFPA 54):
(1) Portable LP-Gas equipment of all types that are not
connected to a fixed fuel piping system
(2) Installation of farm equipment such as brooders, dehy-
drators, dryers, and irrigation equipment
(3) Raw material (feedstock) applications except for piping
to special atmosphere generators
(4) Oxygen–fuel gas cutting and welding systems
(5) Industrial gas applications using such gases as acetylene
and acetylenic compounds, hydrogen, ammonia, carbon
monoxide, oxygen, and nitrogen
(6) Petroleum refineries, pipeline compressor or pumping
stations, loading terminals, compounding plants, refin-
ery tank farms, and natural gas processing plants
(7) Large integrated chemical plants or portions of such
plants where flammable or combustible liquids or gases
are produced by chemical reactions or used in chemical
reactions
(8) LP-Gas installations at utility gas plants
(9) Liquefied natural gas (LNG) installations
(10) Fuel gas piping in power and atomic energy plants
(11) Proprietary items of equipment, apparatus, or instru-
ments such as gas generating sets, compressors, and
calorimeters
(12) LP-Gas equipment for vaporization, gas mixing, and gas
manufacturing
(13) LP-Gas piping for buildings under construction or reno-
vations that is not to become part of the permanent
building piping system — that is, temporary fixed piping
for building heat
(14) Installation of LP-Gas systems for railroad switch heat-
ing
(15) Installation of LP-Gas and compressed natural gas sys-
tems on vehicles
(16) Gas piping, meters, gas pressure regulators, and other
appurtenances used by the serving gas supplier in distri-
bution of gas, other than undiluted LP-Gas
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 152 Part II • General
(17) Building design and construction, except as specified
herein
(18) Fuel gas systems on recreational vehicles manufactured
in accordance with NFPA 1192, Standard on Recre-
ational Vehicles
(19) Fuel gas systems using hydrogen as a fuel [NFPA
54:1.1.1.2]
NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code, applies to
the operation of all LP-Gas systems including the following:
(1) Containers, piping, and associated equipment, when de-
livering LP-Gas to a building for use as a fuel gas
(2) Highway transportation of LP-Gas
(3) The design, construction, installation, and operation of
marine terminals whose primary purpose is the receipt
of LP-Gas for delivery to transporters, distributors, or
users
Exception No. 1: Marine terminals associated with refineries,
petrochemicals, and gas plants.
Exception No. 2: Marine terminals whose purpose is the de-
livery of LP-Gas to marine vessels.
(4) The design, construction, installation, and operation of
pipeline terminals that receive LP-Gas from pipelines
under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of Transpor-
tation, whose primary purpose is the receipt of LP-Gas
for delivery to transporters, distributors, or users. Cover-
age shall begin downstream of the last pipeline valve or
tank manifold inlet. [NFPA 58:1.1.1]
NFPA 58 does not apply to the following:
(1) Frozen ground containers and underground storage in
caverns including associated piping and appurtenances
used for the storage of LP-Gas
(2) Natural gas processing plants, refineries, and petrochem-
ical plants
(3) LP-Gas (including refrigerated storage) at utility gas
plants (NFPA 59, Utility LP-Gas Plant Code)
(4) Chemical plants where specific approval of construction
and installation plans, based on substantially similar
requirements, is obtained from the authority having ju-
risdiction
(5) LP-Gas used with oxygen (NFPA 51, Standard for the
Design and Installation of Oxygen-Fuel Gas Systems
for Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, and ANSI
Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes,
shall apply.)
(6) Those portions of LP-Gas systems covered by NFPA
54 (ANSI Z223.1), National Fuel Gas Code, where
NFPA 54 is adopted, used, or enforced
(7) Transportation by air (including use in hot air balloons),
rail, or water under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Depart-
ment of Transportation (DOT)
(8) Marine fire protection (NFPA 302, Fire Protection Stan-
dard for Pleasure and Commercial Motor Craft, shall
apply.)
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(9) Refrigeration cycle equipment and LP-Gas used as a
refrigerant in a closed cycle
(10) Those manufacturing requirements for recreational vehi-
cle LP-gas systems that are addressed by NFPA 1192,
Standard on Recreational Vehicles. [NFPA 58:1.1.2]
Also see Chapter 69.
11.4.1 Existing installations shall be permitted to be contin-
ued in service, subject to approval by the AHJ.
11.5 Heating Appliances
11.5.1 General.
--`,,`,``,,,,,,``,````,`,`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
11.5.1.1 The installation of stationary oil-burning equipment
and appliances including, but not limited to, industrial-,
commercial-, and residential-type steam, hot water, or warm
air heating plants; domestic-type range burners and space
heaters; portable oil-burning equipment, and all accessory
equipment and control systems, whether electric, thermo-
static, or mechanical, and all electrical wiring connected to
oil-fired equipment and to the installation of oil storage
and supply systems connected to oil-fired equipment shall
comply with Section 11.5 and NFPA 31, Standard for the
Installation of Oil-Burning Equipment. [31:1.1.1]
11.5.1.2 Section 11.5 shall also apply to those multi-fueled
appliances in which fuel oil is one of the optional fuels.
[31:1.1.3]
11.5.1.3* Section 11.5 shall not apply to internal combustion
engines, oil lamps, or portable devices not specifically cov-
ered in NFPA 31. (See Chapter 11 of NFPA 31 for portable
devices that are covered in this standard.) [31:1.1.4]
A.11.5.1.3 Examples of portable devices not covered by this
standard are blowtorches, melting pots, and weed burners.
[31: A.1.1.4]
11.5.1.4 The installation of gas-fired heating appliances
shall comply with Section 11.5 and NFPA 54, National Fuel
Gas Code. (See Chapter 69 for LP-Gas fuel supply and
storage installations.)
NFPA 54 addresses the installation of fuel gas piping sys-
tems, fuel gas utilization equipment, and related accessories
including piping systems, operating pressure, installation,
combustion, ventilation air, and venting. Although permitted
in NFPA 54, the installation of unvented fuel-fired heaters
is prohibited by this Code and NFPA 101 in new and existing
residential board and care facilities and new and existing
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health care occupancies. This Code and NFPA 101 also
prohibit unvented fuel-fired heaters from most occupancies,
with the exception of approved units that comply with NFPA
54.
11.5.1.5 All heating appliances shall be approved or listed.
11.5.1.6 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply
with 1.12.19.
This Code requires that a permit be obtained in order to
store, use, or handle LP-Gas or Class I, Class II, and Class
IIIA flammable or combustible liquids.
11.5.1.7 Electrical wiring and utilization equipment used in
connection with oil-burning appliances or equipment shall
be installed in accordance with Section 11.1 and NFPA 70,
National Electrical Code
. [31:4.4.1]
11.5.1.8 The grade of fuel oil used in an oil burner shall be
that for which the burner is approved and as stipulated by
the manufacturer. Crankcase oil, used oil, or oil containing
gasoline shall not be used. (For use of oil fuels other than
those described in this paragraph, see Section 1.3 of NFPA
31, Standard for the Installation of Oil-Burning Equipment.)
Exception: Where acceptable to the AHJ, an oil-burning
appliance designed to burn crankcase oil or used oil shall
be permitted to be used only in commercial or industrial
occupancies. Oil-burning appliances intended for firing
crankcase oils shall be listed for use with crankcase oils.
(See Chapter 12 of NFPA 31 for appliances intended for
firing used oil.) The appliances shall be installed in accor-
dance with the manufacturers’ instructions and with the
terms of its listing. (See Section 4.6 of NFPA 31.) [31:4.5.1]
Section 4.6 of NFPA 31 Standard for the Installation of Oil
Burning Equipment, provides the applicable requirements
for the use of crankcase and used oil as a fuel. Typical
locations are burner areas, fuel-handling areas, fuel storage
areas, pits, sumps, and low spots where fuel leakage or
vapors can accumulate. Chapter 5 of NFPA 70 provides
information for classifying such areas and defines require-
ments for electrical installations in areas so classified.
Crankcase oil and used oil properties can vary consider-
ably, and light volatile materials can be released during
storage or handling or upon heating. Because of this charac-
teristic, appropriate and adequate provisions should be made
to safely handle, store, and burn crankcase oil and used oil.
It is desirable that flexibility be built into the facility to
accommodate the expected range of properties of the fuels
in use. Failure to observe the necessary design, installation,
and operating and maintenance procedures can result in fire,
explosion, or personal injury.
Extensive treatment of this subject is beyond the scope
of this Code. The AHJ should be responsible for classifying
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Chapter 11 • Building Services 153
areas where fuel is stored, handled, or burned, and for revis-
ing the classification if conditions are changed. Installation
should conform to NFPA 70, National Electrical Code. Ad-
ditional guidance can be obtained from NFPA 30, Flamma-
ble and Combustible Liquids Code, and NFPA 30A, Code
for Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities and Repair Garages.
11.5.2 Kerosene Burners and Oil Stoves.
Kerosene stoves are self-contained, self-supporting, kero-
sene-burning ranges, room heaters, or water heaters not con-
nected to chimneys but equipped with integral fuel supply
tanks with a maximum capacity of 2 gal (7.6 L). Kerosene
room heaters are often referred to as cabinet heaters and
space heaters.
Because these heaters are not connected to chimneys,
they can be moved rather easily, although they generally are
not considered portable. Each year, many serious fires result
from the improper use of these heaters. Because of their
mobility, these stoves pose a hazard when placed near com-
bustible materials or where they can block an exit.
Kerosene stoves listed by testing laboratories incorpo-
rate fire protection features that might be missing from stoves
that are not listed. Important features of listed stoves include
better construction materials, provision of primary control
valves, and the use of drip pans to catch any leaking fuel
and confine it to the stove.
11.5.2.1 Kerosene burners and oil stoves shall be equipped
with a primary safety control furnished as an integral part
of the appliance by the manufacturer to stop the flow of oil
in the event of flame failure. Barometric oil feed shall not
be considered a primary safety control.
11.5.2.2 A conversion range oil burner shall be equipped
with a thermal (heat-actuated) valve in the oil supply line,
located in the burner compartment of the stove.
Conversion range oil burners consist of a single-sleeve or
double-sleeve burner assembly, regulating valves, and an
oil supply assembly with a suitable supporting stand and
seamless connecting tubing. A thermal valve located in the
burner compartment of the stove adjacent to the burner is
installed in the oil supply line. (See Exhibit 11.3.)
Range oil burners, which are found most frequently in
the northeastern United States, are designed to burn kero-
sene, range oil, or similar fuel. They are primarily installed
in stoves or ranges originally designed to use solid fuel.
Range oil burners should not be mistaken for vaporizing-
--`,,`,``,,,,,,``,````,`,`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
pot conversion oil burners that are designed for conversion
of central heating appliances.
11.5.2.3 Only listed kerosene heaters shall be used. The
following safeguards shall apply:
 154 Part II • General
³⁄₄ in. (19 mm)
Oil level
EXHIBIT 11.3 Typical installation of conversion range oil
burner.
(1) Provide adequate ventilation.
(2) Do not place on carpeting.
(3) Keep 3 ft (0.9 m) away from combustible furnishings
or drapes.
(4) Use only approved Type 1-K water clear kerosene.
(5) Allow to cool before refueling.
Portable kerosene heaters pose a hazard similar to that of
kerosene stoves, since they are not connected to a chimney.
However, the hazard is increased by their greater portability
and subsequent misuse and improper placement. They are
also subject to improper fueling, substitution of gasoline or
other inappropriate liquid fuel, and refueling when hot,
which can produce and ignite flammable vapors. The safest
heaters incorporate fire safety features such as special types
of latching devices and integral sheet-metal trays under the
burners to catch oil drips. They usually employ wick-type
burners that are integral with the oil reservoir. Portable kero-
sene heaters should include a tip-over switch that automati-
cally snuffs the burner if the unit is jostled or tipped.
11.5.3 Portable Electric Heater.
11.5.3.1 The AHJ shall be permitted to prohibit use of porta-
ble electric heaters in occupancies or situations where such
use or operation would present an undue danger to life or
property.
During cold weather, portable electric space heaters are used
in many locations, including under desks. Although placing
a heater under a desk or table lessens the chance of the
heater’s being easily overturned, the heater also can easily
be forgotten. A heater that is left on for an extended time
can overheat combustible materials that might also be stored
under the desk or table. Managers of facilities that allow
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the use of electric space heaters should be instructed to
remind employees to shut them off at the end of the day
and keep combustible material away from the heater.
In addition, because of the amount of electric current
drawn by space heaters, it is important that the heaters be
used only where they can be plugged directly into an appro-
priate receptacle or that extension cords of adequate wire
size are used. See paragraph 11.1.5.3 for requirements deal-
ing with extension cords.
The AHJ is permitted to prohibit the use of space heaters
where an undue danger to life or property exists. The AHJ
can use past inspection findings, such as portable heaters
that were left turned on and unattended, fire incidents, and
other reasons to prohibit the use of such heaters. This Code
and the Life Safety Code specifically prohibit the use of
portable space heaters in health care and ambulatory health
care facilities, with the exception of nonsleeping staff and
employee areas. In these areas, heaters are permitted, pro-
vided that the heating element cannot reach more than 212F
(100C) and that the AHJ allows such use.
11.5.3.2 Portable electric heaters shall be designed and lo-
cated so that they cannot be easily overturned.
11.5.3.3 All portable electric heaters shall be listed.
11.5.4 Vents.
All chimneys, smokestacks, or similar devices for conveying
smoke or hot gases to the outer air and the stoves, furnaces,
incinerators, boilers, or any other heat-producing devices or
appliances shall be installed and maintained in accordance
with NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas Code, and NFPA 211,
Standard for Chimneys, Fireplaces, Vents, and Solid Fuel-
Burning Appliances.
11.6 Rubbish Chutes, Incinerators, and
Laundry Chutes
11.6.1 Enclosure.
11.6.1.1 Rubbish chutes and laundry chutes shall be sepa-
rately enclosed by walls or partitions in accordance with the
provisions of Section 8.2 of NFPA 101. [101:9.5.1.1]
11.6.1.2 Inlet openings serving chutes shall be protected in
accordance with Section 8.2 of NFPA 101. [101:9.5.1.2]
11.6.1.3 The doors of chutes specified in 11.6.1.2 shall open
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only to a room that is designed and used exclusively for
accessing the chute opening. [101:9.5.1.3]
11.6.1.4 The room used for accessing the chute opening
shall be separated from other spaces in accordance with
Section 8.4 of NFPA 101. [101:9.5.1.4]
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 Chapter 11 • Building Services 155

11.6.1.5 The requirements of 11.6.1.1 through 11.6.1.4 shall

not apply where otherwise permitted by the following: Chute extends above roof

(1) Existing installations having properly enclosed service

chutes and properly installed and maintained service
openings shall be permitted to have inlets open to a Fire protection– Sprinkler
corridor or normally occupied space. rated loading door
(2) Rubbish chutes and laundry chutes shall be permitted
to open into rooms not exceeding 400 ft2 (37 m2) that
are used for storage, provided that the room is protected
by automatic sprinklers. [101:9.5.1.5]
Fire-rated
Laundry chutes are often associated with a laundry/storage enclosure
room. The provision of paragraph 11.6.1.5(2) allows chutes
to open into such rooms, provided that the room does not Service opening
exceed 400 ft2 (37 m2) in area. Without this provision, the room with fire
door (typical on Sprinkler
user might interpret the words ‘‘used exclusively’’ (see para- each floor)
graph 11.6.1.3) as limiting the use of that room to serving
the chute only.
Self-closing
fire-rated door
11.6.2 Installation and Maintenance.
Rubbish chutes, laundry chutes, and incinerators shall be
installed and maintained in accordance with NFPA 82, Stan-
Gravity chute
dard on Incinerators and Waste and Linen Handling Systems
and Equipment, unless approved existing installations shall
EXHIBIT 11.4 Protection of waste and linen chutes.
be permitted to be continued in service. [101:9.5.2]
Shafts containing waste and linen chutes must be enclosed
according to the requirements for the protection of vertical closed room door. Exhibit 11.5 illustrates the measurement
openings found in Section 8.6 of NFPA 101. The installation of this clearance.
of the chute itself must meet the requirements of NFPA 82,
Standard on Incinerators and Waste and Linen Handling
Systems and Equipment.
Additional concerns regarding chutes opening to other 11.7 Stationary Generators and Standby
parts of the building need to be addressed. For convenience, Power Systems
service openings for loading are usually located to be acces- 11.7.1 Stationary Combustion Engines and Gas
sible from corridors on the upper floors of the building. Turbines Installation.
However, these corridors also serve as exit access, and a
fire in the chute with an open loading door could result in Stationary generator sets shall be installed in accordance
the obstruction of the corridor by smoke and other products with NFPA 37, Standard for the Installation and Use of
of combustion. To address this hazard, the Code and NFPA Stationary Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines and NFPA
82 require the construction of service opening rooms to form 70, National Electrical Code
.
a buffer between the chute and the building space. The NFPA 37, Standard for the Installation and Use of Stationary
special hazard protection provisions in Section 8.7 of NFPA Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines, applies to stationary
101 for the separation of the service opening are referenced combustion engines and gas turbines, portable engines that
in paragraph 11.6.1.4. The result is a room that is separated remain connected for use in the same location for a period
from the rest of the building by construction with a 1-hour of one week or more, and to new installations and to those
fire resistance rating or protected with an automatic extin- portions of existing equipment and installations that are
guishing system. The door to this room is required to have changed or modified.
a 3⁄4-hour fire protection rating. Exhibit 11.4 illustrates the
protection arrangement required for waste and linen chutes
11.7.2 Emergency and Standby Power Systems.
by NFPA 82.
Additionally, NFPA 82 requires the service opening 11.7.2.1 General. Stationary generators for emergency use
room to be sized to maintain a minimum 6-in. (150-mm) or standby power required by this Code, the building code,
clearance between the open chute loading door and the or other codes and standards shall be installed in accordance

NFPA 1 Uniform Fire Code Handbook 2003

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 156 Part II • General
Chute
Open loading
door
Service opening
room
6 in.
(150 mm)
EXHIBIT 11.5 Clearance in service opening room.
with NFPA 110, Standard for Emergency and Standby Power
Systems.
NFPA 110, Standard for Emergency and Standby Power
Systems, covers performance requirements for power sys-
tems providing an alternate source of electrical power to
loads in buildings and facilities in the event that the primary
--`,,`,``,,,,,,``,````,`,`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
power source fails. Power systems covered in NFPA 110
include power sources, transfer equipment, controls, supervi-
sory equipment, and all related electrical and mechanical
auxiliary and accessory equipment needed to supply electri-
cal power to the load terminals of the transfer equipment. It
also covers installation, maintenance, operation, and testing
requirements as they pertain to the performance of the emer-
gency power supply system (EPSS).
NFPA 110 does not cover application of the EPSS,
emergency lighting unit equipment, distribution wiring, util-
ity service, when such service is permitted as the EPSS,
parameters for stored energy devices, and criteria for stored
energy systems. It also does not apply to specific buildings
or facilities, or both, requiring an EPSS, specific loads to
be served by the EPSS, or assignment of type, class, or
level to any specific load. See the commentary following
paragraph 11.7.3 for a discussion of EPSS.
11.7.2.2 Acceptance. Newly installed stationary generators
for emergency use or for standby power for fire protection
systems and features shall demonstrate the capacity of the
energy converter, with its controls and accessories, to survive
without damage from common and abnormal disturbances
in actual load circuits by any of the following means:
(1) By tests on separate prototype models
(2) By acceptance tests on the system components as per-
formed by the component suppliers
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(3) By listing for emergency service as a completely fac-
tory-assembled and factory-tested apparatus
11.7.3 Stored Electrical Energy Emergency and
Standby Power System Installation.
Stored electrical energy systems required by this Code, the
building code, or other NFPA codes and standards shall be
installed in accordance with NFPA 111, Standard on Stored
Electrical Energy Emergency and Standby Power Systems
and NFPA 70, National Electrical Code
.
NFPA 111, Standard on Stored Electrical Energy Emergency
and Standby Power Systems, covers performance require-
ments for stored electrical energy systems providing an alter-
nate source of electrical power in buildings and facilities in
the event that the normal electrical power source fails. Sys-
tems covered by NFPA 111 include power sources, transfer
equipment, controls, supervisory equipment, and accessory
equipment, including integral accessory equipment, needed
to supply electrical power to the selected circuits. It also
covers installation, maintenance, operation, and testing re-
quirements as they pertain to the performance of the stored
emergency power supply system (SEPSS).
NFPA 111 does not cover the following:
1. The application of the SEPSS
2. Distribution wiring
3. Systems having total outputs less than 500 VA or less
than 24 V or systems less than Class 0.033
4. Emergency lighting unit equipment
5. Nuclear sources, fuel cells, solar systems, and wind
stored-energy systems are not covered by the scope of
this document.
6. Specific buildings or facilities, or both, requiring a SEPSS
7. Specific loads to be served by the SEPSS
8. Type, class, or level to be assigned to any specific load
(See Section 2.1 of NFPA 111)
11.7.4 Maintenance and Testing.
11.7.4.1 Stationary generators used for standby power shall
be tested and maintained in accordance with NFPA 37, Stan-
dard for the Installation and Use of Stationary Combustion
Engines and Gas Turbines.
11.7.4.2 Stationary generators required by this Code, the
building code, or other NFPA codes and standards shall
be maintained in accordance with NFPA 110, Standard for
Emergency and Standby Power Systems.
11.7.4.3 Stored electrical energy systems required by this
Code, the building code, or other NFPA codes and standards
shall be maintained in accordance with NFPA 111, Standard
on Stored Electrical Energy Emergency and Standby Power
Systems.
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11.8* Smoke Control
The provisions of Section 11.8 do not itself require smoke
control systems but mandates that, if such systems are in-
stalled for Code compliance, an approved maintenance and
testing program must be provided to ensure operational in-
tegrity. A smoke control system dedicated to emergency use
only will not be subject to the daily use of a combination
public address system and emergency occupant notification
system. Therefore, maintenance and testing of smoke control
systems are necessary.
Some NFPA 101 requirements, such as those applicable
to atria, mandate smoke control systems via performance-
based language that requires tenable smoke conditions dur-
ing egress. Annex references are provided to advise users
of material that is available to assist in the design of smoke
control systems.
A.11.8 NFPA 92A, Recommended Practice for Smoke-Con-
trol Systems, provides guidance in implementing systems
using pressure differentials to accomplish one or more of
the following:
(1) Maintain a tenable environment in the means of egress
during the time required for evacuation
(2) Control and reduce the migration of smoke from the
fire area
(3) Provide conditions outside the fire zone that assist emer-
gency response personnel to conduct search and rescue
operations and to locate and control the fire
(4) Contribute to the protection of life and reduction of
property loss
The reference documents that provide design guidance can-
not be mandatorily referenced because they themselves do
not contain mandatory requirements. NFPA 92A, Recom-
mended Practice for Smoke-Control Systems, addresses
smoke control management that uses barriers, airflows, and
pressure differentials to confine the smoke of a fire to the
zone of fire origin and thus maintain a tenable environment
in other zones. The guidelines of NFPA 92A can be used to
create a smokeproof enclosure using the stair pressurization
method described in 7.2.3.9 of NFPA 101. The document
also covers smoke control for elevator hoistways by em-
ploying the following methods either singly or in combina-
tion:
1. Fire floor exhaust
2. Elevator lobby pressurization
3. Smoketight elevator lobby construction
4. Elevator hoistway pressurization
NFPA 92A also addresses, in detail, zoned smoke con-
trol under which a building can be divided into a number
of smoke control zones. Each zone is separated from the
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Chapter 11 • Building Services 157
others by partitions, floors, and doors that can be closed to
inhibit the movement of smoke. A smoke control zone can
consist of one or more floors, or a floor can consist of more
than one smoke control zone. Some arrangements of smoke
control zones are depicted in Exhibit 11.6, illustrations (a)
through (e). The smoke zones are indicated by minus signs,
and pressurized spaces are indicated by plus signs. All non-
smoke zones might be pressurized as in illustrations (a) and
(c), or only those nonsmoke zones that are adjacent to the
smoke zone might be pressurized as in illustrations (b) and
(d). In illustration (e), the smoke zone has been limited to
a portion of a floor.
+
+
+ +
– { Smoke zone { –
+ +
+
+
(a) (b)
+
+
+
+ +
+ +
+ +
– –
– Smoke zone –
– –
+ +
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
(c) (d)
+ + +
+ + +
+ + – { Smoke
zone
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
(e)
EXHIBIT 11.6 Smoke control zone arrangement.
The subject of maintaining tenable conditions within
large zones of fire origin (such as atria and shopping malls)
is addressed by NFPA 92B, Guide for Smoke Management
Systems in Malls, Atria, and Large Areas. NFPA 92B pro-
vides technical data relevant to the design, installation, test-
ing, operation, and maintenance of smoke management
systems in buildings with large-volume spaces. These sys-
tems manage smoke within the space where the fire exists
or between spaces not separated by smoke barriers. The
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 158
guidelines of NFPA 92B can be used to implement smoke
management systems that help to maintain a tenable environ-
ment in the means of egress from large-volume building
spaces during the time required for evacuation. NFPA 92B
also addresses the control and reduction of the smoke migra-
tion between the fire area and adjacent spaces. This analysis
concerns a particular atrium building configuration in which
the exhaust rate keeps smoke from descending from the
ceiling level to a level lower than head height of persons
on the highest floor of the building open to the atrium. The
summation of the exercise is generalized in Exhibit 11.7.
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5 11.9.3 The emergency command center room shall be a
4
3
2
Floor 1
EXHIBIT 11.7 Control of smoke layer.
--`,,`,``,,,,,,``,````,`,`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Although NFPA 92A and NFPA 92B cannot be refer-
enced mandatorily by this Code or NFPA 101, they should
be used in the design, installation, testing, operation, and
maintenance of smoke control systems covered by their
scope statements.
11.8.1 Smoke control systems shall have an approved main-
tenance and testing program to ensure operational integrity.
11.8.2 All smoke control systems and devices shall be
maintained in a reliable operating condition and shall be
replaced or repaired where defective.
11.8.3 The AHJ shall be notified when any smoke control
system is out of service for more than 4 hours in a 24-hour
period and again upon restoration of service of such systems.
11.8.4 The AHJ shall be permitted to require the building
to be evacuated, or an approved fire watch to be provided
for all portions left unprotected by the fire protection system
shutdown until the fire protection system has been returned
to service.
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Part II • General
11.9 Emergency Command Center
Where required, emergency command centers shall comply
with Section 11.9.
11.9.1 The location, design, and fire department access of
the emergency command center shall be approved by the
fire department.
11.9.2 The emergency command center shall be separated
from the remainder of the building by a fire barrier having
a fire resistance rating of not less than 1 hour.
It is important that the fire department be consulted in rela-
V tion to the location, design, and access to the emergency
command center, as they will be the primary users of the
space. The emergency command center should have easy
access from the outside without requiring entrance through
the building. The emergency command center can be placed
either in a room near an entrance or exit to the building or
have access from outside the building only.
minimum of 96 ft2 (8.9 m2) with a minimum dimension of
8 ft (2.4 m).
11.9.4 The following shall be provided in the emergency
command center:
(1) The fire department communication unit
(2) A telephone for fire department use with controlled
access to the public telephone system
(3) Schematic building plans indicating the typical floor
plan and detailing the building core means of egress,
fire protection systems, fire-fighting equipment, and fire
department access
(4) Work table
The emergency command center should be sized to accom-
modate all the equipment and supplies outlined in paragraphs
11.9.4 and 11.9.5. It should also be large enough to permit
fire department personnel adequate room to work. It should
be big enough or another room provided to store additional
supplies required or needed by the fire department.
11.9.5 Where otherwise required, the following devices or
functions shall be provided within the emergency command
center:
(1) The emergency voice/alarm communication system
unit
(2) Fire detection and alarm system annunciator unit
(3) Annunciator visually indicating the location of the ele-
vators and whether they are operational
(4) Status indicators and controls for air-handling systems
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(5) Controls for unlocking stairway doors simultaneously
(6) Sprinkler valve and waterflow detector display panels
(7) Emergency and standby power status indicators
(8) Fire pump status indicators
(9) Generator supervision devices and manual start and
transfer features
(10) Public address system, where specifically required by
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other sections of this Code
(11) Controls required for smoke control
It makes sense to have the devices or functions listed in
paragraph 11.9.5 as part of the emergency command center.
The emergency command center gives the fire department
access to valuable communication, control, and protection
systems indicators. According to paragraph 11.9.1, the fire
department is to be consulted and should approve the design
and layout of the emergency command center, including the
layout of those devices and functions outlined in paragraphs
11.9.4 and 11.9.5.
11.9.6 Emergency Command Center Acceptance
Testing.
Devices, equipment, components, and sequences shall be
individually tested in accordance with appropriate standards
and manufacturers’ documented instructions.
The equipment, devices, controls, and other items installed
or provided in the emergency command center need to be
tested to ensure they function properly. Testing should be
performed on the initial installation and at varying intervals
as required by the AHJ or appropriate standards such as
NFPA 72
, National Fire Alarm Code
, and NFPA 20,
Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire
Protection.
REFERENCES
Code References
ASME/ANSI A17.1, Safety Code for Elevators and Escala-
tors.
ASME/ANSI A17.3, Safety Code for Existing Elevators and
Escalators.
NFPA 31, Standard for the Installation of Oil-Burning
Equipment, 2001 edition.
NFPA 37, Standard for the Installation and Use of Stationary
Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines, 2002 edition.
NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories
Using Chemicals, 2000 edition.
NFPA 54, ANSI Z223.1–2002 National Fuel Gas Code, 2002
edition.
NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code, 2001 edition.
NFPA 70, National Electrical Code
, 2002 edition.
NFPA 82, Standard on Incinerators and Waste and Linen
Handling Systems and Equipment, 1999 edition.
NFPA 1 Uniform Fire Code Handbook 2003
Copyright National Fire Protection Association
Provided by IHS under license with NFPA Licensee=Technip La Defense/5931917103
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 09/10/2007 07:51:22 MDT
Chapter 11 • Building Services 159
NFPA 90A, Standard for the Installation of Air-Conditioning
and Ventilating Systems, 2002 edition.
NFPA 90B, Standard for the Installation of Warm Air Heat-
ing and Air-Conditioning Systems, 2002 edition.
NFPA 91, Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of
Vapors, Gases, Mists, and Noncombustible Particulate
Solids, 1999 edition.
NFPA 96, Standard for Ventilation Control and Fire Protec-
tion of Commercial Cooking Operations, 2001 edition.
NFPA 99, Standard for Health Care Facilities, 2002 edition.
NFPA 110, Standard for Emergency and Standby Power
Systems, 2002 edition.
NFPA 111, Standard on Stored Electrical Energy Emergency
and Standby Power Systems, 2001 edition.
NFPA 211, Standard for Chimneys, Fireplaces, Vents, and
Solid Fuel-Burning Appliances, 2003 edition.
Commentary References
ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Pro-
cesses.
ASME Handbook A17.1, 1996 edition.
ASME/ANSI A17.1, Safety Code for Elevators and Escala-
tors, 1996 edition.
ASME/ANSI A17.3, Safety Code for Existing Elevators and
Escalators, 1996 edition.
Life Safety Code
Handbook, 2003 edition.
NFPA 20, Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps
for Fire Protection, 1999 edition.
NFPA 30A, Code for Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities and
Repair Garages, 2000 edition.
NFPA 31, Standard for the Installation of Oil-Burning
Equipment, 2001 edition.
NFPA 37, Standard for the Installation and Use of Stationary
Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines, 2002 edition.
NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories
Using Chemicals, 2000 edition.
NFPA 51, Standard for the Design and Installation of Oxy-
gen–Fuel Gas Systems for Welding, Cutting, and Allied
Processes, 2002 edition.
NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas Code, 2002 edition.
NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code, 2001 edition.
NFPA 59, Utility LP-Gas Plant Code, 2001 edition.
NFPA 70, National Electrical Code
, 2002 edition.
NFPA 72
, National Fire Alarm Code
, 2002 edition.
NFPA 82, Standard on Incinerators and Waste and Linen
Handling Systems and Equipment, 1999 edition.
NFPA 90A, Standard for the Installation of Air-Conditioning
and Ventilating Systems, 2002 edition.
NFPA 90B, Standard for the Installation of Warm Air Heat-
ing and Air-Conditioning Systems, 2002 edition.
NFPA 92A, Recommended Practice for Smoke-Control Sys-
tems, 2000 edition.
NFPA 92B, Guide for Smoke Management Systems in Malls,
Atria, and Large Areas, 2000 edition.
 160 Part II • General
NFPA 99, Standard for Health Care Facilities, 1999 edition.
NFPA 101
, Life Safety Code
, 2003 edition.
NFPA 110, Standard for Emergency and Standby Power
Systems, 2002 edition.
NFPA 111, Standard on Stored Electrical Energy Emergency
and Standby Power Systems, 2001 edition.
--`,,`,``,,,,,,``,````,`,`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright National Fire Protection Association
Provided by IHS under license with NFPA
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
NFPA 211, Standard for Chimneys, Fireplaces, Vents, and
Solid Fuel-Burning Appliances, 2003 edition.
NFPA 302, Fire Protection Standard for Pleasure and Com-
mercial Motor Craft, 1998 edition.
NFPA 1192, Standard on Recreational Vehicles, 2002 edi-
tion.
2003 NFPA 1 Uniform Fire Code Handbook
Licensee=Technip La Defense/5931917103
Not for Resale, 09/10/2007 07:51:22 MDT