Study Centre March 20, 2018

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ERIES
LECT(3UrdREEditSion)
March 20,
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:
dy guides Page 01
CSEC stu anguage
s h L
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on Tech
Informati
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CONT R IBUTOR S
ENGLISH LANGUAGE MATHEMATICS SOCIAL STUDIES INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Shawnette Myers-Lawrence Kamau Karenga Charmaine Fuller-Wallace Shandeen Robinson-White
HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS INTEGRATED SCIENCE
Leroy Munroe Hilary Bassaragh Tedmore Clarke Marlene Grey-Tomlinson
ENGLISH LITERATURE COMMUNICATION STUDIES CARIBBEAN STUDIES CAREER TALK

Simone Gibbs Peta-Gaye Perkins Bryan Debgeri Whitely Heart Trust NTA
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www.jamaicaobserver.com JOL LECTURE SERIES Jamaica Observer Limited

ENGLISH
LANGUAGE Lesson 23
with
Shawnett Myers-Lawrence
PERSUASIVE WRITING:
LETTER TO THE EDITOR
Hello everyone.
In this week’s lesson we will examine another mode of writing

which uses the language of persuasion. This is the letter to
the editor. Unlike advertisements which rely mainly on
emotional appeals, letters to the editor employ appeals to the
intellect which means that the writer must use arguments,
that is, reason and logic, to persuade readers to see the merit
of his/her point of view. Letters to the editor are pieces of
writing that are meant to be published in the newspaper. Letters to the editor typically serve the purposes of:
These are for general consumption and are usually responses
to issues that are current. These writers have strong opinions • Commenting on current issues related to
about these issues and desire to share these views with the government, the economy, crime rate, topical events
public. It is therefore expected that, though many of these in the news
issues will evoke strong sentiments, the expression of these • Responding to editorials printed in the paper or
must have some basis in facts and sound reasoning for the other letters to the editor
letter to be convincing. A writer must hence, strike a balance • Praising or criticizing popular figures for their
between argument and psychological persuasion. actions
• Correcting information that was misrepresented
Why would you be asked to write a letter to the editor? • Advocating for those who may not otherwise be
As I indicated in the previous lesson, many of the topics heard
that you are given to write on require general knowledge • Influencing public opinion
of events or issues that are popular subjects of discussion • Educating the public about an idea or matter
even if they are not current. Candidates are expected to • Publicizing a program or policy that may be largely
put themselves in the mind-set of someone with a view unknown
to share with the public and write in this mode. Some of • Influencing government officials or policy makers
the points to consider in this are:
The audience
The purpose
This includes all the people who are expected to read the
Any form of argument or psychological persuasion aims
letter. In this case the audience will include a variety of
to convince, inspire, change minds, make people see
people of all ages, backgrounds, social status, educational
reason, calm tempers or move people to action.
level etc.
Depending on what you want to achieve you will be
required to structure your letter in such a way that it
achieves the purpose that you intend. JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continues on next page
JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continued from previous page
The diction
This is your word choice. If your audience is so diverse then you have to write in language that is accessible to most
people who would desire to read the newspaper. Language that contains too much jargon or unfamiliar words will
not only confuse the reader but will inhibit their desire to continue reading.
The tone/ The writer’s attitude

How the writer feels about the subject matter will be expressed in the tone of the letter. The words that you choose to use
and how you express your arguments will indicate how you feel about the subject. Your tone could be reasonable if you
choose to show both sides of an issue, or indignant if you believe that an action is unjust or conciliatory if you are trying
to make peace. Whatever the case, how you say what you say will clue your readers into your stance in relation to the issue.
The format
This is a letter and therefore must be formatted as such. When you see a letter to the editor printed in the paper it
does not contain any addresses, just the salutation and complimentary close. Since the newspaper has space constraints
and is a public document then it stands to reason that the addresses of contributors would be withheld. You, however
do not have these concerns therefore the letter should be formatted as any other formal letter.
All of these factors will impact on the overall quality of the letter and should be given due consideration before you
begin to write.
JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continues on next page

Give evidence for your praise or criticism

HOW TO WRITE A LETTER TO THE EDITOR
Since your letter must be grounded in fact then if you
offer praise it must be based on something that is
actually praise worthy. If you are offering a critique
then this must be equally justifiable based on tangible
proof. The absence of such proof makes your letter
superficial.
Offer solutions to the problem

Some letters are written merely to vent but for
Begin with a salutation
examination purposes this will score you few marks. If
It is not important that you know the name of the you are presenting a problem then after exploring it
editor. You may simply say, Dear Editor. you will strengthen your position by offering possible
solutions. Be very specific about what these solutions
are and ensure that these are workable.
Grab the attention of the readers
As with any piece of writing it is important to use your
opening statement to capture the attention of the Avoid harsh language
audience and make them want to continue reading. If Regardless of how you may feel about an issue you
must keep your language civil. Using vulgar language
you are writing a response to a letter previously printed
and name calling are to be avoided. Excessive sarcasm
you may make reference to it in your opening
and scathing criticism of persons detracts from the
statement. seriousness of any issue that may be presented.
Explain what the letter is about from the beginning Keep it brief
Your readers should not have to guess what the subject You are given a word limit that guides how much you
of your letter is. This should be clearly stated in the can say. Even if you were writing something to be
opening sentences. Your stance on the matter should published then you should keep your letter fairly short.
also be apparent from the start. A newspaper will not print a letter that is several pages
long and many readers may be turned off from reading
if the letter seems to go on and on. It is therefore,
important that you get to the point. Make your case and
Explain why the issue is important close your letter.
You cannot assume that because the issue is important
to you then everyone else will have the same
knowledge of its background or see its importance. You Close with your main point
will then have to show why this issue merits your Restate your main point at the end so as to leave your
attention and therefore, theirs. Use simple language readers with that in mind.
when giving your explanations so that the readers will
understand. JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continues on next page
HOW TO WRITE A LETTER TO THE EDITOR
Sample Letter
The drains in your community have not been cleaned for some time now and the residents are concerned about the
possible risks to the health and safety of the community. Write a letter to the editor explaining your concerns.
21 Gold Street
Kingston 20
May 30, 2016
The Editor
The Jamaica Chronicle
14 Robert Close
Kingston 10
Dear Editor,
The health of a community must come before all other considerations. It is against this background that I express
my concern about the lack of frequency with which the drains in my community are cleaned. At present the drains
have been neglected for about six months. I am sure that you can appreciate the hazards that this situation is
causing and we can all assume that the situation will get worse. Let me outline for you the situation as it stands.
The drains run from the neighbouring community, through the main street in my community and into the next
community. What this means is that any blockage occurs in these three communities then all will be adversely
affected. Currently the drains are blocked as they are used as dumping grounds since garbage trucks rarely visit
the areas and the problem is compounded by the overgrowth of grass and shrubs which thrive in this fertile
environment. You can imagine that whenever it rains the roads become river beds and houses are flooded which
leads to loss or damage to peoples’ property. This flooding leads to a slew of related issues as the roads have
deteriorated and the structural integrity of houses have been compromised.
I cannot emphasize enough the health risks associated with the drains. Vermin have multiplied as they have a
ready supply of food and housing in these drains. Parents live in constant fear of their children contracting any
number of diseases and already several children have had to receive medical attention for the break out of sores
on their skin. As a community we have made several representations to the councillor for the area and when that
failed we took the matter to the Member of Parliament. Again we were ignored. This situation is untenable. We
need the authorities to do the job that we the people have given them. Having used the appropriate channels I
cannot imagine that we will have to take to the streets with placards to get something done. If we are to grow
as a country then the services for which we pay our taxes must be rendered to us. Our health and our very lives
depend on this.
Sincerely,
R. Blake
Shawnett Myers-Lawrence is on the staff of St. Hugh’s High School

! Email: shawnomyl@yahoo.com
MATHEMATICS Lesson 23
with Kamau Karenga
CONSTRUCTION
7 8 9
+
Geometric Construction or ‘RULER and COMPASS CONSTRUCTION’
is a topic in Geometry that is related to MEASUREMENTS. This
area requires high ‘dexterity’; students must be ‘nimble’ with 4 5 6 –
their fingers. The tools required are:
• A compass, one that is sturdy and will not change

radius while being used.
1 2 3 –:
0 • = +
• A protractor, one with good base line and clear cross
hairs in the middle of the base line.
Compass Protractor
• A ruler calibrated in centimetres, preferably 30 cm. long (12 inches)
Ruler
JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page
JOL MATHEMATICS continued from previous page
! The compass is used to create a circle of any radius, from a specific centre. One may also scribe an arc, a fraction of
a circle of any radius from a specific centre.
! A ruler is used to measure the length of a line. We must be aware that the measurement has a “zero” point, which
is the reference point of the measurement. It is not necessarily at the end of the ruler.
! The protractor, usually shaped as a half of a circle, is a device for measuring angles from zero to 180o. The base line
of the protractor is lined up with one of the lines that form the angle; the cross hair is lined up with the vertex of
the angle (the corner); and the angle is read where the second line of the angle meets the protractor.
There are six basic skills required to master this topic:
1. Draw a triangle, given the length of the three sides. 4. Draw a 90° angle from a point off a line.
2. Draw a 60° angle from a point on a line. 5. Bisect any angle.
3. Draw a 90° angle from a point on a line. 6. Draw a line parallel to a second line.
Let us examine each of these skills by way of simple examples.
SKILL #1
Draw a triangle A B C with sides AB = 10 cm, AC = 6 cm and BC = 8 cm.
SOLUTION 1
Method:
1. Draw a line, longer than 10
cm and mark off the points
A and B at 10 cm apart.
2. Using the compass with a
set radius of 6 cm, swing
an arc from point A (blue
arc).
3. Using the compass with a
set radius of 8 cm, swing
an arc from point B (red
arc).
4. Where the two arcs meet,
label point C. To complete
the triangle, draw lines AC
and BC.

SKILL #2
From a point A on a line, construct an angle of 60o
SOLUTION 2
1. Draw a line and mark a point A
2. Using the compass with a set radius of 4 to 6 cm, swing an arc from point A (red arc) which cuts the line that you
have drawn. Label the point where the arc cuts the line as point B.
3. Using the compass with the SAME RADIUS as before, swing an arc from point B (blue arc) to cut the first arc. Label
the point where the two arcs meet as point C.
4. Draw the line from A through C to complete the 60o angle at point A.

SKILL #3
Draw an angle of 90 o from a point on a line.
SOLUTION 3
1. Draw a line and mark a point C
2. Using the compass with a set radius of 4 to 6 cm, swing an arc from point C which cuts the line that you have
drawn at points A and B.
3. Using the compass with a bigger radius than before, swing an arc from point A (red arc) to pass directly above
point C.
4. From point B, swing an arc (blue arc) with the SAME RADIUS as the arc from A. These two arcs should meet at a
point directly above point C.
5. Draw the line from C through D to complete the 90° angle at point C.

SKILL #4
Draw a line from a point off a line to meet the first line at 90°.
SOLUTION 4
1. Draw a horizontal line and identify a point A that is not on the line.
2. Using the compass, swing an arc from point A, with a radius big enough to go below the line and cut the line at
B and C (red arc).
3. Using the compass, swing an arc from point B (black arc) to pass directly below point A.
4. From point C, swing an arc (blue arc) with the SAME RADIUS as the arc from B. These two arcs should meet at a
point directly below point A. Label the point D.
5. Draw the line from A through D to complete the 90° angle at a point between B and C which happens to be the
midpoint of segment BC.

SKILL #5
Using a ruler and a protractor, draw two lines AB and BC that meet at an angle of 80°. Using ruler and compass only,
bisect the angle to form two 40° angles.
SOLUTION 5
1. Draw the lines AB and BC to meet at 80°.
2. Using the compass, swing an arc from point B, to cut AB and BC at points D and E respectively (blue arc).
3. Using the compass, swing an arc from point D (red arc) to pass directly in the middle of angle ABC.
4. From point E, swing an arc (black arc) with the SAME RADIUS as the arc from D. These two arcs should meet at a
point F directly in the middle of angle ABC.
5. Draw the line from B through F to complete the 40° angles: ABF and FBC.

SKILL #6
Draw a line AB and a point C not on the line AB. Draw a second line through point C which is parallel to line AB.
SOLUTION 6
1. Draw the line AB and an arbitrary point C.
2. Construction of a parallel line through point C is based on a parallelogram. We must find a point D such that AC
= BD and AB = CD. Using the compass, swing an arc from point A to pass through C (red arc).
3. Using the compass, with the SAME RADIUS swing an arc from point B (red arc) to pass directly above and to the
right of point B.
4. From point A swing an arc (blue arc) passing through point B.
5. Using the compass, with the SAME RADIUS swing an arc from point C (blue arc) to cut the red arc at D.
6. Draw the line CD to complete the parallel line.

EVALUATION
Using a ruler, a pencil and a pair of compasses, construct

^ ^
the trapezium KLMN with KL = 9 cm, LKN = 60°, KN = 7 cm, KLN = 90° and KL is parallel to MN.
[Credit will be given for clearly drawn construction lines.]
SOLUTION
Drawing instructions:
1. Draw a horizontal line, longer than 9 cm. Measure 9 cm and label the points K and L.
2. Construct the 60° angle at K: At point K, use the compass to scribe an arc (red) that cuts the line KL. From the
point where the arc cuts the line, scribe a second arc (green) to cut the first arc. Draw the line KN from point K
through the point where the two arcs intersect. Locate point N by measuring 7 cm from K.
3. Construct the 90° angle at point L: From point L, scribe a semicircular arc (blue) to cut line KL on both sides of L.
From the point where the semicircle cuts line KL, on the left side of L scribe an arc above L (red) with a radius
bigger than the semicircle. Scribe a second arc with the same radius (blue) from the right side of L to intersect
the blue arc directly above L. Draw the vertical line from L through the point where the red and blue arcs intersect.
4. Construct the line parallel to KL: From point N, scribe an arc to the right of N (blue) with a radius of 9 cm (equal
to the length KL). From point L, scribe an arc (green) with a radius of 7 cm (equal to the length KN) and
intersecting the blue arc. The point where the arcs intersect would form a parallelogram with points N, K and L.
Draw a line from the point where the arcs intersect to point N and this line will be parallel to line KL. Where the
line from N meets the line from L, we identify point M.

WATCH THE VIDEO BELOW FOR MORE.
Next Week: We will examine INVESTIGATIONS – how to identify patterns and determine the algebraic description.
PEACE and LOVE!
Kamau Karenga is on the staff of Portmore Community College ! Email: kkarenga@pcc.edu.jm
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SOCIAL
STUDIES Lesson 23
with
Charmaine Fuller-Wallace
POLLUTION
This week we will give an overview of Pollution as well as questions relating to Pollution
Pollution is the introduction of pollutants into the environment. When pollutants contaminate the environment the
health of humankind as well as plant and animal life are affected. As the population of humankind continues to grow,
so does the amount of potentially toxic substances that are released into the ecosystem almost on a daily basis.
ACTIVITY #1: MATCHING ACTIVITY
Instruction: Use the words in the box below to complete the word meaning activity
Biodegradable Land Pollution Pollutants Water pollution Thermal Pollution

Desalination Light Pollution Soil Pollution Non-biodegradable Radioactive Pollution
WORDS MEANING
These are harmful substances such as liquid, solid and gaseous waste which are introduced
1
into the environment by humankind.
This is the pollution of the earth’s land surface using various types of pollutants. It is the
2 destruction or decline in quality of the earth’s land surfaces in terms of use, landscape and
ability to support life forms.
This happens when people or industries undertake activities that suddenly decrease or increase
3
the temperature of a natural water body which may include lakes, rivers, oceans or ponds.
4 This is the removal of salt from seawater and brackish underground and surface water
5 Pollutants which can be broken down by normal biological processes
This type of pollution occurs due to nuclear plant malfunctions, improper nuclear waste
6
disposal, uranium mining operations and nuclear power plant accidents.
Pollutants which are resistant to decay and remain in the environment for millions of years.
7
Example of these pollutants are: Styrofoam cups and plates
This is the introduction of substances, that is, household and industrial waste into the rivers,
8
lakes, sea, swamps, gullies and aquatic environment which affects plants and animal life.
This happens when human activities directly or indirectly introduce destructive chemicals, substances,
9
or objects into the soil in a way that causes damage to the immediate earthly environment.
10 This type of pollution is also referred to as luminous pollution or photo pollution
JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continues on next page

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continued from previous page
TYPES OF POLLUTION
There are several types of pollution each having different consequences. Knowing what the different types of pollution are
and their sources can help individual’s understand the potential impact of these pollutions on their health and the health of
others. However, whatever the consequences, they are all harmful to plant and animal life. The types of pollutions include:
ACTIVITY #2
Instruction: Complete the table below relating to the main types of Pollution
TYPES OF POLLUTION CAUSES EFFECTS SOLUTIONS

1. 1. 1.
Water
2. 2. 2.
1. 1. 1.
Noise
2. 2. 2.
1. 1. 1.
Air
2. 2. 2.
1. 1. 1.
Land
2. 2. 2.

ACTIVITY #3 TRUE/FALSE ITEMS
Instruction: Answer the questions below by writing either ‘True’ or ‘False’ in the space provided.
1 ________ If groundwater gets contaminated, then surface water such as lakes and streams can also become polluted.
2 ________ Air pollution is the contamination of the air with impurities.
3 ________ Prolonged exposure to noise level above 80 decibels is good for the ear.
4 ________ Any alterations in the chemical, physical, or biological water properties qualify as water pollution.
5 ________ The soil protects ground water from contamination.
6 ________ Landfills, septic tanks and animal waste are examples of sources of ground water contamination.
7 ________ Carbon dioxide, methane and chlorofluorocarbons are examples of greenhouse gases.
8 ________ The main types of pollution are: air, land, water, noise, plants
9 ________ The aquatic environment includes rivers, lakes, land, sea, swamps and gullies
10 ________ Air pollution results from both human and natural activities.
11 ________ A psychological effect that air pollution has on the body is the ability to carry out daily activities faster.
12 ________ Sound is measured in decibels.
13 ________ The greenhouse effect is the global atmospheric warning that is caused by the heating of atmospheric gases
which are unable to rise to higher levels.
14 ________ Sedimentation or silting causes water pollution when soil and fine particles from slopes without any
vegetation or mining and are washed into rivers and streams when it rains, thereby causing the water to
be polluted.
ANSWERS
ACTIVITY #1
1 Pollutants 6 Radioactive pollution
2 Land pollution 7 Non-biodegradable
3 Thermal Pollution 8 Water pollution
4 Desalination 9 Soil pollution
5 Bio-degradable 10 Light Pollution

ACTIVITY # 2
~ Dumping of household ~ Spread of diseases such as ~ Educate the public using

and industrial wastes which hepatitis (eating fish that is the mass media as well as
enters streams, gullies, poisoned), dysentery, social media on the effects
rivers and the sea. typhoid and cholera of water pollution.
~ Poisonous wastes from ~ Contamination of

mining and quarrying. For domestic water supply
example, the waste from
Water bauxite mining which is
dumped onto the land
eventually seeps into
underground water and
then to other water supply
such as rivers making the
water unsafe.
~ Transport Vehicles: ~ Cardiovascular Issues: ~ Wearing of air plugs at

The increasing number of Repeated exposure to noise construction sites as well as
automobiles especially in can lead to increase blood in areas where noise level is
the urban areas has been a pressure levels, always over 80 decibels.
major source of noise cardio-vascular disease and
pollution. Increasing traffic stress related heart ~ Educate the public on the
has given rise to traffic jams problems. High intensity effects of noise pollution
in congested areas where noise causes high blood
impatient motorists pressure and increases
repeatedly hoot their horns. heart beat rate as it
Noise The constant blaring of disrupts the normal blood
sirens can be a nuisance to flow. Headaches caused by
the ear. dilating blood vessels of the
brain.
~ Public address systems,
sound systems, stage ~ Lowering of
shows, street dances, concentration and effects on
parades are all sources of memory
noise pollution

~ Burning of Fossil Fuels: ~ Decrease visibility: ~ Consumers should be

Sulfur dioxide emitted from When the air is polluted encouraged to use more and
the combustion of fossil with smoke or chemicals more public modes of
fuels like coal, petroleum visibility becomes difficult transportation, practice
and other factory for persons who operate car-pooling thereby saving
combustibles also cause air aircraft as well as motor energy as well as reducing
pollution. vehicles. combustion from vehicles.
~ Smoke from the burning ~ Respiratory and heart ~ Emphasis should be placed
Air of solid waste and problems: Air pollution can on consumers and businesses
spontaneous combustion in lead to several respiratory using clean energy resources
solid waste landfills also and heart conditions along such as solar, wind and
cause air pollution with cancer. Children and geothermal. In Jamaica, the
senior citizens in areas Governments can provide
exposed to air pollutants grants to consumers who are
usually suffer from allergies, interested in installing solar
pneumonia and asthma. panels for their home. This
will help to reduce air
pollution.
~ The dumping of solid ~ Toxic waste is poisonous ~ Development of

waste and sewage along the and is very harmful to the designated areas for the
roadside, in vacant lots, in health of humans, for disposal of toxic waste.
the gullies, in the river/sea example, if lead is disposed
on the beaches and in of into the soil close to and ~ Solid waste includes:
backyards where agricultural farms and paper, plastics, tyres,
communities are located can bottles, cans, glass, old
~ Dumping of rubble, mud, cause lead poisoning which motor vehicles and
dirt and construction can affect the kidney and the appliances. Some of these
materials along the brain of humankind. can be recycled.
Land roadside, in open lots and
on beaches ~ Solid waste which are
improperly disposed of is
unhealthy as it encourages
the breeding of flies, roaches,
rats and mosquitoes which
can spread diseases such as
gastroenteritis, diarrhea,
malaria and yellow fever and
dengue fever

ACTIVITY # 3
1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. F 6. T 7. T
8. F 9. F 10. T 11. F 12. T 13. T 14. T
Have a great week.
Charmaine Fuller-Wallace is on the staff of St. Andrew Technical High School

! Email: charmief2@yahoo.com
LECTURE SERIES (3rd Edition)

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INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY Lesson 23
with
Shandeen Robinson-White
EXAMINATION REVISION
We will continue with our revision in today’s lesson, as

we help you prepare for your examinations. Remember
the use of the 3rd Edition Jamaica Observer Information
Technology booklet is a useful revision tool as your
prepare. Luck is opportunity meeting preparedness. So,
be prepared!
Examiner’s tip: It is advisable that you

practise the January exam past papers
before going into the June exam.
(c) K = 1001011, and H is 3 spaces to the left of K. There

I want to discuss some past paper questions. Below are you are to subtract the binary representation of 3 from
questions from the January 2015 Unit 2 examination. The 1001011 in order to find the ASCII representation of K.
questions are not included so you need to get a copy of Answer: 1001011 – 11 = 10010002
the exam script. You may ask you teacher or visit the
examination body website. (d) The two’s complement representation of a number is
a negative number. To find it, you flip the bits (zeros
January 2015 – Section 1 & ones) and add (plus) 1. You could do the reverse to
this two’s complement and find which decimal it
represents. That is, subtract 1 from 11000100, and
Question # 1
then change all the zeros to one and the ones to zero
(flip the bits). Then convert the binary number to
The first set of questions tested Data Representation. decimal.
Suggested Response: Another way to find which decimal it

represents is to convert the binary to
(a) 4E (in the exam you are to show workings – remember decimal and make the leftmost bit
negative. Your answer should be
hexadecimal is base 16)
negative 60.
(b) In BCD 1011 represents the negative sign (-).

Answer = -378 JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page
JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continued from previous page
Question # 2 For this question you could have

stated an input device or just write
Questions 2 and 3 tested the hardware and software the words ‘input device’, either one
section of the syllabus. would be accepted. Same thing for
secondary storage and output devices. If you were to
Suggested Response: write ROM instead of writing out its meaning you will not
be penalized, however the examiner would prefer if you
(ai) the input devices are: pressure sensor, scanner and write out what it means.
joystick
(aii) the output devices are: plotter and headphone Question # 3b – Computer Specifications
(b) (i) 1366 * 768 (ii) 1 TB (iii) 4 GB

(iv) Intel Core i5(v) 8x
This question is testing whether you

are able to identify the
specifications of your computer
systems. That is, identify and
understand the IT terminologies such as 1 terabyte.
Question # 4
This question is testing system software – operating

system. This is a topic you need to review carefully.
Candidates still cannot differentiate between software and
hardware user interfaces.
(a) Windows 7 (just choose an operating system you

are familiar with)
(b) Command line – keyboard;

Menu driven – keyboard (use of shortcut keys) or
Your answers does not have to mouse to select the dropdown menus
match the examiner’s own exactly,
however your answers must be (c) Human-machine interface (which usually involves
accurate. For example, you could say peripheral hardware for the INPUT and for the
a pressure sensor is used to monitor a patient’s pressure OUTPUT).
in a hospital. It is different from mine, but still accurate.
This question also tests skills that you are expected to (d) Windows and icons (remember WIMPs)
know. There were no loopings involved in the question.
(e) OS provides user accounts;
Question # 3a provides error messages such as ‘Your printer is out
of paper’
(i) ROM (ii) Control unit (CU) (iii) any secondary storage
(iv) any input device (v) output device e.g. Monitor/VDU JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page
Question # 5 Question # 6
This question is testing information systems – validation (a) Four hardware would be: router, speakers, screen,
& verification checks. microphone
(b) 5 6 4 3 2 1 respectively
(a) Verification checks - examples visual check and
double data entry
(b) January 2015 – Section 2
Section 2 tests the productivity tools – spreadsheet and

database.
Question # 7 – Spreadsheet Management
(a) Merge & center

(b) =max(B10:D10)
(c) =110%*D9 OR (D9*10%) + D9
(d) Comma style
Your answer will not be in a table (e) BCE
format for the exam. I do it like this for
illustration purposes. It is important
to emphasize that the computer does Note how specific I was with the
the comparison with double data entry check. answer. The examiner does not need
you to explain or state the answer
in sentences. Just get to the point.
(c) You are in an exam, use your time wisely.
Question # 8 – Database Management
(a) Date and numeric data types

(b) Code – because its content is unique to each record
(c) Warranty > 1 OR warranty = 3
(d) (i) Manufacturer (used to group the records)
(ii) DOP (used to sort the records)
Again, I get straight to the answers.

Use the number of points to guide
These are 3 examples of validation how much you write.
checks. You could have selected any
three, as long as you explain their
uses correctly. JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page
January 2015 – Section 3

Section 3 of the Question # 9 – Problem Solving and Programming
paper will test
(a) Selection control structure; lines 11, 12 and 13
programming and
problem solving. I (b) This question is testing your correct use of the flowchart symbols.
will admit that
there has been a
significant
improvement in
the number of
candidates Note: Ensure you know
the different symbols
attempting this
and their use.
section of the
examination. This Do not worry about
is commendable. being artistic in the
Continue examination though.
practising!
Sketch each symbol to
Candidates that the best of your ability.
have completed It is what you write
their SBA on inside each that is more
important.
their own seem
to find this
section more
manageable
than those who
don’t do the SBA
for themselves.
Always
remember that
the purpose of
the examination
is for you to
show the
examiner how
much you know,
so make sure you
understanding Remember not to leave out ‘Yes’ and ‘No’. Study this solution and let me know
if you understand it.
programming
techniques. Read
and practice! JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page
(c) The value of the constant is 0.2, it represents the tax Question # 12a
rate
Correct order of steps in problem-solving:
(d) Name of variable is ‘tax2015’ and data type is ‘real’. (1) Analyse the problem It is during analysis
(2) Identify and define that the problem is
the problem defined.
Question # 10 – Arrays in Pascal (3) Write an algorithm
(4) Test the algorithm The algorithm is
always written before
Review the lessons on ARRAYS in (5) Write the program
the program in its
Pascal. DO NOT go into the (6) Test and debug source code.
examination not knowing how to the program
declare an array or how to assign Chapters 12 - 14 (pages 49 – 57)
values to an array. These are two programming skills that of the IT Observer Lecture Series
you must have. booklet, 3rd edition, elaborates
Also, read pages 83 – 86 in the IT Observer Lecture Series further of each step.
Booklet, 3rd edition, chapter 19, for further details.
Question # 12b
Declaring an Array in Pascal Review the generations of programming language:
1st generation – Machine language

2nd generation – Assembly language
3rd generation – Pascal
4th generation – Structured Query language (SQL)
The first generation used ones and

zeros when writing programs.
Assigning values in an Array Imagine writing a program using
binary digits only. Difficult, right?
Arrayname [index] := data That was the main reason why computers were not so
popular in those days.
(b) OMEGA [1] := 5;
The 2nd generation used mnemonics to represent each
(c) OMEGA [2] := 10; low-level machine instruction or operation.
OMEGA [3] = OMEGA [1] + OMEGA [2]; Both the first and second generation
p ro g ra m m i n g l a n g u a g e s a re
considered low-level languages
Question # 11 – Programming terminologies because they are specific to particular
computer architecture. Unlike the 3 rd and 4 t h
(1) flowchart (6) compile generations which are generally portable across multiple
(2) algorithm (7) execute architectures, but require interpreting or compiling.
(3) source (8) run-time
(4) debug (9) logic
(5) syntax (10) external JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page
Third and fourth generation programming languages are known as high level languages, because the coding in close
to human language.
This paper was selected because it tested majority of the programming skills you need before you go into the exam in
May. It also tested data representation which is a topic that most likely will come in the exam. This is where we will
stop for this week. Next week we continue revising. Keep practising!
Word to the wise: The wise man should be prepared for everything that does not lie within his control. You have
three choices: give up, give in, or give it all you’ve got.
WATCH THE VIDEO BELOW FOR MORE
Shandeen Robinson-White is affiliated with Maths Unlimited and Hillel Academy.

! Email: teacherrobwhite@hotmail.com

HUMAN & SOCIAL
BIOLOGY Lesson 23
with
Leroy Munroe
DISEASES AND ITS IMPACT

ON HUMANS
Objectives:
At the end of this lesson students should be able to:
1. Identify the insect borne diseases malaria

and dengue.
2. State the causative agents, signs and

symptoms, treatment and control
for malaria and dengue.
3. Identify and state the different stages Persons get malaria when they are bitten by an infected
of the mosquito’s life cycle. female Anopheles mosquito. Malaria cannot spread from
person to person such as a cold or the flu, and it cannot
be transmitted through sexual intercourse. A person
4. Identify and state the causative agent,
cannot get malaria by coming into contact with a
signs and symptoms, treatment and
malaria-infected person, such as sitting next to someone
control of leptospirosis.
who has the infection. They have to be bitten by a female
Anopheles mosquito that is infected with the plasmodium.
INSECT BORNE DISEASES
A Plasmodium is a single-celled parasite that multiplies in
the red blood cells of humans as well as the mosquito
MALARIA intestine. When the mosquito bites an infected person, a
small amount of blood is ingested that contains
Malaria is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by microscopic malaria parasites. When this mosquito is
the protozoa parasites. The protozoa parasite that causes ingesting another blood meal, these parasites mix with
malaria is called a ‘Plasmodium’. The disease is the mosquito’s saliva injected into the person being bitten.
transmitted to humans through the bites of an infected As the malaria parasites enter the blood stream they infect
female Anopheles mosquito that is the exclusive carrier of
and destroy red blood cells.
the malarial parasite. Note that malaria is a disease that
is not caused by a bacterium, virus or fungus but instead
a protozoon known as the plasmodium. JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page
JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continued from previous page
The female Anopheles mosquitoes are also known as Malaria may cause anaemia which is caused by damage to
‘night-biting’ mosquitoes because they most commonly the red blood cells and jaundice (yellow colouring of the
bite between dusk and dawn. When a female Anopheles skin and eyes) because of the loss of red blood cells.
mosquito takes a blood meal from an infected person with Symptoms usually appear between 10 and 15 days after
the mosquito bite. If not treated, malaria can quickly
malaria, it will become infected with the parasite and
become life-threatening by disrupting the blood supply to
spread it to other people. When the infected mosquito
vital organs. Malaria may be treated with anti-malaria
bites an uninfected person, it releases the parasites into drugs such as chloroquine, mefloquine, quinine and
their blood. tetracycline.
Once a person is bitten, the parasites (called sporozoites)

DENGUE
then travel through the bloodstream to the liver, where
they reproduce and release another form of the parasite
called merozoites. The parasite leaves the liver and travels Dengue fever is caused by a virus spread by the Aedes
Aegypti mosquito. There are four ‘strains’ of the virus, they
to the bloodstream, where it infects the red blood cells.
are strains DEN I, DEN 2, DEN 3 and DEN 4. Dengue caused
The parasite reproduces in the red blood cells, which
by strains 3 and 4 are the more severe form of the virus.
destroys the cells and releases more parasites into the Dengue is spread when the female Aedes Aegypti mosquito
bloodstream. For the Anopheles mosquitoes to transmit takes a blood meal from an infected person with the virus
malaria, they must have been infected through a previous and then bites someone who is not infected, releasing the
blood meal taken from an infected person. virus into their blood. Only the female bites and feeds on
blood which she needs for the maturity of her egg.
Signs and symptoms of malaria include:
• high fever A person can only be infected by each ‘strain’ of the virus
once in their life time. Once a person is infected with one
• flu-like symptoms
of the dengue viruses they will develop an immunity for
• changes between cold shivering spells and sweating
that strain for the rest of their life. However, the person
with shaking chills can still be infected with the other three strains. It is
• headache possible for a person to develop all four strains of the virus
• muscle aches in their life time. When a person is infected with the
• tiredness dengue virus they may develop dengue fever or dengue
• nausea haemorrhagic fever. The Aedes mosquitoes are not born
• profuse sweating as body temperature falls with the dengue virus. When a dengue mosquito bites
• vomiting and diarrhea someone who is sick with dengue fever, that mosquito is
infected and becomes a carrier of the virus.
• Aneamia
• Bloody stool
Infected humans act as reservoirs for the virus, with the
• convulsions mosquito picking up the infection from humans and
spreading it to uninfected individuals. The virus circulates
Because the parasites that cause malaria affect red blood in the bloodstream of humans for a period of two to seven
cells, persons can also catch malaria from exposure to days, which is when the mosquito may acquire the virus
infected blood, including: through feeding. During this period, symptoms of the
• From mother to her unborn baby (congenitally) infection such as fever begin to appear.
• Through blood transfusions
• Sharing needles used to inject drugs JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page
The Aedes Aegypti mosquito breeds in any container where

DENGUE HAEMORRHAGIC FEVER
water is allowed to settle. Dengue is not contagious and
cannot be spread directly from person to person. There
must be a person-to-mosquito-to-another-person Dengue haemorrhagic fever is the more severe form of
transmission. The Aedes Aegypti mosquito is a daytime dengue. The disease is characterized by bleeding in the
biter with peak periods of biting around sunrise and nose, abdominal pain and gum. Dengue haemorrhagic
sunset. It may bite at any time of the day and is often fever tends to affect children under ten (10) years old.
hidden inside homes or other dwellings, especially in Persons who have had dengue before are more likely to
urban areas. These mosquitoes breed near water and lay get dengue haemorrhagic fever.
their eggs in the walls of water containers so they are
commonly found near water cisterns, unsealed septic Signs and symptoms of dengue haemorrhagic fever include:
tanks, decorative fountains, flowers pots, discarded tyres • headache
and bottles or boats and other vehicles that may collect • rash
• fever
water while stationary.
• blood spot in the skin
• bleeding nose, mouth and/or gums
DENGUE FEVER • black stools
• severe and continuous stomach pains
Dengue fever is an illness that affects both children and • pale, cold, clammy skin (the trunk often warm)
adults, but, rarely causes death. Signs and symptoms of • skin bruising
the disease include: • frequent vomiting with or without blood
• difficulty breathing
• high fever, • fainting and finally death
• severe headache especially behind the eyes,
These complications usually start after the fever goes
• pain behind the eyes, down. In severe cases, the person goes into ‘shock’ called
• muscle pains, Dengue Shock Syndrome.
• bone or joint pains,
Prevention and control of Dengue and Malaria
• skin rash,
3 Use insecticides to kill adult mosquito.
• vomiting,
3 Destroy mosquito larvae by spraying oil on the
• low backache, surface of stagnant water.
• nausea and 3 Introduce fish into water to feed on mosquito larvae
3 Prevent bites by sleeping under mosquito-proof
• Swollen lymph nodes in the neck and groin.
nets. Wear clothing with long sleeves and cover legs
to prevent bites. Use mosquito repellents.
Because dengue fever is caused by a virus, there is no
3 Cover all storage containers tightly
specific medicine or antibiotic to treat it. For the dengue,
3 Punch holes in tins and other containers to allow
the treatment is purely concerned with relief of the
water to drain out.
symptoms. Rest and fluid intake for adequate hydration is
important. Aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory 3 Get rid of old tyres, plastic containers, coconut shells,
drugs should only be taken under a doctor’s supervision used cans and anything that you are using that
because of the possibility of worsening bleeding water can settle in.
complications. Acetaminophen and codeine may be given
for severe headache and for joint and muscle pain. JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page
The life cycle of a mosquito Pupae: The pupae stage is a resting, non-feeding stage
of development, but pupae are mobile, responding to
Eggs: After drinking blood, adult females lay tiny white light changes and moving with a flip of their tails
eggs singly on the surface film in stagnant water or very towards the bottom or protective areas. Pupae live near
slow-moving water. the surface of the water, breathing through two
horn-like tubes (called siphons) on their back. Pupae are
Larvae: Within a week, the eggs hatch into larvae (called also called ‘tumblers’.
‘wrigglers’) that breathe air through tubes (spiracles) which
they poke above the surface of the water. Anopheles larvae Adult: The newly emerged adult rests on the surface of
does not have a spiracle and lie parallel to the water surface the water for a short time to allow itself to dry and all
to get a supply of oxygen through a breathing opening. The its body parts to harden. The wings have to spread out
larvae eat bits of floating organisms and particles in the water. and dry properly before it can fly. Blood feeding and
They may also feed on each other. Larvae molt four times as mating does not occur for a couple of days after the
they grow; after the fourth molt, they are called ‘pupae’. adults emerge.
Diagram showing life cycle of the mosquito
JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page

LEPTOSPIROSIS (WEIL’S DISEASE)
Leptospirosis is a disease caused Signs and symptoms of the disease include:

by bacteria called a ‘spirochete’. • headaches
Leptospirosis is transmitted when • muscle aches
humans come in contact with • eyes pain in bright lights
urine or other body fluids from an • chills and fever
infected animal. The disease is not • jaundice
only transmitted by rats but also • lung, liver, heart and kidney failures
other animals such as dogs, pigs, • Meningitis
horses and other wild animals. It • stiffness in the neck
is transmitted through contact
with infected food, soil, water or Treatment and control
other body fluids except saliva.
Treatment involves taking of antibiotics such as doxycycline, penicillin along with
The disease is also transmitted painkillers and other drugs to control the fever. Confining to a dark room is also
when persons come in contact needed. To control the disease, try to control rats by setting a rat trap. Avoid possible
with food, soil or water contact with rat urine particularly when bathing and taking part in water sports.
contaminated with the urine from
an infected rat or other animals Watch the video below for more
that are vectors of the disease.
People contract the disease by
either eating contaminated food,
or drinking contaminated water.
The disease can also enter the
body through the skin, especially
if it is broken from a cut or scratch.
It can also enter through mucous
membranes such as the eyes, nose,
sinuses and mouth, if they come in
contact with contaminated water
or soil. Fleas that bite dogs and
mice can also be a vector.
People may also be infected by

swimming, hiking and fishing in
fresh water ponds, waterfalls or
streams contaminated with rat or
animal urine. Farming, gardening
or touching moist soil or
vegetation contaminated with rat
urine or other vectors that spread
the disease; also, touching urine, Leroy Munroe is on staff of the Trench Town Polytechnic College
! Email: leroy_munroe@yahoo.com
tissue, or blood of infected animal.

PRINCIPLES OF
BUSINESS Lesson 23
with
Hilary Bassaragh
INSURANCES
Objectives:
At the end of this lesson

students should be able to:
1. distinguish between insurance

and assurance
2. state and apply the principles
upon which insurance is used
3. discuss how insurance
promotes trade
4. state the significance of
collateral and other forms
of securities
When you’re in business you deal with a variety of potential risks each day. Risk is not something you can avoid, but
it is something you can manage. Insurance is one way to manage this risk. Insurance is an essential part of running
any business. Your insurance requirements will vary according to the type of business you are operating, but you should
be aware that some forms of insurance are compulsory, such as workers’ compensation and third party car insurance.
INSURANCE AND ASSURANCE
Insurance is an agreement between an insurance company (insurer) and someone who wants financial protection (the
insured) that compensation will be paid if a particular loss is sustained. The contact drawn between these two
individuals is known as a policy. The purpose of insurance is to provide for any damages suffered by the insured.
Therefore the insurer will compensate them so that they return to a favorable position before the loss.
The Difference Between Assurance And Insurance

Insurance provides for the doubtful factor, that is, if it will happen such as fire and theft. Assurance is the certainty of
an event, that is, the risk will occur at some time, and the only doubtful factor is when it will happen; example death.
The holder of such a policy will definitely have a claim.
JOL PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS continues on next page
JOL PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS continued from previous page
BASIS FOR COMPARISON INSURANCE ASSURANCE

Insurance refers to an arrangement,
Assurance is a provision for coverage
which provides cover for an event
Meaning of an event, whose happening is
that can happen but not necessarily,
certain, such as death.
like flood, theft, fire etc.
Based on Principle of indemnity Principle of certainity
Protection against An anticipated event A sure event
Timing for payment of claim Only when the event happens. Dead or on maturity.
Coverage/Time Usually one year, renewable after. Running over a number of years.
The Pooling Of Risks (3) Indemnity: this principle restores the policy
holder to his former position before the accident.
Insurable risks are those risks that can be assessed in value However the following must be observed:
or which the probability can be assessed using statistics (a) No profiteering: that is a person should
which non insurable risks cannot be assessed. A risk is also not make a profit from a claim.
regarded as insurable if there are a large number of similar (b) Subrogation – takes the place of. When
risks. This facilitates the basis for the insurance system of the company pays out a claim the item
the pooling of risks. This means that each person pays a that is damaged becomes the property
of the company, as the owner is now
small sum, but if loss is suffered a large sum will be
compensated with cash to replace the
received in compensation: as a result the risk is said to be
damaged goods.
shared among the persons or firm who joined together.
(c) Contribution – this prevents a person
from claiming on two insurance
PRINCIPLE OF INSURANCE companies for the same property.
(4) Proximate cause: where a loss or damage is

The insurer will pay the insured if the following has been suffered, the insurer can only pay out a claim only
complied with. if the particular event is covered in the agreement.
(1) Insurable interest: an individual should be (5) Subrogation: this is an aspect of indemnity. This
directly connected with the property (asset) or implies that if your asset insured is completely
person insured for them to have any legal claim destroyed then the insurance company would
in the event of the person’s untimely demise. compensate you but the asset would now be the
property of the insurance company.
(2) Utmost good faith: the information provided to
the insurer should be factual. Failure to disclose (6) Contribution: If you are insured with two
vital facts may result in the insurance company companies, they will come together to
not honoring the claim. For example, a cancer or compensate you, therefore you cannot make a
heart patient must inform the company of the profit from an insurance company.
condition before making a proposal for a life
assurance policy. JOL PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS continues on next page
INSURABLE AND NON INSURABLE Endowment policies are for payments of a basic sum upon
AND NON-INSURABLE RISKS AND INSURABLE RISKS reaching a certain age or death, whichever comes first.
Therefore upon maturity if the holder survives the period
Non-insurable risks are risks which cannot be assessed in covered by the policy they receive a sum, please note this
value. The probability may be incalculable, or they may is the total of the premium (basic sum invested) not the
be risks which are against the public interest or illegal. In benefit received if one dies.
business, non-insurable risks are such as failure to
Term policies are subscribed by people who need a
anticipate market demand correctly and failure to manage
mortgage on their houses. In the event of death the policy
the firm efficiently.
is used to pay off the mortgage.
Insurable risks are those risks which can be assessed in
value or of which the probability of it occurring can be
assessed. In business, insurable risks are the non-economic
risks such as fire, hurricane, accidents, etc.
TYPES OF INSURANCE POLICIES
3 LIFE ASSURANCE
There are several types of life insurance. Some are

investment-type funds where you contribute over a certain
time and get back your investment plus interest earnings
at the maturity date. Others are designed to cover risk -
things that could happen to you.
3 MOTOR VEHICLE
• Income protection or disability insurance - covers
part of your normal income if you are prevented Any vehicle driven on public roads is required to be
from working through sickness or accident. insured so that in the event of an accident, they can meet
the liability.
• Trauma insurance - provides a lump sum when you
are diagnosed with one of several specified life ! Third party – this covers injuries to someone other
threatening illnesses. than the insured on public roads plus damage to
other people’s property.
• Term life insurance or whole of life cover - provides
your dependents with a lump sum if you die. ! Third party theft and fire – this covers the damage
to other people’s property plus his/her own car
• Total and permanent disability insurance - provides through fire or theft.
a lump sum only if you are totally and permanently
disabled before retirement. ! Comprehensive – covers the damage of your vehicle
plus personal injury as well as loss to personal
possession in the car. It also includes damages from
A whole life policy covers payments after death of the theft and fire
insured. The idea is that a spouse or dependent should
benefit from the policy. JOL PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS continues on next page
3 BUSINESS INSURANCE 3 MARINE INSURANCE
Apart from insuring the property, the company can also do

the following
(1) employer’s liability – safety of each worker on

the job
(2) public liability covers the public and others who

visit your premises
(3) stock damage

This covers loss or damages to ships and their cargo.
(4) theft, burglary ! Hull insurance – this covers damage to the vessel
and all its fixtures or damages caused by us to
(5) bad debts another vessel. Policies can be divided into sections-
time policies, which covers the ship for a specific
period and voyage policies that cover the vessel on
Types of liability insurance you need to consider: specific voyages.
(1) Public Liability ! Cargo - this covers the goods transported by the
Public liability insurance protects you and your vessel. Most importers will not accept the bill of
business against the financial risk of being found lading if the cargo is not insured.
liable to a third party for death or injury, loss or
! Freight – covers the probability that the shipper
damage of property or ‘pure economic’ loss
does not pay for delivery of the goods to him/her.
resulting from your negligence.
! Ship owner liability – damages caused by the
(2) Professional Indemnity
captain or any other crew member, example
Professional indemnity insurance protects you pollution, injury to passengers.
from legal action taken for losses incurred as a
result of your advice. It provides indemnity cover
if your client suffers a loss - either material, TYPES OF INSURANCE –MARINE
financial or physical - directly attributed to
negligent acts. There are several types of policies in marine insurance:
(1) Time specified – e.g., 6 months
(3) Product Liability (2) Voyaged – cover is only for one trip
If you sell, supply or deliver goods, even in the (3) Time and voyaged – cover is for one trip and for a
form of repair or service, you may need cover specified time, e.g., Jamaica to Miami in 2 weeks
against claims of goods causing injury or (4) Floating – cover is the same as for regular voyages
damage. Product liability insurance covers (5) Valued – the value is agreed beforehand
damage or injury caused to another business or (6) Unvalued – the losses are assessed afterwards
person by the failure of your product or the
product you are selling. JOL PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS continues on next page
INSURANCE AS AN AID TO TRADE
Those individuals who depend on imported goods benefit in the event of damages to property or goods. They are able
to recover losses and carry on trade despite adversities. It is also important to the country’s balance of payment as a
portion of the profits earned by the insurance company is used to pay taxes. It also encourages individuals and
organizations to take risks.
Insurance policies can also act as collateral for other business ventures. For example, it can be used against a house
mortgage. If the person forfeits on the loan payment the bank can claim the property as payment in place of the debt.
Is the health insurance scheme a part of the insurance company plan?
No, health insurance is a part of the compensation package offered by employers. It is to ensure that workers and their
family are cared for in the event of illness. It is a type of personal insurance, offered by non-life insurance or general
insurance companies, in which hospitalization expenses are compensated. In health insurance, either the amount spent
is reimbursed, or cashless service is provided with a network of hospitals, doctors throughout the country, but only up
to the amount covered in the policy. It covers room expenses, nursing expenses, fees of surgeon, physician, specialist,
consultant, medical bills, operation theatre charges, x-ray, dialysis, and so on. In Jamaica we have two major providers,
Sagicor and Medi-cus (offered by Guardian Life).
Hilary Bassaragh is on the staff of The Queen’s School

! Email: ac_teacher@yahoo.com
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PRINCIPLES OF
ACCOUNTS Lesson 23
with
Tedmore Clarke
BOOKS OF ORIGINAL (PRIME) ENTRY
Examiners normally require extensive knowledge of the various subsidiary books (books of prime entry) and the source
documents used to prepare them. The following represent the major books of original entry and the relevant source
documents.
SUBSIDIARY BOOK (Book of Original Entry) SOURCE DOCUMENT(S) USED
Sales Journal Sales Invoices
Purchases Journal Purchases Invoices
Returns Inward (Sales Returns) Journal Credit Notes issued by the firm
Returns Outward (Purchases Returns) Journal Credit Notes received or debit notes issued by the firm
Cash Book Receipts, Cheques, Deposit Slips, Bank Statements
Petty Cash Book Petty Cash Vouchers
General Journal Various documents, including debit notes
Tutorial Note: The cash book is both a ledger and a journal at the same time. It is a ledger in that it observes the
double entry principle when recording receipts and payments. The cash and bank columns are therefore
part of the double entry process. The cash book also acts as a journal by listing cash discounts until at
the end of the period when the totals are transferred to the general ledger. The discount columns in
the cash book are therefore not part of the double entry system.
THE GENERAL JOURNAL
The journal is a form of diary in which certain transactions are entered before the actual entries are made in the
necessary ledger accounts. Having entered the transactions in the journal, the double-entry records must then be made
in the necessary ledger accounts. The journal is therefore not a major part of the double-entry system, since entering
an item in the journal is not the same as recording the transaction in the accounts.
The journal should give (for each transaction):
1. The name of the account(s) to be debited, including the amount(s);
2. The name of the account(s) to be credited, including the amount(s);
3. A brief description of the transaction, called a narration or a narrative.
JOL PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS continues on next page

JOL PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS continued from previous page
When writing up the journal, the name of the account to be debited must always be shown first. The name of the
account to be credited should not be written in the same margin as the one to be debited; it should be indented.
Format of the General Journal
MAIN USES OF THE GENERAL JOURNAL

1. For the purchase and/or sale of fixed assets on credit 4. For opening, adjusting and closing entries
2. For writing off bad debts 5. For set-offs and other transfers
3. For correction of errors
FOLIO COLUMNS
a) Trade Debtors’ personal accounts are found in the Sales Ledger (SL).
b) Trade Creditors’ personal accounts are found in the Purchases Ledger (PL).
c) Cash and Bank accounts are found in the Cash Book (CB).
d) All other impersonal accounts, as well as the accounts of debtors and creditors who are not considered trade
debtors and/or trade creditors, are found in the General Ledger (GL).
Tutorial Note: Trade debtors and trade creditors refer to debtors and creditors for goods.
EXERCISE
You are required to show the journal entries necessary to record the following transactions for January 2017, in the
records of R. Parkinson, a grocer.
2017
Jan 1 Bought furniture on credit from Courts Ltd. $5,000
5 Wrote off an amount of $400 owing by C. Guy as bad
7 Sold fixtures on credit to Best Deals Ltd. $2,000
11 Returned furniture to Courts Ltd. $500
15 J. Carson, who owed the firm $800, was unable to pay in cash, and so Robinson decided to accept some
furniture from him to cancel the debt.
16 Robinson took $350 worth of goods out of the business at cost for personal use.
21 A private telephone bill was included in the business at a value of $400.
23 Best Deals Ltd. returned fixtures valued at $200.
25 A. Gentry, who owed the firm $600, managed to pay cash equivalent to 70 cents in the dollar, but it became
obvious that he would not be able to pay the remainder.
31 Robinson replaced $250 worth of the goods taken on January 16.
HINT: 75 cents in the dollar means that for every dollar owed by the debtor the firm received 75 cents.

SOLUTION
OPENING ENTRIES
These are the entries needed to open a new set of books, and can arise as a result of:
1. Assets and liabilities being carried forward to a new trading period
2. The conversion of single entry and incomplete records into double-entry book-keeping.
In preparing opening journal entries, all the assets are listed first and debited. The liabilities are then indented since
these are to be credited. It will often be necessary to determine the capital (by deducting liabilities from assets) which
should also be credited in the journal.

EXERCISE
M. Carson has been in business as a
$
trader for many years, but without Machinery 8,000
keeping proper records. He now Motor Van 5,000
decides to implement a double-entry Stock 4,000
Debtors:
book-keeping system, and was able to B. Daley 500
provide the following information C. Brown 750
relating to assets and liabilities at Creditors:
S. Adams 800
January 1, 2018: A. Carter 400
Loan from Finance Plus 2,000
You are required to prepare Opening Cash at Bank 3,000
Cash in Hand 300
Journal Entries for the info at right.
SOLUTION
REMINDERS: 1. Assets have debit balances while liabilities and capital have credit.
2. Capital = Assets – Liabilities.
Have a good week.
Tedmore Clarke is on the staff of Quality Academics

! Email: tedmoreorless@hotmail.com

INTEGRATED
SCIENCE Lesson 23
with
Marlene Grey-Tomlinson
MULTIPLE CHOICE
PRACTISE QUESTIONS
Hello students, for this lesson there are some CSEC type
multiple choice questions from the second part of the syllabus.
Though the answers are provided at the end, try to complete
the questions before going to the answers. Good luck!
1. The nodules in leguminous plants are important in the

nitrogen cycle because the bacteria in them:
A. helps plants to make nitrogen
B. reduces excess nitrates in the soil
C. changes atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates
D. makes it easier for the roots to absorb nitrates
2. A fuse is attached in the live wire of an appliance to:

A. allow smooth flow of electricity 3. Which of the following processes would involve
B. cut the electricity supply to the appliance when not bacteria?
in use A. X, Y and Z only
C. ensure that the appliance gets the maximum current
to maximize performance B. W, X and V only
D. prevent excessive current from flowing through the C. W, X, Y and Z only
appliance during a short circuit D. W, X, V and Z only
The following diagram shows a simplified form of the nitrogen

cycle. Use the diagram to answer questions 3 and 4.
4. What does the box “protein in organisms” include?
I Protein made from plant
II Proteins found in protoplasm
III Protein eaten by consumers
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and III only
D. I, II and III
JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continues on next page

JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continued from previous page
5. The diagram below is of an electric bulb. 10. Which of the following eye problems is not
Which of the parts marked A, B, C and D must have very associated with the lens?
high resistance? ___________ A. Cataract
B. Glaucoma
C. Long sightedness
D. short sightedness
11. If electricity costs 20¢ per kilowatt hour, what would

be the cost of using two 200W lamps and a 600W
television set for 5 hours.
A. $0.80
B. $1.00
C. $8.00
D. $16.00
6. Lightning plays an important role in the nitrogen cycle

because it: 12. The diagram below is a simplified version of the
A. changes nitrates to nitrogen
carbon cycle.
B. produces ammonia from nitrogen
C. changes nitrogen in the air to nitrates
D. causes oxides of nitrogen to be formed
7. Lots of soap is needed when washing with hard water.

This is due to the formation of
A. an emulsion
B. magnesium stearate
C. sodium carbonate
D. calcium hydrogen carbonate
8. A paper cup can be used to boil water because Along which of the arrows, A, B, C, or D is carbon
A. water is a poor conductor of heat dioxide released? ___________
B. convection currents can be set up in water
C. water prevents the cup from being too hot to burn
D. water is a liquid over a wide range of temperatures 13. How much current (in amperes) is drawn from an 8V
battery which is connected to a 2 resistor?
A. 0.4A
9. An appliance has 100V and a current of 50A passing B. 4.0A
through it. What is the resistance of the appliance? C. 10A
A. 2
D. 16A
B. 25
C. 100
D. 5000 JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continues on next page
14. An iron is used on a 120V main circuit and has a 13A 20. All the following are conductors EXCEPT:
fuse in its plug. What is the most powerful power rating A. gold
of an iron that can be used safely with this fuse? B. silver
A. 1000W C. paper
B. 1200W D. copper
C. 1500W
D. 1800W
21. All the following are insulators EXCEPT:
A. porcelain
15. A certain town uses hard water domestically. B. carbon
However no lime scale is found in the kettles. This C. cloth
is because the hard water: D. plastic
A. is acidic
B. does not produce scum
C. contains magnesium sulphate 22. Which of the following quantities has the same unit
D. produces calcium carbonate when decomposed as electromotive force?
A. Charge
B. Current
16. Chlorine is bubbled into water during water C. Potential difference
treatment D. Power
A. to kill bacteria
B. remove colours
C. form a stable compound 23. A plug connected to a table lamp contains a 3A fuse?
D. to remove unpleasant odours Why is the fuse needed?
A. to increase the resistance of the circuit
B. to make it easier for the current to flow
17. All metals are ______ C. to protect the wiring from overheating
A. connectors D. D. to reduce the voltage across the lamp
B. conductors
C. heavy (high density)
D. light Use the information below to answer items 24 – 26
A. precipitation
B. evaporation
18. Ohm’s law states that: C. transpiration
A. V = I/R D. condensation
B. V = R/I
C. V = I x R 24. Which of the processes takes water from the
D. V = power atmosphere to the land? ___________
25. The process by which air is cooled and returned to

19. Use Ohm’s law to find voltage when I = 5 amps and the land as rain is called ___________
R = 10 ohms
A. 15V 26. Plants give off water vapour from their leaves in a
B. 2V process called ___________
C. 50V
D. 105V JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continues on next page
27. Which of the following substances has the greatest 31. In the water cycle, one correct sequence of events
water potential? by which water is returned to the sea is:
A. salt water A. Evaporation-precipitation-river
B. pure water flow-precipitation
C. acid solution B. Precipitation-evaporation -percolation-river flow
D. any mixture C. River flow-evaporation-percolation- precipitation
D. Evaporation- precipitation-percolation-river flow
28. Which of the following is the poorest conductor of

heat? 32. We measure electric current in
A. Iron A. volts
B. Silver B. amperes
C. Glass C. ohms
D. Copper D. degrees
33. Nitrifying bacteria convert:

29. The circuit below contains two identical bulbs and
A. proteins to ammonia
three identical ammeters.
B. nitrate to ammonia
C. ammonia to nitrate
D. nitrogen to nitrate
34. A unit of electricity costs 60 cents. The cost of

running a 2kW electric fire for three hours will be:
A. 120 cents
B. 180 cents
C. 360 cents
D. 63 cents
Which of the three ammeters will give identical readings?

A. none 35. We measure power in:
B. A1 and A2 A. watts
C. A1 and A3 B. amps
D. A2 and A3 C. ohms
D. joules
30. An electric hair dryer has a plate underneath giving 36. Water that forms scum with soap must be:
the following information: 240 V 750 W. The best A. lime water
fuse to put in the plug should have a rating of B. soft water
A. 13 A C. an acid
B. 5 A D. hard water
C. 3.A
D. 1.A JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continues on next page
37. A source for soapless detergent is 43. Which of the following describes the change in the
A. rock eye when viewing a near object?
B. the sea A. The pupil dilates
C. crude oil B. The ciliary muscles contract
C. The suspensory ligament contracts
D. soil minerals
D. The retina becomes more active
44. Which of the following drugs will enhance an

38. Which of the following can be done to make iron athlete’s performance?
stronger? A. nicotine
A. Soak it in sodium chloride B. alcohol
B. Heat it at high temperatures C. cannabis
C. Dissolve some carbon in it D. phenobarbitone
D. Allow a layer of oxide to form
45. In galvanizing iron sheets, the iron sheets are

treated with other compounds passing into molten
39. Many countries have banned the use of lead zinc. The compounds are
additives in petrol to reduce occurrences of A. iron oxide and molten chloride
A. Asthma among children B. hydrogen chloride and molten lead
B. Nerve poisoning in children C. Ammonium chloride and molten lead
C. Breathlessness among adults D. Ammonium chloride and hydrogen chloride
D. Conjunctivitis among adults
40. Farmers treat soil with ammonium sulphate to 46. The greatest difference will be observed in the
thermometers of the hygrometer when the day is
A. Reduce its acidity
A. hot, dry and windy
B. Reduce its alkalinity
B. cool, dry and not windy
C. Increase its nitrogen content C. hot , humid and windy
D. Increase its sulphur content D. cool humid and not windy
47. Fishes have streamlined bodies so that they

41. Which of the following metals cannot form a salt A. Can stay afloat
with an acid? B. Can balance in water
A. Iron C. Have little resistance with water
D. Have more energy to move forward
B. Zinc
C. Calcium
D. Copper 48. Which of the following gases would be responsible for
the increase in sea level due to melting ice caps?
42. It is more advisable to use deodorants than A. Carbon monoxide
anti-perspirants because it B. Carbon dioxide
A. absorbs odours C. Sulphur dioxide
B. kills bacteria that cause odour D. Nitrogen dioxide
C. allows sweat to be formed freely
D. has perfume to replace body odour JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continues on next page
49. A nurse removes the thermometer from under a patients tongue, and then takes his pulse. After a few minutes,
she reads the temperature of the patients. She is able to delay reading his temperature because
A. Mercury is a very dense liquid
B. The capillary of the thermometer is very narrow
C. Of the presence of the constriction just above the bulb
D. Mercury is a good conductor of heat and expands uniformly
50. Which of the following parts of the ears is attached to the oval window?
A. Anvil
B. Stirrup
C. Hammer
D. Cochlea
ANSWERS
1. C 2. D 3. B 4. D 5. D
6. D 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. B
11. A 12. C 13. B 14. C 15. D
16. A 17. C 18. C 19. C 20. C
21. B 22. C 23. C 24. B 25. A
26. C 27. B 28. C 29. D 30. B
31. D 32. B 33. C 34. B 35. A
36. D 37. C 38. C 39. B 40. C
41. D 42. C 43. B 44. D 45. B
46. A 47. C 48. B 49. C 50. B
Until next week, have fun learning!
Marlene Grey-Tomlinson is on the staff of Excelsior High School

! Email: mgrey.xlcr@gmail.com

ENGLISH
LITERATURE Lesson 23
with
Simone Gibbs
A WORLD OF POETRY FOR CXC
Good day to you all!
If you have been following these lessons, by now you

should be feeling confident about your knowledge of the
prescribed texts as well as your ability to manage in the
upcoming examinations. This week’s lesson should help
with your preparation.
The prescribed poems from A World of Poetry for CXC

edited by Mark McWatt and Hazel Simmons-McDonald will
be the focus of today’s lesson. As you should be aware by GOD’S GRANDEUR
now the questions on the prescribed texts will be essay
questions on Paper 02 of the examination. Also the poetry Some of you may have noticed that this poem is a sonnet.
questions will be in Section B of the exam. Remember that For those who don’t know, a sonnet is a poem consisting
you only need to do ONE question from this section and of fourteen (14) lines. The first eight (8) lines (known as
that you will be asked to compare the poems in your the octave) have one theme or focus. Then there is usually
response. Consequently you should be looking for a noticeable shift in the last six (6) lines or sestet.
similarities among the poems as you study them. Beginning in line 9, the reader will therefore see a change
in the mood, tone, speaking voice, point-of-view or focus.
Several of the prescribed poems are centred around nature A sonnet can be divided into stanzas; more often than not,
and/or man’s interaction with nature. These include: the octave and the sestet. At other times the fourteen lines
are in one stanza.
“South” – Kamau Braithwaite
In “God’s Grandeur” the first stanza points out the
“God’s Grandeur” – Gerard Manley Hopkins magnificence of earth, God’s creation. However, the world
“Sonnet Composed Upon Westminster Bridge: is now suffering many and varied ills as a result of
September 1912” – William Wordsworth generations of misuse by human beings. It would appear
that the industrial age has not only polluted and ravaged
“An African Thunderstorm” – David Rubadiri the earth, but it has also turned people into robots –
“Birdshooting Season” – Olive Senior tirelessly working at various occupations in order to
achieve. All of man’s activities seem to be in vain and
Can you identify others? worse, humankind has negatively impacted the earth. As
such the first stanza is seen to end in despair.
For today’s lesson I will concentrate on “God’s Grandeur”
and “An African Thunderstorm”. JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continues on next page
JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continued from previous page
In the second stanza (beginning at line 9), however, there

REPETITION
is a change in the mood. It reads “And for all this, nature
is never spent”. In other words, despite the fact that
human beings have acted destructively towards the earth, In line 5 the poet describes the history of humans on earth
the earth has not been destroyed. On the contrary, natureaccordingly – “Generations have trod, have trod, have
has not only survived, but it continues to rejuvenate itself
trod”. By repeating the phrase “have trod” the poet might
and is thriving. The reason for this, according to the poet,
help the reader to imagine the billions of people who have
is that the spirit of God or the Holy Ghost (line 13) is
lived and died on the earth since it was first created.
concerned about the earth and takes care of it as a result.
Additionally, when you trod on something you are
One can see, therefore, that the poem ends on a positive
trampling it under your feet. The repetition is therefore
note – with hope for the earth and for humanity.
meant to show the abuse that earth/nature has endured.
Since you might be asked about literary devices that are By using (and repeating) the word trod, the poet is able
used in the poem let us examine two of them. to sustain the destructive tone that is present in the first
stanza.
ALLUSION
AN AFRICAN THUNDERSTORM
There are two kinds of Allusion operating in this poem:
allusion in general, as well as Biblical Allusion specifically.
Allusion occurs where a writer points to something or
someone that is known without directly naming that
person or thing. For example, Hopkins’ inclusion of
“seared with trade: bleared, smeared with toil” (line 6),
“…wears man’s smudge and share’s man’s smell” (line 7)
and “…lights of the black West” (line 11) are all references
to the Industrial Revolution which began in Europe and
spread throughout the Western Hemisphere. Still, the
term is not used in the poem.
Biblical Allusion can be identified wherever there is a

reference to or from the word of God (the Bible), or to God
himself. Clearly the title of the poem is a reference to God
and his majesty. Further, there is also a reference to the In the first stanza of this poem Rubadiri describes how
Holy Ghost who restores and refreshes what God has nature is affected by an impending storm. The clouds
created – nature and humanity. seem to take on a life of their own as they are moving very
quickly here and there. Additionally some of the clouds
Both the title and the reference to the Holy Ghost serve to seem to be heavy as several of them appear as if they are
highlight how powerful God is. Not only did God have the resting on the hills. The wind also, is moving so quickly
power to create a complex and magnificent thing such as that it is making a sound and it is so powerful that it is
the earth, but His spirit has been able to counteract the
causing the trees to bend.
destructive forces of industrialisation and modernisation
and has sustained the earth. Further, the poet believes
that nature has not only survived, it is flourishing. JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continues on next page
JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continued from previous page
The second stanza focuses on the effect that the impending storm has on human beings as well as nature. Children,
innocent and unaware of the danger that is coming toward them, are running around and playing in the wind. The
women are also running around in the wind with their babies on their backs. Unlike the children, however, they are
trying to put things in place in order to ensure that they are safe during, and after the storm. Once again the power
of the wind can be seen as not only does the poet state that the trees are bending, but he also states that it is ripping
off the clothes of the women who are out and about preparing for the storm.
Then, the lightning and the thunder come accompanied by an even louder crack and the smell of smoke. It would
appear as if the lightning has struck and ignited a tree somewhere. Finally the rain begins to pour down and together
with the wind, lightning and thunder, they have formed a thunderstorm.
Have you read the poem? If so, what devices were you able to identify? Here are two of them.
PERSONIFICATION
The clouds are said to be “hurrying” and “pregnant” (lines 2 and 10). Further, “the wind whistles” (line 9) and the
trees “bend to let it [the wind] pass” (lines 10 and 26). In all three references the poet gives human qualities to the
clouds, the wind and the trees.
As a result the reader might think that the elements are alive or filled with energy: it seems as if they have taken on
a life of their own. This impression serves to create an atmosphere of excitement and expectancy – the kind of
atmosphere that is present when a storm is approaching.
SIMILE
Rubadiri uses similes throughout the poem. For example, the clouds are gathering so swiftly that they are said to
be “Like a plague of locusts” (line 6). This simile not only creates visual imagery (it causes the reader to ‘see’ the
dark clouds coming together), but it adds to the sense of danger and destruction that a plague of locusts carries
with it as in Africa and other territories, locusts often descend on large farms and devour the crops in a relatively
short space of time.
Another simile in the poem can be found in line 27 – “Clothes wave like tattered flags”. This simile serves to create
visual imagery and perhaps auditory imagery as well (the reader might be able to ‘hear’ the sound of the clothes
flapping in the wind). Additionally, the statement may remind the reader of African culture where loose garments are
worn. Consequently the wind strips them off the women and exposes their “dangling breasts” (line 29) – also a feature
of some tribes in Africa.
I will end the lesson at this point. I hope you will join me next week. Remember exams are just around the corner.
Please continue to prepare.
Simone Gibbs is on the staff of Calabar High School

! Email: simonecgibbs@yahoo.com
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COMMUNICATION
STUDIES Lesson 23
with
Peta-Gaye Perkins Bryan
CONTENT REVIEW
Hi everyone. For this week’s lesson, as promised, we will

be continuing our review of what we have covered thus
far. Let us first look at the article and try to state the main
idea as well as the strategies used.
The main idea of the passage is that parents need to

educate their children about the advantages and What this means students, is that the article is expository
disadvantages in the use of social media. in nature. You may think the article is persuasive because
there is a rhetorical question at the beginning but please
be reminded that in your own oral presentations you need
an attention grabber and so the rhetorical question
functions as the attention grabber in the article. You may
also think the article is an example of persuasive discourse
because a doctor is sharing pertinent information and so
it is an example of authoritative opinion. This is not the
case here as she is really presenting some facts which we
can classify. Let us look at how we would classify these
The author’s purpose was to inform parents about the facts by paying attention to the strategies the writer use.
dangers surrounding the use of social media and the
importance to guide their children accordingly. JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continues on next page
JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continued from previous page
He notes that it has serious repercussions for the future

and this may frighten some parents thus achieving the
purpose of informing the parents to warn their children
against the indiscriminate use of social media.
Have a discussion with your friends about what other

Let us begin with language strategies employed by the strategies they identified and see what we all came up
author. Some of the language strategies include the with. I assure you that the essay may very well go over
following:
500 words but there is no problem with that if you ensure
1. Examples of evidence – this is shared through the you plan wisely and complete all three essays in a fulsome
Psychologist’s personal experiences of dealing with way. Please see below a list of other organizational
young people who were hurt by the evil acts of strategies you may find in other passages you will practice
others while on social media. with your teachers.
2. Use of technical and scientific jargon for example, Some other common organizational patterns include the
‘catfishing’ which is a term used in the cyber world.
following:
3. Definitions – given for catfishing
1. Cause and Effect – this pattern presents an action
4. Use of contrast where the speaker notes the differences and then a result.
with recreational activities in the past vs now.
2. Compare and contrast – this patterns shows how
5. Use of rhetorical questions so as to get the reader’s two things are similar (compare) and how they are
attention. different (contrast).
Language Techniques
3. Chronological order – this is where the information
Use of transition words for example not only, another and is organized in order of time.
therefore. There is also the use of but to show a contrast.
4. Sequence/Process – the information is listed in a
Now, let us look at the organizational strategy. step-by-step manner or explains the how something
is done or how to achieve a particular thing.
1. The passage presents the problems at the top of the
passage and then the solutions at the bottom. 5. Spatial/Descriptive – this is a description of
Parents are being told what the problems are that
something or somewhere in order of its space. A
their children may face if social media are not used
wisely and then she presents the solutions as ways specific example could be describing your school
in which parents can guide and better monitor their compound. You may begin by saying to the right of
children’s use of social media. the entry gate you will find the library while to the
left you will see the computer lab. At the centre you
You MUST NOT forget to say how the author uses the will find the 4th form block and to the rear of the 4th
different strategies to achieve his purpose. One way you form block is the assembly hall.
could highlight this is to say that he highlighted specific
dangers surrounding the use of social media so that the
parents can see the importance of guiding their children. JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continues on next page
Examples of Multiple Choice Items for Paper 1
For this week’s multiple choice practice we are going to

do a listening comprehension. You are going to click on
the video and listen to the poem twice. After listening to
ANSWERS FOR LAST WEEK’S ACTIVITY
the poem try to see if you can answer the questions –
without replaying the video. When you are done you can
1. A 2. C 3. A 4. B replay the video to see if your answers are correct. In next
week’s lesson I will share my answers and you can
5. D 6. D 7. B compare to see how well you did.
JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continues on next page

Instructions: Listen carefully to the reading of the poem and answer the questions below based on it
1. What is the MAIN idea in the extract?

(A) A boy is sad about his parents Leaving him
(B) Admiration
(C) Acceptance
(D) Indifference
2. What is the literary device used in “the ogre towers above you”?
(A) Hyperbole
(B) Metaphor
(C) Symbolism
(D) Onomatopoeia
3. Which of the following literary devices are used in the extract?

I Metaphor
II Pathetic Fallacy
III Alliteration
(A) I only
(B) I and II only
(C) I and III only
(D) All of the above
4. Which of the following BEST captures the poet’s method of discourse?

(A) Description of childhood experiences
(B) Narration of childhood pain
(C) Presentation of parenting styles
(D) Provision of information
5. Which of the following comments BEST show that the phrase “the hurt your easy tears can scald him with”
is effectively used?
(A) It compares the tears to the parent’s pain
(B) It evokes a sense of pity for the hurt father
(C) It visually captures how the little boy looks when he is crying
(D) It compares the heat of the pain to tepid water
For next week’s lesson we will look at some more multiple choice questions and start revising for the module 3 essay.
Until next week, take care and don’t forget to read and prepare.
Peta-Gaye Perkins Bryan is on the staff of Queen’s High School for Girls
! Email: perkins.pg@gmail.com

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In this week’s lesson we will examine another mode of writing

The tone/ The writer’s attitude

JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continues on next page

Give evidence for your praise or criticism

Offer solutions to the problem

HOW TO WRITE A LETTER TO THE EDITOR

Shawnett Myers-Lawrence is on the staff of St. Hugh’s High School

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• A compass, one that is sturdy and will not change

• A ruler calibrated in centimetres, preferably 30 cm. long (12 inches)

There are six basic skills required to master this topic:

2. Draw a 60° angle from a point on a line. 5. Bisect any angle.

Let us examine each of these skills by way of simple examples.

Draw a triangle A B C with sides AB = 10 cm, AC = 6 cm and BC = 8 cm.

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From a point A on a line, construct an angle of 60o

1. Draw a line and mark a point A

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1. Draw a line and mark a point C

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1. Draw the lines AB and BC to meet at 80°.

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1. Draw the line AB and an arbitrary point C.

4. From point A swing an arc (blue arc) passing through point B.

6. Draw the line CD to complete the parallel line.

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Using a ruler, a pencil and a pair of compasses, construct

[Credit will be given for clearly drawn construction lines.]

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WATCH THE VIDEO BELOW FOR MORE.

Kamau Karenga is on the staff of Portmore Community College ! Email: kkarenga@pcc.edu.jm

LECTURE SERIES NOW

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ACTIVITY #1: MATCHING ACTIVITY

Biodegradable Land Pollution Pollutants Water pollution Thermal Pollution

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TYPES OF POLLUTION CAUSES EFFECTS SOLUTIONS

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ACTIVITY #3 TRUE/FALSE ITEMS

2 ________ Air pollution is the contamination of the air with impurities.

5 ________ The soil protects ground water from contamination.

12 ________ Sound is measured in decibels.

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TYPES OF POLLUTION CAUSES EFFECTS SOLUTIONS

~ Dumping of household ~ Spread of diseases such as ~ Educate the public using

~ Poisonous wastes from ~ Contamination of

~ Transport Vehicles: ~ Cardiovascular Issues: ~ Wearing of air plugs at

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TYPES OF POLLUTION CAUSES EFFECTS SOLUTIONS

~ Burning of Fossil Fuels: ~ Decrease visibility: ~ Consumers should be

~ The dumping of solid ~ Toxic waste is poisonous ~ Development of

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8. F 9. F 10. T 11. F 12. T 13. T 14. T

Have a great week.

Charmaine Fuller-Wallace is on the staff of St. Andrew Technical High School

LECTURE SERIES (3rd Edition)

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