Integrated Sanitation Plan After Comment, Kombolcha F

Table of Contents
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5
1.1 General 5
1.2 Scope of the Study 5
1.3 Objective of this Study 5
1.4 Planning horizon 6
1.5 Methodology 6
1.6 Existing Sanitation conditions of the Town 6
1.7 Improvements made during step I and II 6
1.8 Integration Sanitation Plan 7
2 INTRODUCTION 10
2.1 General 10
2.2 Project Background 10
2.3 Scope of the Study 11
2.4 Objective of this Study 11
2.5 Planning horizon 12
2.6 Methodology 12
2.6.1 Integrated Sanitation Survey 12
i) Literature review 12
ii) Stakeholder consultation and analysis 12
iii) Field visits 12
iv) The Way Forward 13
2.6.2 Analyses 13
2.6.3 Planning 13
3 EXISTING SANITATION SITUATION 14
3.1 Existing Excreta Disposal Systems 14
3.2 Private Pit Latrine 14
3.3 Communal latrines 15
3.4 Septic tanks 16
3.5 Ventilation Improved Pit Latrines (VIP) 17
3.6 Solid Waste Collection and Disposal 17
3.6.1 Public 17
3.6.2 Commercial Areas 17
3.6.3 Health Institutions 17
3.6.4 Schools 17
3.7 Waste disposal systems 18
3.7.1 Vacuum truck 18
3.7.2 Communal Solid waste disposal sites 18
3.7.3 Liquid Waste Disposal 18
3.8 Personal Hygiene and Sanitation 19
3.8.1 Service Coverage 19
3.9 Top Diseases Records 20
3.10 Controlling Water Born Diseases 20
3.11 Availability of Health Workers 21
4 Analysis for Integrated Sanitation Plan 23
Water Supply and Sanitation Improvement Program Urban Component, Integrated Sanitation plan, Kombolcha
4.1 Human excreta and Waste Water 23

4.2 Solid Waste disposal 25
4.3 Liquid Waste disposal 26
4.4 Personal hygiene and Sanitation 26
4.5 Environmental Drainage 27
5 PROPOSED INTEGRATED SANITATION PLAN 28
5.1 General 28
5.2 Sanitation and Water 28
5.3 Waste Water Volumes and Sewerage 28
5.4 Plan of Toilet Facilities 31
5.5 De-sludging Requirements 32
5.6 Plan for Disposal of Solid Waste 34
5.6.1 Drop-off systems 35
5.6.2 Pick-up systems 35
5.6.3 Non motorized systems 35
5.6.4 Motorized systems 35
5.6.5 Composting 35
5.6.6 Small scale landfills 35
5.7 Plan for Sullage disposal 36
5.8 Plan for Drainage 36
5.9 Proposed Domestic Waste Removal System 36
5.9.1 Communal Sanitation facilities 36
5.10 Hygiene Education and Awareness Creation 39
6 Integrated Sanitation plan 40
6.1 Implementation Plan 40
6.1.1 Intervention types 40
6.1.2 Cost Estimate 41
6.1.3 Work Schedule 41
6.2 Monitoring and Evaluation 43
6.3 Planning matrix 43
7 Recommendations 46
Table of Figures
Table: 3.1 Private pit latrines (PPL) percent coverage 14

Table: 3.2 Distribution of Households by type of toilet facilities used15
Table: 3.3 Dry waste disposal of the town dwellers 18
Table: 3.4 Residents response to Liquid waste disposal methods 19
Table: 3.5 Ten top disease in 2006 at woreda level 20
2 STRETCH CONSULTANTS PLC

Table: 3.6 Water Born disease and cases in 2007. 21

Table: 3.7 Health Professional Records 21
Table: 4.1 Water supply and Sanitation relation matrix 25
Table: 4.2 Dry waste disposal of the town dwellers 25
Table: 4.3 Liquid waste disposal of the town dwellers 26
Table: 5.1 Potential Sewer Flows 29
Table: 5.2 Water supply and sanitation relation matrix 32
Table: 5.3 Sanitation facilities for the planning Horizon 33
Table: 5.4 The No. of Septic tanks and de-sludging requirements 34
Table: 6.1 Types and number of toilets up to the year 2017 with respect
household size 41
Table: 6.2 Toilet type and expected projection numbers 41
Table: 6.3 Indicative Unit Costs of Sanitary Facility in ETB 42
Table: 6.4 Total Cost 43
Table: 6.5 Planning matrix for proposed sanitary technologies 44
Table: 6.6 Proposed sanitary Technologies for Non domestic Households 45
Table of Figures
Figure: 3.1 Public toilet under construction 14
Figure: 3.2 Awareness creation made by TWB and Utility 14
ABREVATIONS
HEWs- Health Extension Workers

HHs Households
IHS Improved Hygiene and Sanitation
MoH Ministry of Health
MoU Memorandum of Understanding
MoUD- Ministry of Urban Development
MoWR Ministry of Water Resources
RHB Regional Health Bureau
ToTs Trainers of trainers
WASH Water sanitation and hygiene
WSGs Woreda Support Groups
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1 General
The National Water Supply and Sanitation (WATSAN) Program urban
component aims to improve the health and living conditions of urban dwellers
by helping them improve their water supply, sanitation, and hygiene.
To achieve the above objective, Oromia water resources Bureau in

collaboration with ministry of water resource has been carrying out various
development works related to Water and Sanitation. As one part of the works
under execution by the Bureau, World Bank financed Water Supply and
Sanitation Improvement Program, Urban component is under way in the region.
Group 2 towns namely: Gulliso, Segno Geba, Getema and Kombolcha are East
and West Wellega towns considered under this program.
1.2 Scope of the Study

The following are the general activities executed and submitted to the OWRB
and the TWB by the Consultant:
 Survey of the existing sanitation condition of the town;
 Asses existing Hygiene conditions of the community;
 Asses the existing mass awareness on sanitation and personnel hygiene;
 Survey appropriate technology to improve the local sanitation standard;
 Prepare a strategy based on concept such as hygiene education,
environmental health, health promotion and environmental protection in
action;
 Prepare detail drawings and cost estimates;
 Propose mode of implementation and
 Propose of Integrated water supply and Sanitation matrix
1.3 Objective of this Study

The overall objective of this project includes;
 Improving and expansion of Sanitation services under systemized and
organized municipality service management.
 Assessment of the strength, weakness, opportunity and treat of the
sanitation in order to come up with long term remedies.
 To expand the coverage of improved sanitation facilities to the
underserved populations, especially to poor and remote areas, and
 To improve health and hygiene practices related to waterborne and
sanitation-related diseases.

1.4 Planning horizon

Like that of water supply project integrated sanitation plan is also designed for
the period of ten years, from year 2008 to year 2017.
1.5 Methodology
It is recognized that many excellent locally-developed solutions for the rural
town heath problems are already being practiced. This guide is not intended as
indispensable guide prescription for promoting improved health in the town, but
rather as source material from which the municipality can develop a model that
can be used when implanting the activities.
For quantitative and qualitative analyzing the existing water supply and
sanitation services of the town different methodologies are used. Among these
methodologies collecting the existing sanitation condition of the town, literature
review, stakeholder consultation and analysis and site visits are the primary
methods used.
1.6 Existing Sanitation conditions of the Town

During commencement of the Water Supply and Sanitation Improvement
Program, Kombolcha town Water Supply and Sanitation condition was at worst
condition. Particularly, the Water Supply Utility is at a position to interrupt
service due to scarcity of source and financial problem. Similarly, the sanitation
condition in the town was becoming worse and worse. There was no proper
accountability; there was no satisfactory awareness among the dwellers.
However, within the First Step-I works some improvements were observed
regarding both Water Supply and Sanitation services.
1.7 Improvements made during step I and II

Sanitation and Personal hygiene
Regarding Sanitation and hygiene education, most of the excreta disposal
facilities such as pit latrines are poorly constructed and managed before the
commencement of Step-I program. To improve the sanitation and hygiene
conditions of the town, construction of two public toilets and two dry waste
disposal sites were planed under step I and implemented in step II of this
program. Under step I & II program, mass awareness on Hygiene and sanitation
was given to all level of stakeholders of the town. As a result, the town
dwellers organized through the municipality have expressed their commitment
towards the program by erecting road side posts with high lights on the
importance of personal hygiene and protecting their environment at community
level.
As indicated above some improvement works on sanitation, personal hygiene

and environmental protections in Kombolcha town are planned implemented in
step I and II of this program. It is obvious that this improvement cannot solve
permanently the problems connected with sanitation and personnel hygiene of
the community. Therefore, planning long-term solution is mandatory to alleviate
the problems associated with sanitation. Sanitation integrated with Water supply
is designed as a solution to be implemented for given design period.
1.8 Integration Sanitation Plan

Integrated Sanitation Plan (ISP) is designed for the Town municipality to give
long term solutions for the planning horizon of ten years and is prepared to give
the long-term solution.
Sanitation technologies are strongly linked to the available service level of

water supply. Different types of sanitation technologies are proposed for
different water supply service levels. Some systems, which require large
quantities of water such as conventional sewerage, cannot be provided in areas
that rely on hand-carried water supplies from public tabs. On the other hand, pit
latrines cannot cope with the large volumes of wastewater that are produced
from the house with an individual water connection and internal plumbing
system. Sanitation technology selection must therefore be considered in to
water supply service level.
Different sanitation technologies options commonly used are selected in relation

to the type of water supply services, that include house connection (HC), yard
connection (YC), and public water points (PWP). Among these technologies the
following are the main ones;
a) Improved traditional pit latrines/for household/;
o Ventilated improved pit latrines (VIP);
o Ventilated improved double-pit latrines (VIDP);
o Pour –flash toilets (PF)
b) Communal/public latrines
c) School latrines
d) Solid waste disposals
e) Liquid waste disposals
 Sullage
 Storm water drainage
 Septic tanks
 Soak away pits
Generally for house holds provided with;
 House connection(HC) water supply, flash toilets,
 Yard connections(YC), VIP latrines or higher grade toilets and
 Public water points (PWP), traditional pit latrines or higher grade toilets
are recommended to be installed.

Different technological types of solid waste disposal are analyzed and the most
feasible and economical way of solid waste disposal for small towns is
recommended. In the implementation of step I of this program; two dry waste
disposal sites were constructed by the contractor and community.
Regarding liquid waste disposals, in addition to the use of soak away pits, the
strategic plan envisages construction of drainage ditches along the streets.
Here in this town, the storm drainage ditches along the main road constructed
in the town is blocked at some places by rubbish and debris. The plan also
proposes to the municipality to establish and enforce municipal laws concerning
prohibition of solid waste disposal in drainage ditches.
Hygiene education and awareness creation are also set as strategic plan to be
given for the community with in the planning period. Provision of water supply
and sanitation services alone will not achieve their objectives unless
complemented with hygiene education and behavioral changes.
The achievement of water supply and sanitation objectives depends upon a

combination of education, improvement in personal hygiene and appropriate
water supply and sanitation technologies.
Education promotion of community, awareness or hygiene education will

definitely requires a long time and time to time contact with the community to
fully change the attitude of the whole residents, based on the inputs from the
various stakeholders:
 The municipality in coordination with TWB is the responsible body to

coordinate and plan for promotion of community awareness.
 The TWB with municipality should have a broad goal of community
development, with sanitation, water supply and hygiene education as its
priority.
 It is also recommended that representatives of the various ethnic,
economic, religious, and political sector of each Kebele shall form a
committee of hygiene education.
Integrated sanitation is planned to be implemented with different stake holders.

Municipality, any interested non governmental organizations, the town dwellers
and the town water and sanitation board in collaboration with the Utility are
expected to implement the plan.
All types of the toilets required at house holds are expected to be constructed
by the residents them selves with their own cost. Dry waste disposal sites and
Public shower and toilets are expected to be constructed by municipality, may
be with financial aid from this program. Latrines that are at public services like
school, health centers, religion places and bus stations are expected to be
implemented by responsible body.
However, a sample public shower integrated with Toilet is proposed for each
town to be implemented by the budget of this program.

2 INTRODUCTION
2.1 General
Under Oromia Regional State, the Oromia Water Resources Bureau has been
working on various development works in the Water Sector since its
establishment. The development works have been carried out through various
programs managed under the Bureau. Water Supply and Sanitation Improvement
Program urban component is among others. In the western part of the region,
four towns namely Gulliso, Segno Geba, Getema and Kombolcha have got the
opportunity to be beneficiary.
The Water Supply and Sanitation (WATSAN) Program urban component aims to
improve the health and living conditions of urban dwellers by helping them
improve their water supply, sanitation, and hygiene.
This program is to be carried out in Step by step approach as indicated in the

Step-I Completion Report. Following accomplishment of the First Step, as
stated on the terms of reference (TOR), implementation of immediate service
improvement works and study of long-term project continues.
Accordingly, in Kombolcha town improvement works on sanitation, personal

hygiene and environmental protections are under implementation and this
Integrated Sanitation Plan (ISP) is designed for the Town municipality for the
planning horizon of ten years and is prepared to give the long-term solution.
2.2 Project Background

During commencement of the Water Supply and Sanitation Improvement
Program, Kombolcha town Water Supply and Sanitation condition was at worst
condition. Particularly, the Water Supply Utility is at a position to interrupt
service due to scarcity of source and financial problem. Similarly, the sanitation
condition in the town was becoming worse and worse. There was no proper
accountability; there was no satisfactory awareness among the dwellers.
However, within the First Step-I works some improvements were observed
regarding both Water Supply and Sanitation services. It is obvious that this
improvement cannot solve permanently the problem. Therefore, planning long-
term solution is mandatory to alleviate the problems associated with these
infrastructures. Thus, Stretch Consultants conducted project study as a solution
in its Step-II assignment of Agreement entered with OWRB.
The Consultant has assessed various scenarios to propose sustainable and

dependable solution to address this critical issue. Sanitation services in the

town, some improvement works are planned together with the Water Supply
system.
2.3 Scope of the Study

The following are the general activities expected to be executed and submitted
to the OWRB and the TWB. Accordingly, the Consultant executed the following
works:
 Conduct socioeconomic base line survey
 Asses existing conditions of the sanitation conditions
 Survey appropriate technology to improve the local sanitation standard
 Prepare a strategy based on concept such as hygiene education,
environmental health, health promotion and environmental protection in
action,
 Prepare detail drawings and cost estimates
 Propose mode of implementation
2.4 Objective of this Study

The overall objective of this project includes;
 Improving and expansion of Sanitation services under systemized and
organized municipality service management.
 Assessment of the strength, weakness, opportunity and treat of the
sanitation in order to come up with long term remedies.
 To expand the coverage of improved sanitation facilities to the
underserved populations, especially to poor and remote areas, and
 To improve health and hygiene practices related to waterborne and
sanitation-related diseases.
Through the physical implementation of various facilities, the project will
address the following key issues:
 Capacity and capability development of the user communities to plan, co-
finance, implement, manage, operate, and maintain improved WSS
facilities;
 Increase participation of all women, increase hygiene education through
awareness campaigns, provide efficient and cost-effective support to
communities and local authorities; support the implementation of water
sector development program (WSDP) to serve for the program period
2008-2017;
 Support and strengthen the government’s decentralization efforts by
focusing project activities and decision making at the local authorities and
community levels.
2.5 Planning horizon

Like that of water supply project integrated sanitation plan is also designed for
ten years, from year 2008 to year 2017.

2.6 Methodology
It is recognized that many excellent locally-developed solutions for the rural
town heath problems are already being practiced. This guide is not intended as
indispensable guide prescription for promoting improved health in the town, but
rather as source material from which the municipality can develop a model that
can be used when implanting the activities.
In order to get sufficient raw data the following collection methodologies were
employed for both quantitative and qualitative types for use of analyzing the
existing water supply and sanitation services of the town.
2.6.1 Integrated Sanitation Survey
The following methodologies are used for assessing the existing sanitation
conditions and to formulate for the future integrated sanitation design:
2.6.2 Literature review
The team focused on gaps in the sector literature review with specific emphasis
on the emerging volume of urban reports.
2.6.3 Stakeholder consultation and analysis

The team has made a number of visits to interview a broad raft of stakeholders
as well as conducting extensive team brainstorming with WSP staff.
2.6.4 Field visits
Visits were made to assess private and public toilet managements, solid waste
management and Environmental managements.
2.6.5 The Way Forward
A team of experts has conducted a reality check with the Woreda Desks and the
Town municipality of the proposed list of fundable software and hardware items
as well as the unit costs.
2.6.6 Analyses
The planning methodology used for this integrated is based on the analysis of
the following conditions:
 Analysis of existing sanitation conditions of the town;
 Analysis of existing Environmental drainage
 Analysis of existing sanitation and personal hygiene
 Analysis of socio economic condition of the town
 Analysis of least cost technological options
 Analysis of the community awareness on sanitation and personal hygiene
protection.
 Also analysis of the water supply service level

2.6.7 Planning
The main criteria for planning of integrated Sanitation plan is to know the
service level of the town water supply system. This is because Sanitation
technologies are strongly interconnected with the availability of service level of
water supply.
3 EXISTING SANITATION SITUATION

3.1 Existing Excreta Disposal Systems
Most of the excreta disposal facilities comprise pit latrines that are poorly
constructed, offensive and are over filled due to lack of a vacuum truck for de
sludging means.
The sample survey indicates that most households are not satisfied with the
type of latrines they use due to the poor sanitary conditions and
inappropriateness for children and old people. This leads people to go to open
field for defecation, which is hazardous to health.
The detail mode of sanitation and disposal system of the town is described in
the following sub-sections.
3.2 Private Pit Latrine

More than half of the inhabitants have their own pit latrines and those without
pit latrine prefer to dispose their excreta in the open fields near the town.
Coverage of private pit latrines in the town as per information gathered from
the Socioeconomic survey conducted is shown in the following table:
Table: 3.1 Private pit latrines (PPL) percent coverage

No. of HH No. of HH-own PPL % coverage of private PPL
1701 568 33.34
Source: From Socioeconomic survey conducted

Regarding the construction materials of the private toilets, the survey indicates
that most of the construction material of the toilets is made of mud, wood walls
and corrugated iron roof. The maintenance of many of the toilet facilities is not
only poor but total neglected. When the traditional pit latrines get filled up, new
pit latrines constructed, if they have space. Otherwise they resort to the use of
open field for excreta disposal.
In addition improved environment management, proper dry waste management

plays a vital role. However, due to limited awareness about dry waste disposal
attention is not given to this issue. In most cases dry waste from human
activities and similar garbage are simply damped anywhere in the town.
Awareness regarding dry waste disposal and adverse effect of improper
disposal is very limited.
The town topography is characterized by flat topography and is not as such

convenient for drainage.
The survey made on 192 Households with regard to pit latrines has come out
with the following results pertaining to toilet facilities.
Table: 3.2 Distribution of Households by type of toilet facilities used

S.N Toilet type Respondent Percent
1 Traditional Private pit Latrine 70 36.8
2 Ventilated pit latrine 13 6.8
3 Traditional shared pit Latrine 62 32.6
4 Private flush toilet _ _
5 Shared flush toilet _ _
6 Other 45 21
Source: From socioeconomic survey conducted
The tabulation above indicates that 53% Households out of 192 have dry pit
latrines for toilet facilities, those households who do not have any toilet
facilities use open field for disposing excreta.
3.3 Communal latrines

Communal latrines can be dry or water dependent type. The latrines are
suitable for densely populated areas where individual latrines cannot be
constructed due to space problem and for market areas where there are large
number of users during market days. Communal latrines are also very essential
at Bus stations where many peoples can be collected in one place that needs
proper sanitation facilities. During the implementation of first step, Kombolcha

town constructed public toilet at

bus station and at a place
where many people are using the
toilet.
Some of
the
sanitation
improvements made in the town during the

implementation of step I are as shown on the
photograph below.
Figure: 3.1 Public toilet under construction
Figure: 3.2 Awareness creation made by

TWB and Utility
3.4 Septic tanks

Septic tanks are proposed for
housing units with an in-house/yard
water supply services, for a group
of households with pour-flush
toilets and for hotels and
institutions. Currently, there is no
entity or private has their own
septic tank facility.

3.5 Ventilation Improved Pit Latrines (VIP 1)

This latrine is superior to conventional pit latrines in that offensive smell is
substantially reduced and breeding of flies is discouraged. This latrine is
suitable for individual households. Where there is enough space for two latrines
in a compound, two pits are constructed and used alternatively. Currently no
such system exists.
3.6 Solid Waste Collection and Disposal

3.6.1 Public
It has been observed that Kombolcha, like other rural towns, is suffering from
uncontrolled tipping of solid waste. As a result, all solid wastes generated by
the household are dumped in any open field or drainage ditches available which
in turn causes nuisance to the community.
The current usage of plastic bags has become a problem to the society as they
are thrown anywhere after use. Since this material is not biodegradable, it lasts
long and is creating a problem to domestic animals that feed on waste. This is
because it is not digested in the animal’s stomach and as a result it has been
reported that some animals that scavenge on this refuse have died. To mitigate
this problem, proper handling of solid wastes is found mandatory. For collection
of refuse from densely populated area, communal bins that can serve a group of
households are appropriate.
3.6.2 Commercial Areas
The solid wastes generated in commercial areas are also dumped in open fields
and drainage ditches. This problem is clearly observed in open market areas.
3.6.3 Health Institutions
Most health centers have conventional incinerator, where the solid waste
generated by the center is burnt. The ash from the incinerator is dumped in an
open pit located inside the health center compounds. This has to be
encouraged.
3.6.4 Schools
There is no hazardous waste generated at the schools. Most of the solid waste
is scraped paper but this material can be recycled or burnt in the compounds.
Burning of this material can be done in a simple pit, which could be dug inside
the school compound.
3.7 Waste disposal systems
3.7.1 Vacuum truck
The town has no vacuum truck service. The only municipality owned two
latrines in the town not currently giving service to the public because the pits
are caved and the houses collapsed as a result of poor design and construction.
1
Refer the design drawing album for detail sections.

3.7.2 Communal Solid waste disposal sites

In the town there are two communal solid waste disposal sites under operation.
However, the disposal sites are not properly constructed and protected. From
the survey made regarding dry solid waste disposal, the following results have
been obtained.
Table: 3.3 Dry waste disposal of the town dwellers

S.N Disposal System Respondent Percent
1 Through Municipal collection _ _
2 Burn in their compound 69 35.94
3 Disposing on their garden 12 6.25
4 Open field 93 48.44
5 Open Pit 18 9.38
The dumping of any solid wastes in open field has created environmental
pollution, water contamination, and health hazards especially to children.
3.7.3 Liquid Waste Disposal

There is no liquid waste disposal system currently. Access to such facilities
except to be seen in the future strategic plan of the town. From the residents
response to survey conducted during the assessment, the following data are
obtained;
Table: 3.4 Residents response to Liquid waste disposal methods

No. of Percent
S.N Disposal Method
Respondent %
1 Connect to septic thank - -
2 Connect/Disposing to pit Latrine 16 7.84
3 Using road side ditches 17 -
4 Nearby river 3 1.47
5 no facilities 168 82.35

3.7.3.1 Sewerage system

Sewerage system for collecting and disposing waste water from individual
residence require a huge capital. However, at the level of such small towns
creating wakefulness among the community about liquid waste management is
basic task.
3.7.3.2 Slaughter Houses Waste

As far as slaughter houses are considered Kombolcha town has one abattoir.
The liquid waste from the abattoir, including blood and intestinal matter, is
discharged to open ditches, which have insufficient gradient to operate.
3.7.3.3 Industrial Waste

Regarding Industrial waste, there are no Firms in the town that has significance
impact on the sanitation sector.
3.7.3.4 Storm water Drainage System

Currently there is only one a simple storm un lined drainage ditch is
constructed along the main road to the town. Sufficient Storm Drainage ditches
should be constructed for proper management of surface run-off in the town.
3.8 Personal Hygiene and Sanitation

3.8.1 Service Coverage
The coverage and quality of health service together with other development
components has a key role in sustaining a given society. In the town for the
year 2007 there are;
 One Government health center,
 One private clinic (Adventist clinic) and
 One private rural drug vendors.
 17 health personnel in the health centre and health office.
3.9 Top Diseases Records

The morbidity statistics indicated diarrhea, intestinal worms, skin disease were
common in the last year. Data of ten top diseases of the town were not
available. However, the data is available at woreda level. The following table
shows prevailing ten top diseases for the year 2007 in the woreda.
Table: 3.5 Ten top disease in 2006 at woreda level

No of case
S.N Type of Disease Woreda % Coverage
1 Intestinal parasite 2323 26.98
Upper respiratory tract
2 infections 1401 16.27

3 Unknown origin of fever 982 11.41

4 Gastritis 961 11.16
5 Rheumatic disease 789 9.16
6 Diarreal disease 673 7.82
7 Skin infection 497 5.77
8 Pneumonia 346 4.02
9 Malaria 344 4
10 Anemia 294 3.41
Source: - Kombolcha health Station
3.10 Controlling Water Born Diseases

Because of un availability of sufficient quantity and minimum standard quality of
water in the town, water born disease attacks the resident. This resulted in
harvesting of water from un protected hand dug wells and springs for their
domestic use and commercial activities. Table below depicts water born
diseases and cases in 2007 in the town.
Table: 3.6 Water Born disease and cases in 2007.

No. of
S.N Type of disease Percentage (%)
Case
1 Ameobas and Gardiasis 1015 35.1
2 Intestinal parasite 528 18.26
3 Typhoid 28 0.97
3 Diarreal disease 85 2.94
3 Skin infection 497 17.19
4 Eye disease 739 25.55
Source:- Kombolcha health station
3.11 Availability of Health Workers

In the health center the sanitarian is responsible for the whole woreda. The
following table shows the number of health personnel by profession, sex and
experience in 2007.
Table: 3.7 Health Professional Records

2006 2007
S/No Description Male Female Experience Male Female Experience
1 Health Officer _ _ _ _ 1 2
2 Clinical Nurse 3 _ 2 2 1 1

3 Mid wife _ 2 3 _ _ -
4 Sanitarian 1 _ 3 _ _ -
5 BSC Nurse 1 _ 3 1 _ 1
6 Public Nurse 1 _ 3 _ _ -
Pharmacy
7 Tech. 2 - 3 3 _ 3
Laboratory
6 Tech. 2 - 3 2 _ 3
Total 10 2 8 2
Constraints:
The number of staffs available are not enough compared with the size of the
population of the town both for the Health center and for the Health office.
The water distributed by the Utility is not sufficient to meet the population and
institutional demand in the town. The state owned health center and private
clinics that renders health service for the township frequently faces shortage of
water supply and are forced to use water fetched from, river, spring and hand
dug wells. Health and hygiene education are lectured frequently every morning
to out-patients arriving the clinic. The health center keeps records of the
service rendered

4 ANALYSIS FOR INTEGRATED SANITATION PLAN

4.1 Human excreta and Waste Water
In small towns like Kombolcha, proper sewer line is not available this is
because the existing water supply service level is limited to yard connection
types. This indicates that there is no waste water production and removal
facility. Septic tanks and dry pit latrine are the most commonly used services.
Septic tanks, which retain solids in wet reservoir, require regular emptying. Dry
latrines do not require that service because any water disposed in it will
percolate in to the ground. Proper De sludging service shall be available,
especially in the absence of sewerage system.
However, Connecting soak away pits to septic tanks are more economical and
technological option to minimize the sludge volume and the time for emptying
the tank.
The main criteria relevant in the decision on whether or not to build a sewerage
system are:
 The quantity of waste water produced
 The possibility of collecting this waste water from individual houses
 The feasibility of alternative solutions and
 The limitation on those alternatives (insufficient infiltration capacity of
the sub soil, pollution of ground water, etc)
Therefore, for this town the most feasible and economical sanitation facilities
should be planned. And also some improvements should take place on the
existing private dry latrines.
One of the main improvements required for the toilet facilities is the
construction methods and materials that the toilets are made of. The survey
shows that most of the toilets are made of mud and wood walls with corrugated
iron roof cover. The maintenance of many of the toilet facilities is not only poor
but totally neglected. When the traditional pit latrines get filled up, new pit
latrines constructed, if they have space. Otherwise they resort to the use of
open field for excreta disposal.
In nutshell, the following problems are observed regarding existing private pit
latrines in the town:
 Poor construction
 Lack of ventilation
 No regular cleaning of slabs and drop holes and
 Most pit latrines have no door
In addition, the Wall of the pits was not constructed by stone masonry.
Currently many people use the vicinity of the town areas for open field excreta
disposal.
Regarding public/communal latrines, their construction are mostly

recommended for group of households in a densely populated area, for bus
station and for market areas. For households in a densely populated area, the
communal latrine proposed is the dry VIP latrine while for the market water-
dependent system type are more viable. For the water dependent communal
latrine, it is recommended to include urinals. Where water provision is not
accessible, the dry type communal latrine multiple pit VIP latrines are used.
The communal latrine at the market area and at the bus station is assumed to be
administered by the administration of the town.
For the sake of health among the other the municipality of the town should be
encouraged to construct public latrines. In so doing, their sustainability should
not be overlooked, as their operation and maintenance require due attention.
The town’s community and the municipality need to consider this aspect
seriously in order to make appropriate use of public latrines. The municipality
also needs to revise development strategies in this area to bring about long
lasting solution. These may include the introduction of group and public latrines
simultaneously, by identifying target areas of kebeles.
A projection has been made of possible types of sanitation facilities, the volume
of sludge these generate and the collection capacity required. The main points
required for this forecast is the technical relation between water supply and
waste water facilities. For calculation purpose a simple water supply and
Sanitation relation matrix is used.
Table: 4.1 Water supply and Sanitation relation matrix

Water supply connection Sanitation facility
House connection, (private) Sewerage or Septic tank
Yard tap, (private) Septic tank or pit latrine

Shared yard tap and public tap Pit latrine or no facility
Traditional source No sanitation facility
4.2 Solid Waste disposal

In the town there are two communal solid waste disposal sites under operation.
However, the disposal sites are not properly constructed and protected. From
the survey made regarding dry solid waste disposal, the following results have
been obtained.
Table: 4.2 Dry waste disposal of the town dwellers

1 Through Municipal collection _ _
2 Burn in their compound 69 35.94
3 Disposing on their garden 12 6.25
4 Open field 93 48.44
5 Open Pit 18 9.38
The dumping of any solid wastes in open field has created environmental
pollution, water contamination, and health hazards especially to children.
In addition improved environment management, proper dry waste management

plays a vital role. However, due to limited awareness about dry waste disposal
attention is not given to this issue. In most cases dry waste from human
activities and similar garbage are simply damped anywhere in the town.
Awareness regarding dry waste disposal and adverse effect of improper
disposal is very limited.
4.3 Liquid Waste disposal
The liquid waste disposal system in Kombolcha town is not yet practiced. As
the town, Kombolcha is categorized as small rural town, provision of sewerage
system for collecting and disposing waste water from individual residence
requires a huge investment. Disposal of sullage is mostly performed on open
fields adjacent to their home and one open ditches provided for environmental
drainage. Therefore, provision of soak away pits at any household area is
recommended for proper disposal of sullage. The following table shows sample
survey of the town liquid waste disposal on few house holds.

Table: 4.3 Liquid waste disposal of the town dwellers

1 Connect to septic tank _ _
2 Connect/Disposing to pit latrine 45 23.44
3 Disposing road side ditches - -
4 Near by river 36 18.75
5 No facilities 111 57.81
4.4 Personal hygiene and Sanitation

Sanitation Promotion and Hygiene Education need to be given prior attention.
The initial focus in this component has to be awareness creation in community
and house hold behavior and sanitation practices towards breaking the fecal-
oral chain.
One best entry point may be, incorporating sanitation promotion and hygiene
education as part of the elementary school curriculum. This has again to be
supported with strengthening the school sanitation clubs. Students should also
demonstrate their acceptance by having clean latrines at their schools and
promote the idea to their homes.
Current conditions proved the schools latrines are offensive to use, bad lesson
to take home. One important aspect on the hardware is the inclusion of urinals
to boys’ latrines to have a water line where available. Urinals substantially
decrease dirtying squatting plates and reduce the services burden of toilets.
Personal hygiene and sanitation are highly correlated with the sufficient
distribution of water supply. However, the water distributed by the Utility is not
sufficient to meet the population and institutional demand in the town. The state
owned health center and private clinics that renders health service for the
township frequently faces shortage of water supply and are forced to use water
fetched from, river, spring and hand dug wells. Health and hygiene education
are lectured frequently every morning to out-patients arriving the clinic. The
health center keeps records of the service rendered. But this problem can be
solved after implementation of Step-3 water supply project plan.
4.5 Environmental Drainage

There is no proper drainage system in the town except the drainage ditch
constructed along the main road of the town. In other parts of the town,
drainage ditches are not constructed for proper management of surface run-off.
However, the town topography is characterized by gentle to steepy slopes and
is convenient for drainage.

Therefore, proper environmental drainage facility should be planned so that the

town municipality will implement with in the targeted design period.

5 PROPOSED INTEGRATED SANITATION PLAN

5.1 General
Water supply and Sanitation are highly interconnected. With improved service
level and increased quantities of water are supplied in to the town, adequate
facilities have to be in place to allow the evacuation of the additional water;
otherwise there may be adverse impacts on the environmental health
conditions. Thus, parallel planning of provision of sanitation facilities and water
supply is essential.
5.2 Sanitation and Water

Sanitation technologies are strongly linked to the available service level of
water supply. Some systems, which require large quantities of water such as
conventional sewerage, cannot be provided in areas that rely on hand-carried
water supplies from public tabs. On the other hand, pit latrines cannot cope with
the large volumes of wastewater that are produced from the house with an
individual water connection and internal plumbing system. Sanitation technology
selection must therefore be considered in to water supply service level.
5.3 Waste Water Volumes and Sewerage

Therefore, households consuming sufficient quantity of water, i.e. those which
have a private house connection can technically be served by sewer.
The potential number of customers of a sewerage service is therefore limited to

private water connection users. In addition there is a potential to serve non-
domestic water users with sewers as these may consume and generate
significant quantity also.
The following table shows calculated potential of sewer customers, the

domestic and non domestic water consumption potential and the volume of
waste water produced. The volume of waste water produced is estimated as a
percentage of water consumption. Most of the time the volume of waste water
is estimated in the range of 70% to 80% of the water consumed.
Table: 5.1 Potential Sewer Flows

Horizon (Year)
Description Unit
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2017
POPULATION 10105 10953 11872 12840 13888 14992 15577
Coverage by service type

HC % 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3
YC % 30 34 38 42 46 50
PF % 55 53.8 52.6 51.4 50.2 48.7
NC % 14.7 11.7 8.7 5.7 2.7 0
Persons per
HC No 6 6 6 6 6 6
YC No 12 12 12 12 12 12
PF No 300 300 300 300 300 300
NC No
No. of connection by
HC No 5 10 15 21 27 34
YC No 274 336 407 486 575 649
PF No 20 21 23 24 25 25
Population served by
HC No 36 59 90 125 165 203
YC No 3286 4036 4879 5833 6896 7789
PF No 6024 6387 6754 7138 7526 7586
DEMAND
Domestic demand
Per capita demand by

different levels
HC l/c/d 35 36 37 38 39 40
YC l/c/d 20 22 24 26 28 30
PF l/c/d 15 16 17 18 19 20
Consumption daily
HC m3/d 1.2 2.1 3.3 4.7 6.4 8.1
YC m3/d 66 89 117 152 193 234
PF m3/d 90 102 115 128 143 152
Total domestic water
demand 157 193 235 285 343 393
m3/d 133 167 207 244 297 349.45
Sewerable Domestic Water m3/d 1.2 2.1 3.3 4.7 6.4 8.1
supply (HC )
Non Domestic demand
a) Industrial Demand as %
of domestic demand
Industrial Demand as % of % 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10%
domestic demand
Table: 5.1 Continued …
Total Industrial Demand m 3/d 8 12 16 23 31 39
b) Commercial and public
demands
Commercial and public % 20% 24% 28% 32% 36% 40%
demands as percentage of
the Total Domestic Demand

Total Commercial and m3/ 31 46 66 91 123 157

public Demand d
c) Livestock demand
Live stock Demand as % of % 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%
domestic demand
Total Livestock Demand m3/
d 8 10 12 14 17 20
Total Non Domestic m3/ 47 68 94 128 171 216
demand d
Sewerable Non Domestic m3/ 39 58 82 114 154 197
Water supply d
Total Non Domestic %
demand rates as a %age
Domestic demand 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%
Waste water production
a) Waste water
production factors
Domestic % 70 70 75 75 80 80
Non-Domestic % 80 80 80 80 80 80
Waste water production
Volumes
Domestic m3/d 0.9 1.5 2.5 3.6 5.1 6.5
Non-Domestic m3/d 31.5 46.4 65.9 91.2 123.3 157.4
Total waste water m3/d
produced 32.3 47.8 68.4 94.7 128.5 163.9
Peak flow (2*Total waste l/sec
water produced) 0.7 1.1 1.6 2.2 3.0 3.8
Expected no. of sewer
connections
Domestic No 5 10 15 21 27 34
Non-Domestic No 110 142 180 222 270 312
Total Sewer Connections No 115 152 195 243 297 345
Even if it is optimistically assumed that all domestic house water connection

users and all non domestic water users are disposing of their wastewater via
sewers, the total volume remains small. In the planning year 2017 it amounts to
only 163.9 m3/day which is less than the average flow. This is too small to base
a sewer clients will live in the same area close together.
The potential number of customers is also small, only 345 in year 2017.
Therefore, it is clearly seen from the computation that sewerage is technically
not feasibly for this town and other feasible technological option of sanitation
facility is recommended.
5.4 Plan of Toilet Facilities

Depending of their service, toilets can be categorized as: private toilets/house
hold size/, Public toilets and school toilets. The design criteria also varies with

some common characteristics. For all types of toilets the following design
considerations shall be considered;
 Toilets should be airy and light. It shall good ventilation, which can be
achieved by erecting only 1.8 to 2 m high walls and keeping 0.5 to 0.8 m
open between the wall and the roof.
 Make adequate space/one should be able to turn freely/
 Provide hand wash facilities
 Use tiles and other smooth finishing at floors and least the lower 1m of
all inner walls
 Keep cleanliness and the ability to keep it clean are crucial for the
sustainability of public toilet.
 The septic tank be accessible for desludging/for flash toilets
 The over flow of the septic tank shall run through a series of soak pits,
or may discharge in to open drain/ for flash toilets
 Carry out infiltration tests before sizing the soak-away pits/ for flash
toilets
 An environment impact estimate of the disposal option is recommended
 Separate disposal of black water (through the septic tank) and grey water
(direct to the ditch) may be recommended.
 Give due attention to levels, grades and slopes
Beside the above design considerations, the following points should be used for
public toilets;
 Locate the building in visible, easily accessible spot. There is no need to
hide from the public eye.
 Public toilet with 5 seats can theoretically serve for 50 peoples per hour,
250 to 400 peoples per day; largely sufficient for bus stations, and good
as first trial at the market area.
 Give some attention to architectural attractiveness
 Provide separate seats and entrance for men and women (at the opposite
side of the building, not at the rear)
 Charge for the service, and provide toilet paper with it
 A typical arrangement for a toilet block and public shower are given in
the drawing album of this document.
 For school latrines it is recommended to use 50 users/hole
The most commonly recommended sanitary technologies for household are

categorized in to four major groups as follows:
Improved traditional pit latrines;
 Ventilated improved pit latrines (VIP);
 Ventilated improved double-pit latrines (VIDP);
 Pour –flash toilets (PF)

The above sanitation technologies are selected in relation to the type of water
supply services, that include house connection (HC), yard connection (YC), and
public water points (PWP).
5.5 De-sludging Requirements

In small towns like Kombolcha, currently there is no de-sludging services
accustomed but it is essential that the septic tanks and latrine pits periodically
emptied.
A projection has been made of possible types of sanitation facilities, the volume
of sludge these generate and the collection capacity required. A key to this
forecast is the technical relation between water supply and waste water
facilities. For calculation purpose, a simple relation is assumed and shown in the
following table.
Table: 5.2 Water supply and sanitation relation matrix

Water supply Connection Sanitation facility
House Connection Septic tank
Yard tap Septic tank or pit latrine
Shared YT and public tap Pit latrine or no facility
Traditional Source No sanitation facility
Percentage distribution of sanitation facilities with population projection is

shown in the following table.
Table: 5.3 Sanitation facilities for the planning Horizon

Uni Horizon (Year)
Description
t 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2017
POPULATION 10105 10953 11872 12840 13888 14992 15577
Sanitation
facilities
HC/Septic tank % 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3
YC/ Septic tank % 3 8 13 20 31 42
YC/ Pit latrine % 27 26 25 22 15 8
PT/Pit latrine % 53 52 52 51 50 48.7
PT/No facility % 2 1.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
NC/No facility % 14.7 11.7 8.7 5.7 2.7 0

The demand for de-sludging is depend on the volume of sludge generated in

each tank of the respecting house hold. It also depends on the type of sanitary
facilities.
Septic tanks, which retain solids in a wet reservoir, require regular emptying.
Dry pit latrines do not require that service because any water disposed in it will
percolate in to the ground. When the dry pit is full with (dry) sludge, the pit is
covered and a new one dug else where. In larger towns ‘’wet’’ pits become
common. They are semi lined pits of a more permanent nature. When the pit is
full, it is usually emptied for reuse, because of limitations in space in the
household’s yard. Such a facility thus constitutes a market for desludging
services.
From the design album of the drawing, it is shown that a typical septic tank has
a capacity of 12 m3, which is recommended for a house hold size. To know the
volume sludge produced the following assumption are used:
 Waste generation rate = 250g/c/day
 House hold size = six persons
 Waste density at house = 500gr/lit
Therefore, waste can be generated from one house per day = 1500g/day or
0.003m3/day (1.1m3/year). Thus, the house hold septic tank requires emptying
every ten years.
Table: 5.4 The No. of Septic tanks and de-sludging requirements

Horizon (Year)
Description Unit
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2017
POPULATION 10105 10953 11872 12840 13888 14992 15577
Water supply
service
levels
HC H. No 5 10 15 21 27 34
YC H. No 274 336 407 486 575 649
PT H. No 1000 1050 1150 1200 1250 1250
NC H. No 268 232 186 132 68 0
Septic tank
use
HC Users % 100 100 100 100 100 100
YC Users % 10 20.6 34.2 47.6 67.4 90
Pit Latrine
use
YC Users % 90 79.4 65.8 52.4 32.6 10
PT Users % 91 96.7 98.9 99.2 99.6 100
De-Sludging
requirements
Septic tanks No 32 79 144 252 415 618

Pit latrines No 1157 1283 1405 1425 1433 1315

Non M3/d
Domestic
Water use 31.5 46.4 65.9 91.2 123.3 157.4
%age
requiring
% 50 55 60 65 70 75
desludging
Estimated No.
of septic tanks No 55 78 108 144 189 234
Total No. of
septic tanks No 87 157 252 396 604 852
5.6 Plan for Disposal of Solid Waste

Solid waste disposal is dry waste disposal from any human activities. Solid
waste disposal has different sanitary technologies.
5.6.1 Drop-off systems
This is a system by which individuals bring the refuse to central collection
points. In this system the solid waste is collected at one point and emptying and
disposal by service provider. This type of sanitary technology is mostly used in
bigger towns where the service providers are easily available and therefore it
is not common and economical in small town like Kombolcha.
5.6.2 Pick-up systems
This is a system by which service providers collect the solid waste from door-
to-door and refuse directly transported to the dump or reloaded on to truck for
disposal. This type of disposal system is usually used in Addis Ababa. Like that
of disposal system in section a) this is also most common in bigger towns and
also needs more service providers.
5.6.3 Non motorized systems
This is a system in which the refuse transported from the households with
simple vehicle or hand or animal drawn carts, bicycle, rickshaws, etc.
5.6.4 Motorized systems
This is a system in which the solid Waste transportation with motorized
vehicles with bigger load and distance capacities.
5.6.5 Composting
This is Aerobic fermentation of organic refuse components by bacteria and
compost Worms.
5.6.6 Small scale landfills
This is type of waste disposal system by which the residual waste is depositing
in earth trenches, subsequently covered with earth after separating out valuable
fractions.

Generally, the most feasible and economical way of solid waste disposal for
small towns is provision of solid waste disposal burning sites for the refuse
transported from each individual house holds and surroundings.
In the implementation of step I of this program; two dry waste disposal sites
were constructed by the contractor and community.
The site for dry waste disposal was located by town municipality, for proper
use of the community. Refuse collection bins/sacks shall be prepared at house
hold level and the peoples shall be instructed to properly collect and dump their
house hold refuses into the main solid waste disposal site at least once a week
and the municipality is responsible to manage the disposed waste.
5.7 Plan for Sullage disposal

Sullage is the term given to household liquid waste, which does not contain
excreta. Sullage could cause for environmental pollution. In this town, the
strategic plan for sullage disposal is to encourage households to construct soak
away pit of various sizes depending on the volume of the sullage. Sullage is
presently dumped in open field in front of residential areas and on the nearby
streets. The soak away pits may need lining with stone, adobe, or other local
materials with open joints.
5.8 Plan for Drainage

In addition to the use of soak away pits, the strategic plan envisages
construction of drainage ditches along the streets. Here in this town, the storm
drainage ditches along the main road constructed in the town is blocked at some
places by rubbish and debris. The plan also proposes to the municipality to
establish and enforce municipal laws concerning prohibition of solid waste
disposal in drainage ditches.
5.9 Proposed Domestic Waste Removal System

5.9.1 Communal Sanitation facilities
a) Public Toilet and Public Shower:

Step I: The previously constructed public toilet was around market area
and in the area where the community settlement is dense. However, it was not
connected with any disposal system. As indicated in the previous section few
communal facilities were constructed during the first step of this program.
These are:
 Two public toilets each having six rooms was constructed by the
immediate service improvement budget of this program, and also

 Two waste disposal sites were constructed.
Step II: For step II implementation; One integrated public toilet with
common shower rooms is recommended for this town. The design drawing is
annexed in the drawing part. However, this type of facility service is for a
group of people, IPTCS is cheaper on per capita basis than individual house
hold latrines.
The facility is designed in such a way that one compartment could serve at
least 25-50 persons. A separate block for women and men has been provided.
The problem with this type of facility is the maintenance aspect. It appears to
belong to no one so there is very little commitment by individuals to keep clean
and operating properly. It is therefore, recommended to provide at least one
paid attendant to keep the facility in good condition.
School Latrines: Pour-flush latrines of the VIP- type should be introduced at

all government Schools. The latrines should be sized at 50 users/hole. The
responsibility for introducing these latrines will lie with the Education
Department at the Woreda level/ or the school administration itself.
b) Pour-Flush Toilets (PFT)

One of the proposed systems in this study is the pour-flush toilet with:
 The pour-flush toilet differs from the cistern kind described above in that
less amount of water is required for flushing.
 The pour-flush bowel is connected to a 100mm diameter pipe of
maximum length of 8 m that discharges into an adjacent pit
 The toilet system has water seal beneath the squatting plate or pedestal
seat and is available in various designs. The two most common basic
types, namely:
 The direct discharge and the offset pit design. both require at least 1 to 2
liters of water (or sludge) to flush the waste.
 PF toilet could also be designed to operate in combination with a septic
tank that is connected to a soak away pit.
The excreta and flush water are discharged, together with all other household
wastewater (sludge), into an underground network of sewers for transport to
waste water (sludge), into an underground net work of sewers for transport to a
waste water treatment works. Alternatively, in low-density areas they may be
discharged in to septic tank.
c) Cistern-Flush Toilets (CFT)

The conventional cistern-flush toilet is basically a water-seal squatting or

pedestal unit in which excreta are deposited and then flushed away by about 10
to 20 liters of clean, potable water that have been stored in a convenient
cistern; the cistern is connected to the household water supply and is provided
with a float valve so that it automatically refills to the correct volume in
readiness for the next flush.
d) Septic Tanks
Septic tanks are rectangular chambers, usually located just below ground level,
to receive domestic wastewater from flush toilets. The wastewater in the tank
is aerobically digested during 1-3 days of retention time to form sludge and
scum. The sludge should be de-sludged from time to time. The effluent from
the tank is discharged in to a soak away pit.
e) Storm water Drainage

In Kombolcha town, there is only a masonry drainage ditch along the main road
of the town. In planning of a drainage system, the first step would be reviewed
the development plan road layout and optimize these, where possible, to
maximize the drainage efficiency. Therefore, proper drainage ditches should be
planned for the town.
In design of drainage ditch the following criteria’s shall be considered;

 Proper estimation of storm water volume for each interceptor
 Selection of site specific types of road side ditches, e.g. open channels,
channels with partly closed tops, or closed conduits dependent on road
use and side access requirements
 Selection of structural measures, which can be constructed from locally
available materials
 Provision of drop structures wherever the slope is high, in order to
protect ditches from excessive erosion
 Use of good workman ship, appropriate slopes and non erodible materials
 Roadside drains that are not too deep as to cause water service or sewer
connections to pass through the channel
Post implementation measures should include:
 Protection from blockage due to poor solid waste disposal management
 Channel cleaning before rainy seasons
 Provisions of proper maintenance
It shall be noted that fully the town drainage system is not implemented but
work should be commenced at some essential parts of the town.
5.10 Hygiene Education and Awareness Creation

Provision of water supply and sanitation services alone will not achieve their
objectives unless complemented with hygiene education and behavioral
changes.
Technologies: The achievement of water supply and sanitation objectives

depends upon a combination of education, improvement in personal hygiene and
appropriate water supply and sanitation technologies.
Impacts: In the implementation of step I of this program a number of meetings

were held with the town dwellers, Utility and TWB to give awareness on
sanitation. At present at least some the communities behavior, belief, attitude
is changed and they are fully aware on alternative sanitation technologies
available and how they relate to their needs.
Education promotion: However, the promotion of community awareness or

hygiene education will definitely requires a long time and time to time contact
with the community to fully change the attitude of the whole residents, based on
the inputs from the various stakeholders:
 The municipality in coordination with TWB is the responsible body to
coordinate and plan for promotion of community awareness.
 The TWB with municipality should have a broad goal of community
development, with sanitation, water supply and hygiene education as its
priority.
 It is also recommended that representatives of the various ethnic,
economic, religious, and political sector of each Kebele shall form a
committee of hygiene education.
6 INTEGRATED SANITATION PLAN

6.1 Implementation Plan
Integrated sanitation is planned to be implemented with different stake holders.
Municipality, any interested non governmental organizations, the town dwellers
and the town water and sanitation board in collaboration with the Utility are
expected to implement the plan.
All types of the toilets required at house holds are expected to be constructed
by the residents them selves with their own cost. Dry waste disposal sites and
Public shower and toilets are expected to be constructed by municipality, may
be with financial aid from this program. Latrines that are at public services like
school, health centers, religion places and bus stations are expected to be
implemented by responsible body.
6.1.1 Intervention types

The sanitation facilities proposed at house hold levels are chosen based on
economic benefits, easy of construction at community level and easy of
operation and maintenance. The following assumptions are used for provision of
sanitation facilities;
 40% of the households that have water supply services with house
connections will have some type of flush toilet.
 50% of the households that have yard connections will have VIP or higher
quality toilets
 100% of the households that use public water points and from traditional
sources will have improved traditional pit latrines or VIP latrines or even
higher grade latrines.
The projected water demand for the year 2017 indicates that about 46% the
households in the town draw water from public water points at a consumption
rate of about 20 l/c/d.
 48% to have yard connections at a consumption rate of 30 l/c/d and
 6% with house connection at a consumption rate of about 40 l/c/d.
Table: 6.1 Types and number of toilets up to the year 2017 with respect
household size
S/No. Facilities No
1 Assumed 40% of households with HC install flush toilets 15
2 Assumed 50% of households with YC install VIP latrine or
higher grade toilets 351
3 Assumed 100% of households served by PWP install
traditional pit latrine or higher grade toilets 1368
6.1.2 Cost Estimate

Financial self-sufficiency should be the distant goal to improve Sanitation.
Substantial capital subsidies, usually from the regional government may be
required for water borne sanitation systems. The basis for the cost estimate is
the year 2007 price level. Table 6.3 shows indicative capital and annual
operation and maintenance costs of sanitary and equipment.
The annual operation and maintenance cost is based on the assumption that
most of the work is going to be done by labor only. For equipment, both running

and maintenance cost are included. In arriving at the total investment, operation
and maintenance cost, the following assumptions were made:
6.1.3 Work Schedule

This integrated sanitation plan is designed to be implemented with in the
expected ten years design period by the town resident under the supervisory
role of the town administration. Year 2008 and 2017 are the starting and end of
the design period.
Table: 6.2 Toilet type and expected projection numbers

Year
Description 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Pour
flash toilet 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 15
VIP Latrine 143 159 175 194 212 233 253 276 299 351
Dry latrine 1120 1155 1191 1228 1265 2303 1342 1380 1400 1421
Table: 6.3 Indicative Unit Costs of Sanitary Facility in ETB

Unit cost of
Annual O & M
S/No Description facility or
cost per unit
equipment
1 Improved traditional pit 6015 500
2 VIP latrine 15768.00 500
3 VIP latrine shared 37,200.00 1500
4 VIP latrine, Community 103,140.00 5400
5 Public Shower and Toilet 116,215.00 3000
VIP latrine, collective (eg. In schools) 103,140.00 5400
7 VIP latrine, collective (eg. In market) 103,140.00 5400
8 Pour-flush toilet with soak away pit 21,560.00 500
9 Pour-flush toilet with septic tank
and with soak away pit 39,560.00 500
10 Cistern-flush with soak away pit 22,560.00 500
11 Cistern-flush toilet with septic
tank and with soak away pit 40,560.00 500
12 Sludge soak away pit 1000 100
13 Garbage collection bin 600 150
14 Sludge dumping site 3500 500

Table: 6.4 Total Cost

S/No. Facilities No Capital cost O&M cost
1 Assumed 40% of households with HC
install flush toilets 15 458,400.00 7,500.00
2 Assumed 50% of households with YC
install VIP latrine or higher grade toilets 351 4,212,000.00 175,500.00
3 Assumed 100% of households served by
PWP install traditional pit latrine or
higher grade toilets 1421 8,547,315.00 684,000.00
6.2 Monitoring and Evaluation

Monitoring and evaluation shall be expected to be performed by any
stakeholder or households in the town or municipality or woreda health office
or any other concerned body, weather or not the works are performed as per
the schedule.
Monitoring and evaluation method can be by reporting, physical observation and

conducting community meeting.
6.3 Planning matrix

The planning matrix of integrated sanitation facilities is designed in relation to
the type of domestic household water supply and non-domestic water supply
establishments.
The non-domestic establishments include schools, market areas, health

stations, government offices, hotels and restaurants, etc.

Table: 6.5 Planning matrix for proposed sanitary technologies

Types of water Supply
Proposed Household Sanitation Facility
Services
Traditional water Improved traditional pit latrines;
source and public Ventilated improved pit latrines (VIP);
water point users(PWP) VIDP latrines
Soak away pit for sludge
Yard Connections (YC) Ventilated improved pit latrines (VIP);

VIDP latrines
Pour-flush toilet with simple water seal and on – site
pit;
Pour-flush toilet + Soak away pit
House Connections (HC) Pour-flush toilet + Soak away pit
Cistern-flush toilet + Soak away pit
Pour-flush or Cistern-flush toilet + Soak away pit
Table: 6.6 Proposed sanitary Technologies for Non domestic Households

Service Category Proposed Sanitation Facility

Communities Community managed VIP latrines with washbasin

Ventilated improved pit latrines (VIP) with
washbasin
Hospitals, Health Pour-flush toilet + Soak away pit washbasin
Centers and Clinics Cistern-flush toilet + Septic tank + Soak away pit
washbasin
Schools and Collective VIP latrine with wash basin
Training Centers Pour-flush toilet + Soak away pit with washbasin
VIP latrine with wash basin
Market areas Cistern -flush toilet + Soak away pit
and Bus terminals Cistern-flush toilet + Septic tank + Soak away pit
Collective VIP latrine with wash basin
Hotels, Restaurants Pour-flush toilet + Soak away pit washbasin
and Drinking Places Cistern-flush toilet + Septic tank + Soak away pit
7 RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions and necessary recommendations are set at every design

considerations and sanitation technological option of this document.

ANNEX – A BILL OF QUANTITIES

ANNEX – A BILL OF QUANTITIES

Part I Improved Tradition pit
Item Town
no Descriptoin Unit Qnty Factor Rate Amount
1 EARTH WORK
4.5 67.5
1.1 Site clearing and grubbing m2 12 1.25 0 0
10.0 150.0
2
1.2 Removing of top soil to a depth of 20cm m 12 1.25 0 0
25.0 312.5
1.3 Bulk excavation for dry pit size 2x2m, 2.5 depth m3 10 1.25 0 0
150.0 375.0
1.4 Excavation in hard rock m3 2 1.25 0 0
Cartaway of surplus excavated soil to a 20.0 300.0
3
1.5 distance of 500m away m 12 1.25 0 0
2 CIS Wall WORK 1.25
Supply and construct CIS wall including 65.0 1,868.7
2.1 eucalyptus posts and purlin m2 23 1.25 0 5
3 Door and Window 1.25
80.0 100.0
3.1 Supply and fix CIS door size 2x0.9m no 1 1.25 0 0
Supply and fix wire mesh over the door. Size 250.0 312.5
3.2 2.0x0.3m no 1 1.25 0 0
4 CARPENTERY WORK 1.25
Supply and construct G-32 CIS roof cover
including eucalyptus truss and purlin 70.0 1,137.5
4.1 ,size7x5cm m2 13 1.25 0 0
5 MESLLANOUS WORK 1.25
5.1 Supply and construct wooden slab. Ls 1 1.25 1,000.0 1,250.0

0 0
5,873.
Total of part - I 75
Part II Improved Tradition pit/higher grade/

Item Town
1 EARTH WORK
4.5 67.5
10.0 150.0
1.2 Removing of top soil to a depth of 20cm m2 12 1.25 0 0
25.0 312.5
1.3 Bulk excavation for dry pit size 2x2m, 2.5 depth m3 10 1.25 0 0
150.0 375.0
3
1.4 Excavation in hard rock m 2 1.25 0 0
1.5 distance of 500m away m3 12 1.25 0 0
2 STONE MASONARY 1.25
Provide and construct with basaltic or 450.0 6,750.0
3
2.1 equivalent stone masonary wall m 12 1.25 0 0
3 CIS Wall WORK 1.25
Supply and construct CIS wall including 65.0 1,868.7
3.1 eucalyptus posts and purlin m2 23 1.25 0 5
4 Door and Window 1.25
80.0 100.0
4.1 Supply and fix CIS door size 2x0.9m no 1 1.25 0 0
4.2 2.0x0.3m no 1 1.25 0 0
including eucalyptus truss and purlin 70.0 1,137.5
5.1 ,size7x5cm m2 13 1.25 0 0
Supply and construct wooden slab. Over laied 1,600.0 2,000.0
6.1 by 10 cm thick concrete and approprate seat Ls 1 1.25 0 0
Supply and install PVC vent pipe DN 100mm 150.0 187.5
9.1 having length of 3.5m at the center of floor slab Ls 1 1.25 0 0
Construct and install concrete inspection 350.0 437.5
9.2 manhole cover on the floor. Size 0.5x0.5m Ls 1 1.25 0 0
Supply and construct 0.6m wide stone pavement 70.0 1,400.0
9.3 around dry pit laterin including drain ditch. m 16 1.25 0 0
15,398.
Total of part - II 75
Part - III Construction of dry pit laterin/VIP Shared - higher grade/ for two
families
Item Town
1 EARTH WORK
5.0 81.2
1.2 Removing of top soil to a depth of 20cm m2 12 1.25 10.0 150.0

0 0
25.0 703.1
3
1.3 Bulk excavation for dry pit size 3x3m, 2.5 depth m 22.5 1.25 0 3
150.0 937.5
1.4 Excavation in hard rock m3 5 1.25 0 0
1.5 distance of 500m away m3 22.5 1.25 0 0
2 STONE MASONARY 1.25
Provide and construct with basaltic or 450.0 8,437.5
2.1 equivalent stone masonary wall m3 15 1.25 0 0
3 CONCRETE WORK 1.25
1,274.0 3,185.0
3
3.1 C-20 reinforced concrete slab m 2 1.25 0 0
1,274.0 1,274.0
3.2 Ditto but column m3 0.8 1.25 0 0
1,274.0 796.2
3.3 Ditto but top tie beam m3 0.5 1.25 0 5
4 FORMWORK 1.25
Supply and fix good quality formwork for floor 75.0 1,875.0
2
4.1 slab ,column and top tie beam m 20 1.25 0 0
5 RE-BAR 1.25
Supply ,cut, bend and place 6mm dia. Bar for 15.0 468.7
5.1 stirrups kg 25 1.25 0 5
15.0 4,031.2
5.2 Ditto but 12mm dia. Bar kg 215 1.25 0 5
6 HCB WORK 1.25
Supply and construct HCB wall with 160.0 5,000.0
6.1 20x20x40cm hollow block m2 25 1.25 0 0
45.0 2,812.5
6.2 Apply pointing of internal and external wall m2 50 1.25 0 0
7 METAL WORK 1.25
403.0 1,007.5
7.1 Supply and fix metal door size 2.1x0.6m no 2 1.25 0 0
7.2 2.6x0.3m no 2 1.25 0 0
including eucalyptus trussand Zigba purlin 145.0 2,356.2
8.1 ,size7x5cm m2 13 1.25 0 5
Supply and install PVC vent pipe DN 100mm 150.0 187.5
9.1 having length of 3.5m at the center of floor slab Ls 1 1.25 0 0
Construct and install concrete inspection 350.0 437.5
9.2 manhole cover on the floor. Size 0.5x0.5m Ls 1 1.25 0 0
Supply and construct 0.6m wide stone pavement 70.0 1,400.0
9.3 around dry pit laterin including drain ditch. m 16 1.25 0 0
36,328.
Total of part -III 38
Part IV Public toilet (Can be school toilet, toilet at market place, at bus station and health
stations)
Item Town
no Descriptoin Unit Qty Factor Rate Amount

Public toilet
1 Earth work
5.0 312.5
2
1.1 Site clearing and grubbing m 50 1.25 0 0
Excavation for foundation to a depth not 20.0 700.0
1.2 exceeding 1.5m m3 28 1.25 0 0
150.0 1,875.0
1.3 Ditto but hard formation m3 10 1.25 0 0
Back fill under hard core and around the wall 60.0 1,350.0
3
1.4 with selected material. m 18 1.25 0 0
20.0 250.0
1.5 Bulk excavation to reduce the slope m3 10 1.25 0 0
Cartaway of surplus excavated soil to a 20.0 1,625.0
1.6 distance of not less than 1km. m3 65 1.25 0 0
Provide and construct hard core under mass 60.0 2,100.0
2
1.7 concrete a thickness of 25cm m 28 1.25 0 0
2. Concrete work 1.25
Supply and construct 10cm thick mass concrete 1,173.0 7,331.2
2.1 C-15 m3 5 1.25 0 5
1,274.0 1,911.0
2.2 Provide and construct C-20 grade beam m3 1.2 1.25 0 0
1,274.0 1,592.5
3
2.3 Ditto but column m 1 1.25 0 0
1,274.0 1,911.0
2.4 ditto but top tie beam m3 1.2 1.25 0 0
65.0 2,112.5
2.5 Apply 3cm thick cement screeding m2 26 1.25 0 0
3. masonary work 1.25
Provide and construct 50cm wide basaltic or 450.0 9,000.0
3.1 equivalent stone masonary m3 16 1.25 0 0
4. Formwork 1.25
75.0 3,281.2
4.1 Supply and fix good quality formwork m2 35 1.25 0 5
5. Reinforcement bar 1.25
Supply ,cut,bend and fix reinforcement bar 6mm 13.0 893.7
5.1 dia. kg 55 1.25 0 5
13.0 3,250.0
5.2 Ditto but 12mm dia kg 200 1.25 0 0
6. HCB work 1.25
Supply and construct HCB wall class C- 160.0 14,000.0
2
6.1 20kg/cm2 size 20x20x40cm m 70 1.25 0 0
Provide and construct seramic tile on urine 85.0 2,125.0
6.2 removal channal m2 20 1.25 0 0
Apply pointing of internal and external wall of 40.0 7,000.0
6.3 HCB m2 140 1.25 0 0
45.0 1,125.0
2
6.4 Apply plastering of concrete surfaces m 20 1.25 0 0
7. Metal work 1.25
750.0 1,875.0
7.1 Provide and fix steel door, size 1x2m no 2 1.25 0 0
700.0 4,375.0
7.2 Ditto but size 0.70x2m no 5 1.25 0 0

Provide and fix glazed and grilled window ,size 200.0 1,250.0
7.3 1.20x0.4m no 5 1.25 0 0
400.0 1,000.0
7.4 Ditto but good quality wire mesh size 1.9x0.40m no 2 1.25 0 0
8. Roof work 1.25
Supply and construct G-32 CIS cover including
7x5cm Zigba purlin and eucalyptus wooden 145.0 9,062.5
8.1 truss and post. m2 50 1.25 0 0
9. Painting work 1.25
Supply and paint synthetic paint for, 25.0 625.0
9.1 column,grade beam and top tie beam. m2 20 1.25 0 0
Supply and paint one coat of anti-rust,two coats 25.0 1,562.5
9.2 of synthetic paint. m2 50 1.25 0 0
10. Finshing work 1.25
Provide and construct 25cm thick pointed 110.0 4,290.0
10.1 pavement around toilet block m 31.2 1.25 0 0
Fencing around the compound of public toilet
,guard house and shower block with treated
wooden post every 1.5m spacing and digonal
bracing at corners. Size 15x20m . 2m above the
ground level and 0.50m below the ground with 50.0 3,750.0
10.2 concrete foundation. no 60 1.25 0 0
Supply and fix 3mm thick barbed wire around
the fence every 20cm spacing up to 1m and 50.0 3,750.0
10.3 above 1m 40cm spacing with digonal bracing. m 60 1.25 0 0
Supply and construct G-32 CIS cover man gate
including 7x5cm Zigba purlin framed . Size 250.0 312.5
10.4 1x2m. no 1 1.25 0 0
Supply and install pipe for flashing and hand 1,500.0 1,875.0
10.5 wash basin Gs pipe 3/4`` as required. Ls 1 1.25 0 0
200.0 1,500.0
10.6 Supply and install flashing devices on toilet no 6 1.25 0 0
350.0 1,750.0
10.7 Supply and install hand wash basin no 4 1.25 0 0
100,723.
Sub total 25
PART V SEPTIC TANK

1. Earth work
5.0 125.0
50.0 2,812.5
1.2 Excavation for pit of septic tank m3 45 1.25 0 0
150.0 2,625.0
3
1.3 Ditto but hard formation m 14 1.25 0 0
20.0 1,250.0
1.4 Cart away of excavated surplus material m3 50 1.25 0 0
Back fill around the wall using previously set 20.0 500.0
1.5 aside soil m3 20 1.25 0 0
60.0 1,200.0
1.6 Hard coring under floor slab, 20cm thick m2 16 1.25 0 0
2.1 Lean concrete C-10 under floor slab, 5cm thick m2 16 1.25 50.0 1,000.0

0 0
1,173.0 4,398.7
3
2.2 C-15 reinforced concrete floor slab m 3 1.25 0 5
1,173.0 3,665.6
2.3 Ditto but roof slab of septic tank m3 2.5 1.25 0 3
Provide and place pre-cast R.C manhole cover 700.0 1,750.0
2.4 on roof slab , size 65x65 cm. no 2 1.25 0 0
3. Masonary work 1.25
Supply and construction 40cm wide at the top ,
90cm at bottom basaltic or equivalent stone 450.0 16,875.0
3.1 masonary m3 30 1.25 0 0
Supply and construct HCB parition wall class -c 160.0 1,400.0
2
3.2 20kg/cm2,size 20x20x40cm m 7 1.25 0 0
4. Formwork 1.25
Supply and use formwork for floor slab and roof 75.0 1,406.2
4.1 slab m2 15 1.25 0 5
5. Reinforced bar 1.25
Provide, cut ,bend and place high yeild steel 13.0 1,137.5
5.1 8mm dia for floor slab kg 70 1.25 0 0
13.0 2,925.0
5.2 Ditto but roof slab 12mm dia. kg 180 1.25 0 0
6. Mesllanous work 1.25
Supply and fix PVC pipe DN 150mm dia drain 500.0 625.0
6.1 pipe as required Ls 1 1.25 0 0
Supply and fix PVC pipe DN 100mm ventilation 300.0 750.0
6.2 pipes pcs 2 1.25 0 0
44,445.
Sub total 63
PART VI SOAK AWAY PIT

1 Earth work
5.0 62.5
20.0 450.0
3
1.2 Excavation for soak away pit m 18 1.25 0 0
150.0 1,125.0
1.3 Ditto but hard formation m3 6 1.25 0 0
20.0 500.0
1.4 Cartaway of surplus excavated soil m3 20 1.25 0 0
250.0 1,562.5
1.5 Supply and place stone aggregate m3 5 1.25 0 0
2.masonary work 1.25
Provide and construct dry masonary width 350.0 2,625.0
2.1 40cm up to 1.5m m3 6 1.25 0 0
Provide and construct basaltic or equivalent
stone masonary of width 40cm with cement 450.0 2,812.5
3
2.2 mortal 1:3 m 5 1.25 0 0
1,500.0 2,250.0
3.1 Supply and construct R.C roof slab 15cm thick m3 1.2 1.25 0 0
Supply and construct R.C pre-cast manhole 700.0 875.0
3.2 cover size 65x65 no 1 1.25 0 0
4. Pipe work 1.25

Supply and fix DN 150mm PVC pipe for 300.0 375.0

4.1 drainage pcs 1 1.25 0 0
Supply and install vent pipe on roof slab up to 200.0 250.0
4.2 1m pcs 1 1.25 0 0
5. Formwork 1.25
85.0 1,062.5
5.1 Provide and fix formwork for roof slab m2 10 1.25 0 0
6. Reinforcing bar 1.25
Supply and fix reinforcing bar for roof slab 13.0 1,300.0
6.1 cover every 15cm spacing 12mm dia kg 80 1.25 0 0
15,250.
Total of part - VI 00
Part - VII Public Shower and Toilet
Item Town
1 Earth work
5.0 312.5
Excavation for foundation to a depth not 20.0 650.0
1.2 exceeding 1.5 m3 26 1.25 0 0
150.0 937.5
3
1.3 Ditto but hard formation m 5 1.25 0 0
Back fill under hard core and around the wall 50.0 500.0
1.4 with selected material m3 8 1.25 0 0
25.0 250.0
1.5 Bulk excavation to reduce the slope m3 8 1.25 0 0
Cart away of surplus excavated soil to a 20.0 750.0
1.6 distance of 1km m3 30 1.25 0 0
Provide and construct 25cm thick basaltic or 60.0 3,300.0
1.7 equivalent hard core m2 44 1.25 0 0
Supply and construct 10cm thick mass concrete 1,173.0 5,131.8
3
2.1 C-15 m 3.5 1.25 0 8
1,274.0 3,344.2
2.2 Provide and construct C-20 grade beam m3 2.1 1.25 0 5
1,274.0 1,274.0
2.3 Ditto but column m3 0.8 1.25 0 0
1,274.0 3,344.2
3
2.4 Ditto but top tie beam m 2.1 1.25 0 5
65.0 2,600.0
2.5 Apply 3cm thick cement screed m2 32 1.25 0 0
3. Masonary work 1.25
Provide and construct 50cm thick basaltic or 480.0 10,800.0
3.1 equivalent stone masonary m3 18 1.25 0 0
4. formwork 1.25
85.0 3,187.5
4.1 Supply and fix good quality formwork m2 30 1.25 0 0
5.Reinforcing bar 1.25
21.6 2,187.0
5.1 Provide,cut,bend and place 6mm dia bar kg 81 1.25 0 0
16.2 6,682.5
5.2 Ditto but 12mm dia. kg 330 1.25 0 0
6. HCB work 1.25

Provide and construct hollow block class-c 160.0 18,000.0

6.1 20kg/cm2 20x20x40cm(Class_B) as approved m2 90 1.25 0 0
Apply three coats of plastering on internal wall 45.0 3,656.2
2
6.2 and concrete surfaces m 65 1.25 0 5
40.0 2,750.0
6.3 Apply pointing of external wall m2 55 1.25 0 0
7. Metal work 1.25
Provide and fix 1mm thick of ribbed metal door 750.0 1,875.0
7.1 size 0.9x2.0 no 2 1.25 0 0
700.0 4,375.0
7.2 Ditto but size 0.70x2m no 5 1.25 0 0
Provide and fix glazed and grilled window ,size 200.0 1,250.0
7.3 1.20x0.4m no 5 1.25 0 0
8. Roof work 1.25
Provide and construct G-32 CIS cover including 155.0 14,356.8
2
8.1 eucalyptus truss, post and zigba purlin(7x5cm) m 74.1 1.25 0 8
9. Painting work 1.25
Supply and paint synthetic paint,grade beam, 25.0 562.5
9.1 column and top tie beam m2 18 1.25 0 0
Supply and paint one coat of anti- rust and two 25.0 625.0
2
9.2 coats of synthetic paint on doors and windows m 20 1.25 0 0
10. Finshing work 1.25
Fencing around the compound of public toilet ,
and shower block with treated wooden post
every 1.5m spacing and digonal bracing at
corners. Size 15x20m, 2m above the ground
level and 0.50m below the ground with concrete 50.0 3,750.0
10.1 foundation. m 60 1.25 0 0
Supply and fix 3mm thick barbed wire around
the fence every 20cm spacing up to 1m and 50.0 3,750.0
10.2 above 1m 40cm spacing with digonal bracing. m 60 1.25 0 0
Supply and construct G-32 CIS cover man gate
including 7x5cm Zigba purlin framed . Size 150.0 187.5
10.3 1x2m. no 1 1.25 0 0
350.0 1,312.5
10.4 Supply and install flashing devices on toilet no 3 1.25 0 0
Provide and construct 25cm thick pointed
pavement around the shower block, 1m wide 110.0 4,290.0
10.5 including drain m 31.2 1.25 0 0
Supply and install shower device on public
shower rooms(includes shower plates, shower 500.0 1,250.0
10.6 head and floor drain) as approved no 2 1.25 0 0
Supply and install hand wash basin with all 500.0 1,875.0
10.7 necessary fixtures no 3 1.25 0 0
Supply and install GS pipe DN 1/2'' for shower 1,000.0 2,500.0
10.8 as required. Ls 2 1.25 0 0
400.0 1,500.0
10.9 Supply and install wall mounted urinal basin. no 3 1.25 0 0
Supply and fix looking mirror for dressing out 150.0 375.0
10.10 side shower room no 2 1.25 0 0
113,492.
Total of part - 14 00

ANNEX – B SAMPLE SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
ANNEX B: SANITATION AND HYGIENE EDUCATION INTERVENTIONS
Survey Questionnaire
Location:
Region ____________ Zone__________ Woreda ______________

Town /village ______ Kebele ___________

Designated Respondent (write name)
 Husband _______
 Wife ________
 Any adult member of the household ________
Occupation:
 Farmer 
 Merchant 
 Wage employee 
 Daily laborer 
 Other (specify) __________________
Education:
 Illiterate 
 Read and write 
 Grade 1-6 
 Grade 7-12 
 Grade 12+ 
Religion:
 Christian 
 Muslim 
 Other(specify) ___________________
SANITATION
Excreta Disposal (Family/household latrine)
1. Do you have latrine?

1. Yes  2. No 
2. If yes:
a. What type?
 Private pit latrine (traditional) 

 Private pit latrine (VIP) 
 Shared pit latrine (traditional) 
 Shared latrine (VIP) 
 Private flush toilet 
 Shared flush toilet 
 Other (specify) ____________________________
b. How is the condition of latrine? (observe)
Good 
Fair 
Bad 
c. Distance of the latrine from water source ________________
d. Location of the latrine in relation to the water source
 Higher elevation 
 Lower elevation 
e. Distance of the latrine from the dwelling (kitchen) -------------
If you do not have latrine:
a. why not?
 Not felt important 
 Financial problem 
 Materials problem 
 Space problem 
 Other ( specify) ---------------------------
b. Are you willing to contribute money for building one?
1. Yes  2. No 
If no, why not?
Financial Problem 
Not felt need 
Other (specify) ----------------
Solid waste (household refuse)
4. How do you store refuse on site?

 in a container 
 pile up at the corner of the compound 
 Other (specify) _________________
5. Where do you dispose domestic refuse?
 through municipal collection system 
 collect and bury in the compound 
 Collect and burn in the compound 
 in the vegetable garden in the compound
 Open field disposal 
 Other (specify) ___________________________________
Liquid waste (waste water)
6. How do you dispose of sullage?
 open field 
 drainage system 
 other (specify) ------------------------------
Housing Hygiene
7. Type of construction materials ---------------------------------
8. House tenure
 Owned 
 Rented 
 other (specify) _______________________
9. Number of Rooms _____________________
10. Number of Windows ___________________
11. Do you have a separate kitchen?
1. Yes  2. No 
12. Type of cooking facility:
 open fire on the floor 
 Improved stove 
 Other (specify) -------------------------
Bathing facility
13. Do you have bathing facility?

1. Yes  2. No 
If yes, what type?
 Private bath tub/shower/ 
 Public shower 
 Other (specify) ------------------------------
Clothes washing facility
14. Do you have clothes washing facility as part of your dwelling?
1. Yes  2. No 
Hygiene Education (Health Awareness)
15.Do excreta (feces and urine) carry disease?
1. Yes  2. No  3. Don't know 
16.Does water transmit disease?

17.Does improper disposal of solid waste lead to a health problem?
18.Do you believe that water has relation with malaria ? -----
19.Is there any possibility of getting disease through soil?
20.Is there any disease associated with uncooked foods such as
vegetables/fruits, raw meat, raw milk?
21.Do flies transmit disease?
22.Does crowded living condition lead to a health problem?
23.Why do you take bath?
- for health purpose 
- for aesthetic purpose 
- other (specify) _____________________
24.Do you wash hands after visiting toilet?
1. Yes  2. No 
If yes, why?
- hands are the main transmitters of fecal-borne diseases 
- for prestige purpose 
- other (specify) _____________________
If no, why not?
- shortage of water 
- No need for washing 
Other (specify) --------------------------
25.Do you wash hands before eating?
1. Yes  2. No 
- If yes, why?
- Hands carry disease 
- For prestige purpose 
- Others (specify) _____________________
26.Why do you keep your house/premises clean?
- aesthetic purpose 
- to control vectors of disease 
- to control odour 
- to control fire hazards 
- other(specify) _____________________
27.Does poor personal hygiene lead to a health problem?
28.Have you attended hygiene education session in the last one year?
1. Yes  2 . No 
If yes, who provided the education? -----------------------------
School Sanitation
1. Name of school _____________________________________________
2. Name of Respondent __________________________________________
3. Type of latrine and maintenance /operation
Utilization conditions___________________________________________

4. Number of students
5. Number of pupils per latrine/seat or hole ___________________________
6. Water supply system: type and quantity ____________________________
7. Solid waste management system and maintenance condition ____________
8. Ventilation and lighting conditions__________________________________
9. Crowdedness __________________________________________________
10. Hygiene education provision, by whom? _____________________________
Data collector.
Name: -------------------------------
Signature: ----------------------------
Date: --------------------------------
ANNEX – C STANDARD DRAWINGS

REFERENCES
1. Ministry of water resources, Sanitation and Hygiene issue paper, Volume I

and II, June 2003 (by: Kassa kinde and Laike Selassie Abebe)
2. Ministry of water resources, Feasibility study of ten towns on water supply
and sanitation, Volume I and II, July 2003 (by: DHV consultants BV in
association with T & A consultants PLC.)
3. Ministry of water resources, Water supply and sanitation development
project, AWASSA, Volume I, 2003 (by: CES consulting Engineers in
association with Tropics consultants PLC.)
4. TSG reference, toolkits, (by: National consultants)

Integrated Sanitation Plan After Comment, Kombolcha F

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Integrated Sanitation Plan After Comment, Kombolcha F

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Table of Contents

4.1 Human excreta and Waste Water 23

Table: 3.1 Private pit latrines (PPL) percent coverage 14

2 STRETCH CONSULTANTS PLC

Table: 3.6 Water Born disease and cases in 2007. 21

HEWs- Health Extension Workers

To achieve the above objective, Oromia water resources Bureau in

1.2 Scope of the Study

1.3 Objective of this Study

4 STRETCH CONSULTANTS PLC

1.4 Planning horizon

1.6 Existing Sanitation conditions of the Town

1.7 Improvements made during step I and II

As indicated above some improvement works on sanitation, personal hygiene

1.8 Integration Sanitation Plan

Sanitation technologies are strongly linked to the available service level of

Different sanitation technologies options commonly used are selected in relation

6 STRETCH CONSULTANTS PLC

The achievement of water supply and sanitation objectives depends upon a

Education promotion of community, awareness or hygiene education will

 The municipality in coordination with TWB is the responsible body to

Integrated sanitation is planned to be implemented with different stake holders.

8 STRETCH CONSULTANTS PLC

This program is to be carried out in Step by step approach as indicated in the

Accordingly, in Kombolcha town improvement works on sanitation, personal

2.2 Project Background

The Consultant has assessed various scenarios to propose sustainable and

9 STRETCH CONSULTANTS PLC

2.3 Scope of the Study

2.4 Objective of this Study

2.5 Planning horizon

10 STRETCH CONSULTANTS PLC

2.6.3 Stakeholder consultation and analysis

11 STRETCH CONSULTANTS PLC

3 EXISTING SANITATION SITUATION

3.2 Private Pit Latrine

Table: 3.1 Private pit latrines (PPL) percent coverage

12 STRETCH CONSULTANTS PLC

In addition improved environment management, proper dry waste management

The town topography is characterized by flat topography and is not as such

Table: 3.2 Distribution of Households by type of toilet facilities used

3.3 Communal latrines

13 STRETCH CONSULTANTS PLC

town constructed public toilet at

improvements made in the town during the

Figure: 3.1 Public toilet under construction

Figure: 3.2 Awareness creation made by

3.4 Septic tanks

14 STRETCH CONSULTANTS PLC

3.5 Ventilation Improved Pit Latrines (VIP 1)

3.6 Solid Waste Collection and Disposal

15 STRETCH CONSULTANTS PLC

3.7.2 Communal Solid waste disposal sites

Table: 3.3 Dry waste disposal of the town dwellers

3.7.3 Liquid Waste Disposal

Table: 3.4 Residents response to Liquid waste disposal methods

16 STRETCH CONSULTANTS PLC

3.7.3.1 Sewerage system

3.7.3.2 Slaughter Houses Waste

3.7.3.3 Industrial Waste

3.7.3.4 Storm water Drainage System

3.8 Personal Hygiene and Sanitation

3.9 Top Diseases Records

Table: 3.5 Ten top disease in 2006 at woreda level

17 STRETCH CONSULTANTS PLC

3 Unknown origin of fever 982 11.41