TABLE CONTENT PAGE

Background of kombolcha dry port………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1

Vision, mission and value of the port…………………………………………………………………………………………….…2

Objective and goal of the port………………………………………………………………………………………………………….3

Dry port operation system………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..4

Way of transportation system ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….5-8

Function of dry port………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….14

Kombolcha dry port and terminal services chart…………………………………………………………………………….15-16

Receiving international and local shipment………………………………………………………………………………….…17-19

Type of container………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….20-21

The role of logistics and supply chain in dry port……………………………………………………………………………...22

SWOT analysis of kombolcha dry port…………………………………………………………………………………………….23-24

Recommendation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...25

Summary and references……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………26

 BACK GROUND OF KOMBOLCHA DRY PORT
To maintain the commendable economic growth that has been registered in the country over the
last several years, one of the strategic measure taken by federal government Ethiopia is merging
the former three public enterprise that have until recently been operating separately rather similar
and interdependent Martine subsector, namely Ethiopian shipping lines, Martine and transit
services enterprise and dry port enterprise. ELSE has its head quarter located in the near of Addis
Ababa Ethiopia, with main branch at Djibouti, Modjo ,and kality (the former comet) and other
branch in Mekelle, Dredawa, Kombolcha, Semera and Gelan town.

My apparent consider about kombolcha dry port. It is a port located north-central Ethiopia
especially south Wollo zone of the Amhara region in kombolcha town. The Ethiopian shipping and
logistics services enterprise has received 35 hectare of land to relocate the kombolcha dry port in
2004. The reason for was distance of the previous dry port from the city center, which is 8 km
away from the newly constructed rail way line and industrial park in kombolcha woreda , and 380
km of far apart from Addis Ababa Ethiopia. The port has served as an air port and a dry port for
almost a decade. The rail locations will easy the construction to integrate the dry port with the rail
way line and industrial park start the production in kombolcha.

The port is located in the center of the industrial zone and the rail way built from awash to
Woldiya. The port have four machines , one have used to loading and offloading of the con tainer is
known as rich stacker; And the other three machines are used to move cargos from terminal to
warehouse or trucks are known as Forklift .recently the port have three departments; namely
operation department, financial department and ICT department. There are 57 employees those
are works in the above three departments. Generally as this time the port is rending different
services, like loading and unloading of container, stuffing and unstuffing, inspection, warehousing
and so on.

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Vision:
By providing comparative shipping and logistics services, to became preferred and
renowned African logistics company by 2025.

Mission:
Through building and upgrading organizational capacity, to render world class and
competitive shipping and logistics services; thereby contributing towards th e rapid
economic growth of the country.

Value:
 Reliability
 Transparency
 Accountability
 Efficiency
 Productivity
 Professionalism
 Redness to learn and excel

Motto;

We add value to your business!!!

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Objectives:

As set in the regulation issued by the federal government of Ethiopia in 2011 (regulation
number 255/2011), the objective for which the Ethiopian shipping lines enterprise is
established is:
1. To rendered coastal international Martine and inland transport services.
2. To render freight forwarding agency, multimodal transport, shipping agency
And air agency services.
3. To provide the services of stevedoring, shore handling, dry port, warehousing and other
logistics services.
4. To provide container terminal services.
5. To engage in development, management and operation of port.
6. To establish and run human resource development and training center in the field of
Martine profession.
7. To study the country import and export, trade demand and thereby develop
technological capacity in order to Martine and transport services.
8. To engage in other related activities concessive to the achievement of its objective.

In a dry port some specific objectives are the following:

The investments in infrastructure at kombolcha Dry port support the facility to achieve three
key objectives (as it is indicated in the WB document):
(a)To improve the efficiency of processing of current traffic flows;
(b) To increase the capacity of kombolcha to process the projected increasing volumes of trade,
including the interconnectivity between rail and road transportation; and
(c) To facilitate the transformation of kombolcha to become a logistics hub offering a wide range
of logistics services to exports as well as imports and to support diversification into a wider
range of higher value-added exported products.

Goals:
 To give value for customer satisfaction.
 To give priority for peace and well administration in business.
 To give fast delivery services.
 To make synergetic and radical change.
 To use public property properly and fairly.

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 DRY PORT OPERATION SYSTEM
Definition of port: according to Martine sector administration proclamation
number549/2007 it shall means any area designated by the law as a place where goods are
loaded or unloaded in which customs offices is situated and any buildings, installations, and
equipment or adjacent to any sea or dry port used for those purpose.

Port services: means a services berthing and un berthing vessels in a port, to wage and
pivot age of vessels, loading and offloading of the goods on or from vessels , embarkation
and disembarkation of passengers on or from vessels, transport of goods within port;
providing parking services for freight trucks, loading and unloading of goods on such trucks
etc in a sea ports or dry ports, fire fighting services, ship-chandelling warehousing and
other similar services.

Dry or inland port: is an inland intermodal terminal directly connected by road or rail
to a sea port and operating as a center for the transshipment of sea cargo to inland
destination.
It is a special kind of inland terminal which can be described as a type of logistics plat form.

Dry port operation system (DPOS): is a system consist the detail description of
different formalities in order to implementing and controlling of the general flow of goods
or services, information and cargos from origin to final destination through using various
documentation and computerized networking system. Those the above described word s
are some terms related with the DPOS. Developing dry port is one of the strategies
adopted by government in the second edition of the growth and transformation plan as
means to transport cargos effectively and efficiency. The Ethiopian shipping and logistics
service enterprise designing an organizational structure that could be bri ng together the
function of three former enterprises in to an integrated operation. This enterprise
prepared the DPOS in order to reduce the transit time of import and export of goods, and
to ensure the availability of safe and adequate marine transport and dry port services.

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The Ethiopian shipping and logistics enterprise is transshipment of goods by using tw o
ways of transportation systems (that are Unimodal and multimodal transport system).

UNIMODAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM: is the transportation which the goods are carried by
purely one single mode of transportation. It uses multiple documents, mean in different port offer
or use different document. For example in sea port use one bill of loading after arrive other port
prepare other bill of loading as result multiple document should be needed. Unimodal or
intermodal transport in most cases provides port to port, terminal to terminal rather than point to
point, except land transport gates from the beginning point to or point in entries transport.

CHARACTERISTICS OF UNIMODAL TRANSPORT SYSTEM

 It is used multiple document.
 It is carried by one single mode of transport.
 It deals with establish different agency.
 Any risk is responsible for transistor.

ADVANTAGE OF UNIMODAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

 Provide door-to-door delivery in case of land transport used.

 Unimodal transport can serve more efficiently in term of cost when goods are
shipped for port to port or terminal to terminal only, however, whenever the
shipment has to be shipped beyond port or terminal to ending point of transport,
multimodal transport is more efficient in cost since the single contract is made and
it is not necessary for Trader to find carriers to take over the shipment for second
leg of transport and so

DISADVANTAGE OF UNIMODAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

 Costly and risky; due to use one single mode of transport.

 High burden of documentation and formalities.
 Goods shipping only port to port or terminal to terminal basis.
 There is not physical linkage for a truck to run and trucking cost is not in economy
scale.

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 MULTIMODAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

Multimodal transport refers to a transport system operated by one carrier with more than one mode of
transport under the control of one operator. It is a system in which transfer of the goods to different
part of the country using more than one mode of transport. It involves the use of more than one means
of transport such as a combination of truck, railcar, airplane or ship in succession to each other e.g. a
container line which operates both a ship and a rail system of double stack trains.

Inter-customer

Supplier Distribution center

inter-customer

Supplier manufacturing Site

Inter-custome r
Supplier Distribution center

Inter-customer
Figure 1 Diagram of multimodal transportation

CHARACTERISTICS OF MULTIMODAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

 It uses more than two mode of transport.

 It requires transport links, nodes, and services.
 It uses one single document.
 The goods follow under one contract.
 One responsible party for entire carriage.

ADVANTAGE OF MULTIMODAL TRANSPORTATION

 SAVE COST : the saving result from freight rates and therefore improve their competitive
position in international market.
 It will be reflected in reduce freight rates charged by multimodal transport operator and in
the cost of cargo insurance.
 REDUCE BURDEN OF DOCUMENTATION AND FORMALITIE S: the burden of issuing multiple
documentation and other formalities connected with each segmented of the transport
chain is reduce in a minimum.
 ESTABLISH ONLY ONE AGENCY TO DEAL WITH : the consignor has to deal with only one
operator relating to the settlement of claims for loss of goods, or damage to them, or delay
in delivery at destination.
 SAVE TIME : minimize time loss at trans-shipment and providing faster time for transit
goods.

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 Disadvantage of multimodal transportation system

Lack of physical facilities (IT infrastructure especially in the private sector)

Poor coordination among the sect oral agencies

Reliance on paper documents, fax, and emails in the exchange of official information between
government agencies and the private sector

Lack fully fledged cargo tracking along the logistics supply chain

Why choose multimodal transport?

The ESLSE have large amount of cargo to transport on a regular basis can make considerable saving
by choosing the multimodal transport procedure. Multimodal transport policies tend to be far to
more cost effective. It also allows for cargo to be transported to and from areas that would be
otherwise present something of a logistics challenge. not only this but by making more efficient
transport routes viable, multimodal transport can be considered much greener than alternatives.
The lower costs that result from using multimodal transport remain its biggest selling point. It is
ability move large quantities of goods for relatively little money that makes the concept of
multimodal so appealing and worth pursuing .not only can multimodal transportation help to
reduce the immediate shipping cost by defaulting to the best value option, it can also help to
reduce cost by other means.
For example, the different shipping method on offer means that business has more flexibility and
control over the loading and unloading processes. These reduce handling costs can then be passed
on to the consumer.
In today climate, a business can not too environmentally friendly. The more that you can
demonstrate that your business is one that takes their environment seriously, the easier yo u will
be find it to entice long term and loyal customer to the business. Many businesses seem to
remains blissfully unaware of just how much the general public cares about environment conc erns
and anxieties. Switch to a multimodal transport policy can dramatically reduce your business
carbon footprint and the impact that it is having on the environment. Finally, by being prepared to
use a variety of different transportation methods, businesses are more able to access their
equipment. If they are transporting cargo they might potentially need to access prior to its arrival
at its final destination, then multimodal transport is the best way of ensuring that this is possible.
Without multimodal transport, you will only have access to your cargo at a certain points during its
transit, which make s interception or diverting nigh on impossible. By choosing multimodal
transportation and shipping policy, ESLSE will find that they are able to stream line their
transportation logistics. As result, they are not able to not only reduce the amount of time it takes
to ship products from one place to the other but also greatly to reduce the environmental and
financial costs of doing so.

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Dry port operation information system (DOIS work steps)

Full container in process

Step 1: cargo manifest

1.1 container number

Step2: cargo declaration

2.1 operation number
2.2 bill of loading number
2.3 consignee name

Step3: Gate passes in

3.1 gate pass

3.1.1 Operation number

3.1.2 Arrival date

3.1.3 Freight association number

3.1.4 Truck driver name

3.1.5 Truck plate number

3.1.6 Trailer plate number

3.2 container profile

3.2.1 Gate pass number

3.2.2 Services type

3.2.3 Container type

3.2.4 Container size

3.2.5 Seal number

3.2.6 Container number

3.2.7 Cargo weight

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 3.2.8 Container depot

3.3 container interchange report in

3.3.1 Cargo ID

3.3,2 Save CIR IN Grid (when change fine)

3.3.3 Inspected by

Step4: container allocation

4.1 Container number

4.2 Location

4.3 Allocation operator

Step5: notification

Out process
Option1:

Step1: special services request (SSR)

1.1 operation number

1.2 destination

1.3 requested date

1.4 requested by

 container freight station: (CFS)

 full container movement
 full container unstuffing
 detail cargo item counting

 warehouse
 full container movement
 full container unstuffing
 full container stuffing

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  detail cargo counting
 loading cargo to truck by labor
 loading cargo to truck by forklift

 to truck

 full container movement

 full container unstuffing

 loading cargo to truck by labor

 loading cargo to truck by forklift

 grounding
 full container shifting
Or
 full container unstuffing

 full container stuffing

 detail cargo item counting

step2: work order

2.1 SSR number

Step3: terminal tally or warehouse tally

Terminal tally

3.1 work order number

3.2 remark (staff or unsafe)

 warehouse tally

3.1.1 Work order

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 3.1.2 Remark (example fork& local or bekelcha)

Step4: accept special service given

Step5: Good released order

5.1 Operation number

5.2 Transitory name

5.3 Requested by

5.4 Requested date

5.5 Gate Pass ID and cargo ID

5.6 Declaration number

5.7 Item DPV

Step6: basic cargo services

6.1 GRR Number (select)

6.2 Order date (check)

6.7 Save

6.8 generate
Step 7: service bill
7.1 Basic cargo service (BSCNO) select

7.2 Bill number (write)

7.3 Cashier (select)

7.4 Payment method (select)

Step8: goods delivery (warehouse)

 delivery order(DO)

 operation number

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  bill of loading type

 cargo out

step9: good released order

9.1 empty truck admission order

9.1.1 Gate Pass entry type

9.1.2 Operation

9.1.3 Issued date

9.2 bill number

9.3 gate pass ID

9.4 ordered date

Step 1o: Empty truck admission

Step11: Container Interchange out

11.1 Cargo ID

11.2 Save CIR Out Grid (when change fine)

11.3 inspected by

Step12: good released

12.1 change order status to released status

In order to ensure efficient, cost effective and reliable import and export movement of Cargo to and from
the Djibouti port, the government hosted multimodal transport system and the above described the dry
port operation information system (DPOIS). This dry port operation information system enhance the
growth of ours countries by facilitate the distribution of goods quickly and accurately.

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Function of dry port

Dry ports currently play an integral role in the global logistics network relieving seaport from congestions
and enabling more efficient and effective cargo handling with improved logistics solutions to facilitate
cargo transportation for shippers in the port’s hinterland locations.

Dry Port or Inland Clearance Depot (ICD) can be defined as: “A common user facility with public authority
status, equipped with fixed installations and offering services for handling and temporary storage of any
kind of goods (including containers) carried under customs transit by any applicable mode of transport,
placed under customs control and with customs and other agencies competent to clear goods for home
use, warehousing, temporary admissions, re-export, temporary storage for onward transit and outright
export.”

Dry port are a lot of services are to be rending; some function or services are listed below

 port and terminal services such as container station and warehousing

 loading and unloading of containers
 stuffing and unstuffing
 container maintenance and wash
 multimodal and unimodal transport services
 door to door delivery

 Dispatch the Goods to the final customer

Today any type of cargoes is carried by container ships, including break bulk, liquid cargo using different
type of boxes for different kinds of commodities and goods. The port-to-port transportation by
container becomes more popular; however, the requirement of International Trade makes pressure to
transport operator to offer extended service up to the point of delivery beyond the port. The concept of
intermodal transport or combine transport steps into international transportation. In order to facilitate
this flow of goods by container the Ethiopian shipping lines and logistics services enterprises has build
differ dry port for different parts of our countries. The development of dry port in different part of
countries has increase the flow of transshipment of goods, import and export, freight forward and other
commercialization activities. For giving the above services the port has collect or receive the demurrage
cost, freight cost, and other operation costs.

N.B Demurrage cost is the cost which is paid by importer or consignor to port in which the goods to
be wait in terminal more than 8 day. Generally dry port are gives the ultimate services for different
customer on the consideration of their needs and requirement.
The customer to get the above described port and terminal services they must be satisfy the
following precondition; these are listed below in table.

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Table 1 kombolcha dry port and terminal services chart
NO Type of services Precondition for obtain Operation
rending services class
1 Full container
1.1 Security inspection  Djibouti EIR-out Terminal
 Way bill operation
 Driver license safety and
security
class
1.2 Container  Djibouti EIR- out Terminal
inspection  Way bill(transit finished operation
stamp) and
 Driver license inspection
class
1.3 Gate pass in(EIR)  Way bill Terminal
 EIR- out operation
 Driver license gate
controller
1.4 Receive and  EIR-in Terminal
inspection of  Gate pass operation
container  Way bill Door
controller
class
2 Full in
2.1 Receive SSR and  Custom supply order Terminal
give work order  Agent letter and copy ID operation
 Copy bill of loading supervisor
 Letter and passport of foreign operator
minster
2.2 Delivery of Work order
container for
inspection
2.3 To CFS
2.4 To warehouse
2.5 To truck
2.6 Sealing, unstuff, Custom inspection paper Warehouse
stuff and tally Copy bill of loading operator
clerk Container key or seal and tally
clerk
operator
To enter the Custom inspector Terminal
inspected Inspection end document operation
container to class
terminal
2.7 Delivery order(DO)  Original bill of loading
 consignor agent letter
 Original consignor or agent ID
 Copy Consignor trade license
 Sea and land freight invoice
 Settlement of invoice voucher
 Original agreement document

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 sign by consignor and
enterprise Terminal
 Container deposit invoice operation
 2 Original behalf letter of main class
consignor and transistor
2.8 Prepare GRR  1 copy bill of loading Terminal
 1 copy declaration operation
 1 copy custom clearance main class
 1 copy delivery order
 1 copy EIR-Out
 Agent or behalf letter
 1 copy ID
 1 copy SSR
 1 copy tally report
 Goods receipt document

2.9 Billing preparation  Letter of credit Billing

and collection  Bill of debt officer
2.10 Prepare GRO  Service invoice Terminal
 Shipping truck document operation
 Behalf letter class
2.10 Full out  GRO
2.11 Break bulk  GRO Terminal
 Goods delivery document operation
class
warehouse
operator
3 Empty in o
3.1 Security inspection  Djibouti EIR-out Terminal
 Way bill operation
 Driver license inspection
class
3.2 Container empty in  EIR-OUT Door
inspection controller
3.3 Gate pass in and  EIR-OUT
EIR
3.4 RORO  Way bill Terminal
 Drive license car condition operation
report class
3.5 Stuffing and seal o Container report Terminal
document operation
o Delivery order class
o Custom inspection
3.6 Loading or enter to o Gate pass Terminal
terminal o Delivery order operation
o Custom inspection class
Kombolcha dry port and terminal services chart

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Receiving International Shipments

Customs Procedures and Shipping Papers

It cannot be stressed too often: the planning stage of the logistics activities requires careful preparations,
since crucial aspects need to be coordinated in advance and preliminary agreements reached with the
relevant authorities.
During the planning phase, it is essential to establish contact with the customs authorities to learn their
procedures and requirements and, if possible, negotiate special conditions, such as tax exemptions or
priority processing of humanitarian supplies. These agreements should be backed by signed documents, to
prevent having to renegotiate conditions every time high-level customs officials are assigned to new
posts.
During an emergency, moreover, access to customs and other authorities might become more restricted,
as many other organizations and individuals attempt to obtain preferential treatment in the handling of
their imports. Some countries have ratified the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United
Nations, of 13 February 1946, which includes a series of measures to expedite the inflow and outflow of
material supplies. Multilateral agreements among member states of regional pacts, such as the Central
American Common Market or the South American Mercosur, have led to the inclusion, in their customs
legislation, of preferential treatment for such supplies. It is important to know about the applicability of
such measures in individual countries.
When the loaded cargo arrive from abroad, it is generally more convenient to hire a customs agency to
handle all the formalities. However, this is not always possible; if the cargos are emergencies supplies. It
is therefore important to know that all international shipments must include as a minimum the following
documents, which are required to clear the goods through customs:

Bill of Lading or Waybill: This is the shipping contract and proof that the shipment is on board. The
document describes the load in terms of number of packages, volume, weight, and any other useful
information. Bills of lading (B/L) apply to maritime transport; waybills refer to both land and air
transport. It is official shipping document that travels with a shipment, identifies its consignor, consignee,
origin, and destination, describes the goods and shows their weight and freight. it prepared by the
shipping company for its internal record and control, it is neither contract of carriage nor a negotiable
instrument. Common type of way bill include (1) astray way bill, for shipment that was miscarried or got
separated from its original way bill. (2) Blanket way bill, for covering two or more shipment with one
document, and (3) interline way bill, for covering handling of a shipment by two or more carries.

In Ethiopia context the way bill is prepare by Ethiopian shipping line and logistics services enterprise, it
consist the following detail items:
 Container number
 Operation number
 Bill of loading
 Destination
 Size, weight
 Port of loading
 Port of discharge
 Freight association or transporter
 Capacity

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Cargo manifest: This document indicates the type of products Sent, their point of origin and their
destination. It is for the use of customs officials in the country receiving the goods. It is the goods carried
in a means of transport or in a transport unit.
The manifest gives commercial detail of the goods such as
 Transport document number
 Consignor and consignee
 Mark and numbers
 Number and kinds of package
 Destination and quantities of the goods

Packing List: Ideally, the shipment should include this list, which identifies the load package by
package, although the list is not required. This list is used in most cases when an organization is both
sending and receiving the goods. it is a surprising amount of information is required by your customer on
a physical detail of your shipment, to help them import goods successfully. We can help you issue
packing list which meet your customer needs.
Normally, the shipper sends these documents once the supplies have been handed to the carrier. If this has
not happened, one should request that the documents be sent as soon as possible to proceed with the
necessary arrangements.

Receiving Local Shipments

Local shipments are generally less complicated than international shipments, since there is no need for the
authorizations and other paperwork involved in moving goods across national borders. Nevertheless,
preparations are still required. These shipments are generally sent by land to their final destination in the
field, for storage or distribution. They may arrive by commercial carrier or in the transport vehicles
available to the distribution center and port services organization.

Offloading the cargos

Generally, final destination sites do not have access to hydraulic lifting equipment; instead, brawn and
brain must come into play. It is important to know what type of vehicle will carry the load, and what the
characteristics of the consignment are, in order to plan for its arrival. Factors to keep in mind when
preparing to receive a shipment include: A team should be available for offloading. It is also important to
select carefully the precise spot where the consignment will be offloaded, preferably profiting from the
topography of the ground by, for instance, improvising ramps or taking advantage of small irregularities
so that the vehicle platform is even with the ground; Car or truck tires (without the metal rim) can be used
to cushion the fall of packages that cannot be unloaded by hand; All possible safety measures must be
taken for the protection of both the emergency supplies and the people offloading them. Regardless of the
workload or the urgency with which the goods may be needed, haste should not lead to accidents or
damaged goods; One person must be in charge of supervising and controlling the offloading process to
prevent the inappropriate handling of the packages and to count the packages to make the sure the
consignment is complete as indicated in the packing list.

Special services request (SSR)

It is a message sent directly to shipping lines or ports to communicate shipper preference, special
services needed by a transporter, or of a procedural requirement necessary of the carrier. It includes
information such as meal preference or special assistance required the transporter. In addition, the SSR
can send an alert message back to the agency or transport provider. It can originate with the transport
provider asking for services from the carrier or from the carrier asking for information (like packing

17
number) from the shipment provider. Because action must be taken by the carrier, there is usually a
replay from them in the form of the status code on the SSR. This SSR needed for the business available
for intellectual integration with the local and international delivery in its interaction with business to
business for coordinating the main attribute of shipment carriages.

GATE PASS: is simply a printed document that needs to be filled out by the person who wants to move
out of the premises of the organization. Or it is a document filled by person for move out the material
like cargos, empty container and other related thing to be run out. The person is supposed to fill out the
necessary information including the purpose of out material, movement, description of the goods and
profiles of the containers. Usually the approval is done by authorized person that just sign off the filled
out gate will pass document if he or she feels that the reason for moving out in the organization.

There are two type of gate pass: these are employee gate pass and material gate pass
In dry port context discuss about material gate pass because in port working for the movement of
material from origin to final consumption of customer so we need material gate pass.

Material gate pass: for moving material s, three copies of gate pass are made . The passes are
sign by authorized person. Two copies of the gate pass given to the person responsible for the
movement (usually the driver) and one of the copies will be held by a security team at security
gate or in port. The other copies will be kept by the driver until the delivery reaches its
destination.

In general gate pass and other related document which is used by dry port operation system are a
lot of advantage due to this those document are implemented for different organization. The first
and the foremost being too kept unauthorized movement in the port or organization premises, and
part from this, the document allows the organization to gate the time of movement and to track
the person responsible for the movement. It also improves the discipline inside the organization.

These document are facilitate the flow of material accurately and timely by giving warranty for
goods from initial spot to reaches the final spot. In money organization a lot of movement takes
place every day. It may be employees in or out, movement of raw material, work in process and
finished product in the market; so in order to work the above activities the factories, enterprises
and various freight association needs to fill out the material gate passes and other related
document like way bill, bill of loading and cargo manifest.

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TYPE OF CONTAINER
Selecting the appropriate shipping method is a vital part of international trade process. To make the
entire a little easier the following are the 16 shipping container types most commonly used? In the
world of international trade, it is all about the journey from point `A` to point `B`. The journey requires
the logistical organization of a variety of elements to ensure the safe arrival of goods during the
importing process. And at the heart of its all, lies the humble shipping container.

These container units protect their contents during the journey from one point of entry to another .
To accommodate the many type of products or cargos shipped and the special care they may be
need, there are a number of different shipping container type which vary in size, structure,
material, and construction. These containers have also differs by dimension, shape, type of cargos
shipped and detail specification of the container. Generally international shipping enterprise and
Ethiopian shipping and logistics services enterprise have used the following most common type of
container.

Dry container: are available in size of 10, 20, and 40 feet. They are used to transport general
cargo and are the most commonly used type of shipping container. It also kwon as general purpose
containers used to shipping all dry cargos.

Flat rack containers : have sides that can be folded down to accommodate heavy loads,
oversized cargos, construction equipment, building supplies, or heavy machinery.

Open top container : have a complete removable, convertible top that allows for access to
goods from the top of the container and is primarily used for over height cargo.

Tunnel container : are similar to dry or standard containers. However due to having opening on
both end, this container type makes loading and unloading easier.

Side open storage container : have open on side (as opposed to the ends) to facilitate specific
loading and unloading needs.

Refrigerated ISO containers: (also called reefer containers) regulate the temperature to
preserve temperature sensitive goods such as produce or seafood. However, be aware that if you
are shipping temperature sensitive items, spoilage will only be covered if there was mechanical
failure of the reefer container for an extended period of time.

Insulated or thermal containers: are comes with a regulated temperature control which
allows them to withstand a high temperature. They are most suitable for long distance
transportation of product or cargos.

Tanks: are the container type used for the transportation of liquid material and are used by a
huge proportion of the shipping industry. It is used to transport liquids such as:
 Food stuff: fruit juices, spirits, sweet oil

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  Chemicals: hazardous material such as fuel, toxic substance, corrosion
protection agent.
Double door containers: are kind of storage unit that are provided with double door
making a wider room for loading and unloading of material, construction materials include
steal, iron etc in standardized size of 20ft and 40 ft.

Half height containers: used specially for good like coal, stoves etc with in need easy
loading and unloading.

Cargo storage roll containers: a foldable containers and one of specialized container
unit made for purpose of transporting set or stacks of material. They are made of thick and
stag mesh along with rollers that allow easy movement.

Car carriers: are containers storage units made especially for shipping of car over long
distance. They come with collapsible sides that help a car fits snugly inside the container
without risk of being damage or moving from the spot.

Intermediate bulk shift containers: Is specialized storage shipping containers made

solely for the purpose of intermediate shipping goods. They are design to handle large
amount of material and made for purpose of shipping materials to destination where they
can be further packed sent of final spot.

Drum containers: as the name suggest, circular shipping containers made from a choice
of material like steel, light weight metal, fiver, hard plastics etc. they are most suitable for
bulk transport of liquid materials.

Special purpose container: not ordinary containers these are the container units,
custom made for specialized purpose. Mostly, they are used for high profile services like
shipping of weapon and arson.

Swap bodies: are special kinds of container specially used in Europe. Not made according
to ISO standards, they are provide with a strong bottom and convertible top making then
suitable for shipping of many type of products.

The Ethiopian shipping lines and logistics services enterprise are mostly used the first eight
described types of containers that are dry container, open top container, flat rack
container, tank, open side container and double door container. According to ISO
standards these containers are made based on the type of cargos to be shipping. For
example dry container used a dry cargos or bulk cargo like wheat, sugar and urine etc and
tank container used to shipping tanker cargos like benzene, zinc, gases and motor oil. In
kombolcha dry port mostly used dry or general purpose container and flat rack containers.
The ports have consolidated the container when the consignee has received the cargos.

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 The roles of logistics and supply chain management in the dry port

A supply chain may be considered as a group of organizations connected with a service of trading
relationships. This group covers the logistics and manufacturing activities from raw materials to the final
consumer. Each organization in the chain procures and the transforms materials into intermediate/final
products, and distribution. The importance of logistics can be gained from the fact that logistics and
supply chain management costs are in range of 10 to 15 of the GDP for developed countries while it is
around 18 to 20 percent for developing countries.

Supply chain management is a set of approaches utilization to efficiently integrate suppliers,

manufacturer, warehouse and stores so that merchandise is produced and distributed at the right
quantities, to the right time, in order to minimize system under costs while satisfying service level
requirement.( Gattorna, 1995)

A dry port of international importance shall refer to a secure inland location for handling, temporary
storage, inspection and customs clearance of freight moving in international trade. The integrated
logistics and supply chain management is the following roles in the dry port and transportation.

 Shifting distribution function from seaport terminal coping with capacity constraints at a sea
port.
 High dependency on short-sea shipping.
 Considerable reduction in the transported volume;
 Big volumes of bulk cargoes, suitable for inland navigation and rail;
 Companies which have a site in the port area;
 Cargo that needs flexible storage to create a buffer (products subject to season dependent
fluctuations or irregular supply);
 Distribution centers in a multiple import structure (tiered) and as a consolidation centre for
export

Furthermore, due to the rapid growth of Ethiopian economy and globalization of the world, Logistics is
play the main roles notably by minimizing time loss at trans-shipment points, reducing the warehouse
cost, faster transit of cargo, reducing the cost of export and improve their competitive position in the
international market, minimizing burden of documentation and formalities improve safety and security
of goods. Where input are close to production facilities and production take place close to the market,
logistics are likely to be relatively simple where production is distinct from both sources of supply and
market the network is likely to be more complex. Generally logistics is monitoring and controlling of the
general flow of goods, services, and information from origin to final destination to satisfy the ultimate
customer requirement. Ethiopia is need the integrated and coordinated logistics operation in order to
achieve the cost effectiveness and efficiency.

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SWOT ANALYSIS OF THE KOMBOLCHA DRY PORT
A SWOT analysis evaluates the internal strengths and weaknesses, and the external opportunities and
threats in an organization’s environment. The internal analysis is used to identify resources, capabilities,
core competencies, and competitive advantages inherent to the organization. The external analysis
identifies market opportunities and threats by looking at competitors’ resources, the industry
environment, and the general environment. The objective of a SWOT analysis is to use the knowledge
an organization has about its internal and external environments and to formulate its strategy
accordingly. This article provides a toolkit of templates to conduct a SWOT analysis and discusses
practical insights on how to formulate strategic decisions.

STRENGTH:

 Delivery of cargos from Djibouti to final destination

 Rending equal services for all customers
 Give speed and quality services for all customers
 Reliable and responsive services to be render
 Give door to door delivery

WEAKNESS:

 Lack of professionalism
 The port locate around the center and near to community
 Lack of spare part for maintain ace the machine
 Limited port capacity
 Poor hinterland connectivity
 Poor ICT and lack of effective synchronization system

OPPORTUNITIES:

 The construction of rail way network from awash to Woldiya

 The construction of industrial park and it is one of the industrial zones

of Amhara region.

 It create an opportunities for various transistor and transporter.

 It reduce the cost and delay

THEART:

 Lack of infrastructure
 Shortage and broken of electric city
 Machine failures
 Focus on costs, quality and transit time
 Personal factors and amenities

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 1. Cost factors
 Labor costs
 Transportation costs
 Occupancy costs
 Incentives (government)

2. Quality factor
 Labor quality/flexi.
 Labor regulations
 Customs
 Transport situation
 Facilities & utilities
 Sites (prime location, high accessibility)

3. time factors

 Inbound transit time

 Outbound transit time
 Buffering at terminals

Recommendation
In Ethiopia there are a lot of challenges to be affected the transportation and logistics management
system. These challenges are mainly concern as the logistics management problems. In order to solve or
minimize the problem the government and Ethiopian shipping line and logistics services enterprise has
taken different actions; some are establishment of different dry port for various part of our country,
introduce the multimodal way of transportation system, and also the formation of different freight
association are the activities taken by the company for solving the challenges. In mine view I
recommend that the following idea to solve the challenges and facilitate the flow of goods from origin
to final destination.

 The ESLSE should develop the procedure of land and maritime transportation.
 The enterprise should use the latest technology by changing paper work to e-commerce like e-
manifest, e-mail and bill of e-lading.
 Ethiopian way and transportation agency should develop the land transport by building rail
way, road, and bridges perfectly.
 The government should improve the relationship with other coastal and inland area of
neighboring countries.
 The company should develop the modern multimodalism, logistics and supply chain
management and other terms related with shipping and freight activities.
 Arrange and reduce the process to transshipment of the cargo in port and shipping line
enterprise.
 The shipping line should be formulate clear documentation and custom procedure respect
to freight charge, demurrage cost, loading schedule, freight and maritime contract.
 The company should fulfill the physical facilities like dry port availability, consistency of
shipping schedule, dealing of documentation process and transport availability.

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  Even if it s the solely company in Ethiopia that render shipping industry services, the
company should handle the multimodal transportation services properly otherwise the
domestic investor and foreign investor shifted the capital for other well facilitated
counters.
 The ESLSE should established strong monitoring and evaluating system for the movement
of goods in the operation.

Specifically to solve only the dry port challenges I recommend that the following ideas;

 The kombolcha way and transportation authority should build the

infrastructure of the cities like road which connect from rail way to the port.
 The ESLSE should change the place of kombolcha dry port from recently placed
to another area near to the rail way and far apart to the lives house.
 The port should fulfill the machine and equipment that gives different services
in port and terminal for enhancing the operation system of the dry port.
 The port should hiring professional person who is learn related field and
experienced in port operation and other shipping enterprise.

Summary

To commendable the Ethiopia economic growth of industries the former four separately
sector merged in to one kwon as Ethiopian shipping lines and logistics services enterprise
in 2004. After that the company is established 8 dry ports in various parts of ours countries
including the kombolcha dry port because of Ethiopia has the land locked countries.

The Ethiopian shipping lines and logistics services enterprise has sit the objective, value,
mission and vision of the organization. Kombolcha dry port also follows the com pany
general guides like value, goal and objectives; there are some specific goal and objective.

The Ethiopian shipping lines and logistics services enterprise also established the dry port
operation system and introduce the multimodal transportation system in addition to the
unimodal transport. These two ways of transportation system are different; unimodal
transport is a transport services in which the movement of goods by single contract with
only one mode of transport; and multimodal transport is a transport in which the
movement of goods by single contract with multiple transports modes. The dry port has
give different services like loading and unloading of container, cargos, and other shipping
goods. To gain thus services the customer must satisfied or fulfill the following
precondition. Djibouti EIR, way bill, driver license, and other related document are needed.
The port also receive international and local shipments by considering the custom
procedure like waybill, bill of loading, cargo declaration and manifest, and material gate
pass.

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In order to suitable and make favorable the flow of goods without any damage and broken
the port have uses different type of containers by considering the type, size, shape,
feature, weight and other characteristics of cargo; such as dry or general purpose
container, open top container, flat rack container, open side storage container, tunnel
container and other type of containers. There is also SWOT analysis of the kombolcha dry
port to review the internal (strength and weakness) and the external factors (opportunities
and threat). And also there are some comments or recommendation to solve the threat
and weakness of the dry port. Generally in these report describes the general and the
detail work follow of the dry port and how to facilitate the flow of cargos from origin to the
final spot. These report also consist any activities that have done in port and terminal.

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 Reference
 Kombolcha dry port supervisor and dry port operators

 Sustainable human resource development in logistics services for ASEAN member

state

 Economic commission for Europe (un/ECF) terminology in combined transport

 Ayele legese pdf challenge of multimodal transport in Ethiopia

 www.ethiopian shipping lines.com

 Asst.prof gancheva Y

 Ethiopian shipping lines and logistics services enterprise year magazines

 Ethiopian transport agency

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