Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(Chemical Process
Equipment)
SELECTION AND DESIGN”
if ρ 1 = ρ 2 = ρ 3 then F1 ⋅ v 1 = F2 ⋅ v 2 = F3 ⋅ v 3 = const
V =F ⋅v
BERNOULLI EQUATION
E = Ek + Ep + Eh
2
m ⋅v
E k1 E k1 =
Ek = 2
G
G=m⋅g
E p1 E h1
Ep = Eh =
G G
E p1 = p ⋅ V E h1 = m ⋅ g ⋅ h
p ⋅V p m⋅g ⋅h
Ep = = Eh = =h
γ ⋅V γ m⋅g
BERNOULLI EQUATION
v2 p
E= + +h [m]
2⋅g γ
2 2
v1 p1 v2 p2
+ + h1 = + + h2 = const
2⋅g γ 2⋅g γ
2 2
v1 p1 v2 p2 2
+ + h1 = + + h 2 + ∑ h str
2⋅g γ1 2⋅g γ 2 1
PIPE RESISTANCE
l w2
∆p1 = λ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ γ ⋅αo [Pa]
d 2g
2
l w
∆p1 = λ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ρ ⋅ αo [Pa]
d 2
l w2
∆h1 = λ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ αo [m]
d 2g
λ = f(Re)
COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION
w ⋅ρ⋅l w ⋅l
Re = =
η ν
Re<2320
64
λ=
Re
Re = 3000÷100000
0.3164
λ=
Re 0.25
Re = 3000÷100000
0.0221
λ = 0.0032 +
Re 0.237
LOCAL RESISTANCE OF FLOW
w2
∆p 2 = ξ ⋅ ⋅γ [Pa]
2g
w2
∆p 2 = ξ ⋅ ⋅ρ [Pa]
2
2
w
∆h 2 = ξ ⋅ [m]
2g
TOTAL RESISTANCE OF FLOW
w2 l
∆p = ∆p1 + ∆p 2 = ⋅ ρ ⋅ ∑ λ ⋅ + ∑ ξ [Pa]
2 d
Le w 2
∆p = λ ⋅ ⋅ρ
d 2 [Pa]
Le = l e 1 + l e 2 + ...+ l 1 + l 2 + ...
DRIVERS FOR MOVING
EQUIPMENT
Powered chemical processing equipment
includes pumps, compressors, agitators and
mixers, crushers and grinders, and conveyors.
Drivers are electric motors, steam or gas
turbines, and internal combustion engines.
Energy efficiencies vary widely with the size and
type of driver as shown in this table.
DRIVERS AND POWER
RECOVERY EQUIPMENT
1. Efficiency is greater for larger machines.
2. Motors are 85-95%; steam turbines are 42-78%; gas engines and turbines are
28-38%.
3. For under 100 HP, electric motors are used almost exclusively.They are made
for up to 20,000 HP.
4. Induction motors are most popular. Synchronous motors are made for speeds
as low as 150 rpm and are thus suited for example for low speed reciprocating
compressors, but are not made smaller than 50HP. A variety of enclosures is
available, from weather-proof to explosion-proof.
5. Steam turbines are competitive above 1OOHP. They are speed controllable.
Frequently they are employed as spares in case of power failure.
6. Combustion engines and turbines are restricted to mobile and remote
locations.
7. Gas expanders for power recovery may be justified at capacities of several
hundred HP; otherwise any needed pressure reduction in process is effected
with throttling valves.
FLUID TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT
PIPING
VALVES
Control of flow in lines and provision for isolation of equipment when needed
are accomplished with valves.
PIPING JOINT
Globe valve.
Gate valve.
VALVES
e) Some types of impellers for centrifugal pumps. (a) Open impeller. (b) Semiopen
impeller. (c) Shrouded
f) impeller. (d) Axial flow (propeller) type. (e) Combined axial and radial flow, open
type. (f) Shrouded mixed-flow
g) impeller. (g) Shrouded impeller (P) in a case with diffuser vanes (V). (h) Turbine
impeller.
CHARACTERISTIC CURVE OF A
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
CHARACTERISTIC CURVE OF A
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
CHARACTERISTIC CURVE OF A
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP OPERATING AT
A CONSTANT SPEED
CHARACTERISTIC CURVE OF A
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
AT VARIOUS SPEEDS
AFFINITY LAWS
Slurry Transport
Screw Conveyors
Belt Conveyors
Bucket Elevators
Pneumatic Conveying
SLURRY TRANSPORT
The velocity at this condition is called a critical velocity of whichone
correlation is.
Example: A material which is granular, very free-flowing, mildly abrasive, and mildly corrosive
would fall in classes C, 1, 7, and P, making its classification C17P.
MATERIAL CLASSES A D BULK DE
SITIES
MECHANICAL CONVEYORS
SCREW CONVEYORS
b) Standard shape with pitch equal to the diameter, the paddles retard the forward
movement and promote mixing.
c) Short pitch suited to transfer of material up inclines of as much as 20°.
d) Cut flight screws combine a moderate mixing action with forward movement,
used for light, fine, granular or flaky materials.
e) Ribbon flights are suited to sticky, gummy orviscous substances.
SCREW-COVEYOR CAPACITIES AND
LOADING CONDITIONS
SCREW-CONVEYOR DATA for 50-lb/ft
3
MECHANICAL CONVEYORS
BELT CONVEYORS
BELT CONVEYORS are for high capacity and long distances (a mile or more,
but only several hundred feet in a plant), up inclines of 30°maximum. A 24in.
wide belt can carry 3000 cuft/hr at a speed of 100ft/min, but speeds up to 600
ft/min are suited to some materials. Power consumption is relatively low.
MECHANICAL CONVEYORS
BELT CONVEYORS
(n) Weighing belt feeder; unbalance ofthe weigh beam causes the material
flow rate onto the belt to change in the direction of restoring balance.
TYPICAL ARRANGEMENTS AND
APPLICATIONS FOR CONTINUOUS-
FLOW CONVEYORS.
PNEUMATIC CONVEYING
pressure system with rotary valve feeder, one source and several
destinations, multiple discharge;
PNEUMATIC CONVEYING
EQUIPMENT
A four-compartment receiver-filter
A two-stagecyclone receiver
PNEUMATIC CONVEYING
EGUIPMENT
The Fuller-Kinyon pump for cement and other fine powders. Powder
is fed into the aeration chamber with a screw and is fluidized with
compressed air
AIR VELOCITIES NEEDED TO CONVEY
SOLIDS
OF VARIOUS BULK