FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Civil Engineering Degree

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
HOMEWORK

Course: Introduction to Transportation Engineering

Teacher: Sánchez Navarro, Alex Manuel
Block: FC-PREINGCIV07A1T

Members: cód.
• DE LA CRUZ MARTINEZ, Viktor (1611256)
• FLORES ESPINOZA, Brayan (1321013)
• MONTOYA QUISPE, Richard (1421142)
• PALLARCO GONZALEZ, Kevin (1421323)
• PINTO LAURENTE, Jhon (1421232)
• SALAS VILLANO, Joaquín (1421253)
• SULCA TAIPE, Jeremías (1421249)

Lima – Perú

2017-II
 CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 4

I. GENERAL CONCEPTS ............................................................................................................. 5

1.1. DESIGN HOUR VOLUMEN .............................................................................................................. 5

1.2. PEAK HOUR FACTOR .................................................................................................................... 5
1.3. DIRECTIONAL DISTRIBUTION (D) ................................................................................................. 6
1.4. PERCENTAGE OF TRUCKS (PT) .................................................................................................... 6
1.5. LOCATION.................................................................................................................................... 6
1.6. OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................. 7

II. TRAFICC COUNT ..................................................................................................................... 7

2.1. TRAFFIC DATA COLLECTED .......................................................................................................... 7

2.2. NUMBER OF VEHICLES DURING TWO HOURS PER EACH 15 MINUTES. ............................................ 7
2.3. DETERMINE ................................................................................................................................. 9
2.3.1. Direction west to east ......................................................................................................... 9
2.3.2. Direction east to west ....................................................................................................... 10
2.3.3. For both direction ............................................................................................................ 12
2.4. DIRECTIONAL ............................................................................................................................ 13
2.5. PARAMETER SUMMARY ............................................................................................................. 14
2.6. DENSITY (K) AT A SPECIFIC TIME (T) .......................................................................................... 14

III. SPEED STUDY ......................................................................................................................... 15

3.1. DATA COLLECTION PROCESS...................................................................................................... 15

3.1.1. Description the process of how you collect your speed data ............................................ 15
3.2. PARAMETER ............................................................................................................................... 18
3.2.1. Time mean speed .............................................................................................................. 19
3.2.2. Space mean speed ............................................................................................................ 19
3.3. COMPARATIVE ........................................................................................................................... 20

IV. DIAGRAMS FLOW-DENSITY-SPEED .................................................................................. 21

4.1. PARAMETER ............................................................................................................................... 21

4.1.1. Capacity (qm) ................................................................................................................... 21
4.1.2. Free Flow speed (Uf) ....................................................................................................... 21
4.1.3. Jam density (Kj) ............................................................................................................... 22
4.2. GRAPHICS .................................................................................................................................. 22
4.2.1. Speed vs density................................................................................................................ 24
4.2.2. Flow vs density ................................................................................................................. 25
4.2.3. Speed vs Flow................................................................................................................... 26
V. TRANSPORTATION PLANNING CONCEPTS ..................................................................... 27

5.1. THE TRAFFIC VOLUME THAT THIS NEW DEVELOPMENT WILL GENERATE .................................... 27
5.1.1. Vehicles in both directions ............................................................................................... 29
5.2. DETERMINE THE EXISTING LOS (LEVEL OF SERVICE) ............................................................... 29
5.3. LOS WITH THE INCLUSION OF THE PROJECT ................................................................................ 35
5.3.1. Determining ffs ................................................................................................................. 35
5.3.6. Heavy vehicle adjustment factor ...................................................................................... 38
5.3.7. Determining flow rate ...................................................................................................... 39
 5.4. ESTIMATE THE LOS AFTER 5, 10, 15 YEARS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT.
CONSIDER THAT AFTER IMPLEMENTATION THE PROJECT WILL BE OPERATING AT 100% ......................... 40
5.4.1. After 5 years: .................................................................................................................... 41
5.4.2. After 10 years: .................................................................................................................. 43
5.4.3. AFTER 15 YEARS: ........................................................................................................... 46
5.5. ASSUME THAT THIS BUILDING HAS ONE ENTRY AND ONE EXIT CONTROLLED BY AN AUTOMATIC
GATE, WHICH CAN SERVE 360 VEHICLES PER HOUR. DETERMINE THE LENGTH OF QUEUE AND WAITING
TIME, CONSIDERING M/M/1. ................................................................................................................... 48

VI. CONCLUSION AND OBSERVATIONS ................................................................................. 51

VII. REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 51

VIII. ATTACHMENTS...................................................................................................................... 52

TABLE INDEX

Table N° 2: vehicles in direction from west to east .......................................................... 7

Table N° 3: vehicles in direction from east to west .......................................................... 8
Table N° 4: light and heavy vehicles from west to east ................................................... 8
Table N° 5: light and heavy vehicles from east to west ................................................... 9
Table N° 6: vehicles from west to east ............................................................................. 9
Table N° 7: vehicles from east to west ........................................................................... 10
Table N° 8: Vehicles in both direction ........................................................................... 12
Table N° 9: Data collected and the results ..................................................................... 16
Table N° 10: Data collected and the results ................................................................... 17
Table N° 11: Data of the direction West to East and East to West ................................ 18
Table N° 12: The final results about Space Mean Speed and Time Mean Speed .......... 20
Table N° 13: The data of the parameters of speed, dendity and flow. ........................... 23

FIGURE INDEX

Fig. N° 2: Graphic of Speed-Density Relationship ........................................................ 24

Fig. N° 3: Graphic of Flow – Density Realtionship ....................................................... 25
Fig. N° 4: Graph of Speed- Flow Relationship .............................................................. 26
 INTRODUCTION
Traffic engineering is about designing, planning and operating a system based on
a modern infrastructure such as streets, roads and bridges; giving a safe and
efficient system to transport vehicles, people and goods from one place to another.
To control and understand traffic, it is necessary to know the definition of several
concepts, variables and parameters suchs as the Design hour volume (DHV), the
Peak hour factor (PHF), the Directional factor (D), the Time mean speed (TMS)
and the Space mean speed (SMS). These concepts will help us to figure out some
traffic problems and their probable solutions.
In this case, we choose Los Constructores Avenue as our object of study and in a
hundred meters (100m) we have counted the number of vehicles for 2 hours from
8:15 a.m. to 10:15 a.m. on October 13th, 2017. The following data served us to
find all the required concepts based on speed, flow and density.
Congestion is everywhere. It arises in human activities of all kinds, and its
consequences are usually negative. Peak demands for goods and services often
exceed the rate at which that demand can be met, creating delay. That delay can
take the form of supermarket check-out lines, long waits for a table at a popular
restaurant, and after-work crowds at the gym. Yet the context in which we most
often hear of congestion posing a serious problem, to ourselves and to our
economy, is the movement of people and goods (Kara Kockelman, PhD).
It is such sense, the objective of know the traffic volume, is to present some
methodologies and research and their most relevant applications in this work. We
made emphasis on the aspects that relate the variables of the volume of traffic
with probabilistic description or casual traffic flow, the distribution of vehicles in
a viability and statistical distributions used in project and traffic control. Due to
THE TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING sense, takes us to some of the most
important studies within the territorial development of any society.

4
I. GENERAL CONCEPTS
1.1.Design hour volumen
It is defined as the number of vehicles that travel in the design hour in a road
segment.
Represent the volume of vehicles per hour.
𝑷𝑯𝑽
𝑫𝑯𝑽 = = 𝟒 ∗ (𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒌 𝟏𝟓 𝐦𝐢𝐧 𝒗𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏)
𝑷𝑯𝑭
Where:
PHV = peak-hour volume.
PHF = the peak hour factor.
𝑫𝑯𝑽 = 𝑲 ∗ 𝑨𝑨𝑫𝑻
Where:
K= 30th highest
AADT = Annual average daily traffic
1.2.Peak hour factor
It is the comparison between the peak 15-minute flow rate and the hourly
volume over the peak hour. It represents how constant vehicle volumes are
during the peak hour.
PHV = peak-hour volume (vph)
Traffic engineers always focus on the highest traffic volume at peak times of
a wagon and is why they represent the most critical period of time in which
you would find a road.
The analysis of level of service is based on peak rates of flow occurring within
the peak hour because substantial short-term fluctuations typically occur
during an hour. Common practice is to use a peak 15-minute rate of flow. Flow
rates are usually expressed in vehicles per hour, not vehicles per 15 minutes.
The relationship between the peak 15-minute flow rate and the full hourly
volume is given by the peak-hour factor (PHF) as shown in the following
equation:
howly volume
PHF =
peak rate of flow within the hour

If 15-minute periods are used, the PHF is computed as:

𝑃𝐻𝑉
𝑃𝐻𝐹 =
4 ∗ 𝑉15

5
 Where: PHV = peak-hour volume (vph)
V15 = volume during the peak 15 minutes of flow (veh/15 minutes)
Typical peak-hour factors for freeways range between 0.80 and 0.95. Lower
factors are more typical for rural freeways or off-peak conditions. Higher
factors are typical of urban and suburban peak-hour conditions.
Then we have to apply the formula of the PHF, which is:
𝑷𝑯𝑽
𝑷𝑯𝑭 =
𝟒 ∗ 𝑽𝟏𝟓

1.3.Directional distribution (D)

Factor reflecting the proportion of peak-hour traffic.
We can only find one on a road and only the maximum or the sum of the
maximum going in one direction.
𝐌𝐨𝐫𝐞 # 𝐯𝐞𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐝𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫
𝐃=
𝐀𝐃𝐓
Where: ADT: Average Daily Traffic.
1.4. Percentage of Trucks (PT)

#𝐨𝐟 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐯𝐲 𝐯𝐞𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐬

𝐏𝐓 = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐀𝐃𝐓

1.5.Location
Los Constructores Ave. between Los Edafólogos Str. And Los Ingenieros
Ave. in the district of La Molina.
This avenue consists in two roadways, in both direction, of two lanes each,
divided by a raised medium.

Figure 1: The map of the study area.

Source: https://www.google.es/maps/@-12.0618178,-76.9515049,18.17z

6
 1.6.Objectives
• Collect information about the number of vehicles and their speed that
transit in the Los Constructores Ave. between Edafólogos Str. and Los
Ingenieros Avenue. for two hours.
• Determine Traffic parameters: Design hour volume (DHV), Peak hour
factor (PHF), Directional factor (D), Percentage of trucks (PT).
• Estimate the density (k), by making use of the Data.
• Determine the space mean speed (SMS) and time mean speed (TMS) and
compare them with legal speed.
• Compare flow, density and speed you found experimentally with the
theoretical information.

II. TRAFICC COUNT

2.1.Traffic data collected
We count vehicles at 8:15 to 10:15 am. On Friday obtain total volume in both
directions of 2746 vehicles.
2.2. Number of vehicles during two hours per each 15 minutes.

Table N° 1: vehicles in direction from west to east

HOUR AUTOS BUSES C- 2P C- 2G C-3-4 TOTAL
8:15-8:30 250 8 2 0 0 260
8:30-8:45 203 7 4 0 0 214
8:45-9:00 192 6 5 0 0 203
9:00-9:15 195 4 2 0 0 201
9:15-9:30 196 7 3 0 0 206
9:30-9:45 190 8 4 0 0 202
9:45-10:00 194 9 0 0 0 203
10:00-10:15 190 10 4 0 0 204
TOTAL 1610 59 24 0 0 1693

7
Table N° 2: vehicles in direction from east to west
HOUR AUTOS BUSES C- 2P C- 2G C-3-4 TOTAL
8:15-8:30 110 6 2 0 0 118
8:30-8:45 139 8 1 0 0 148
8:45-9:00 117 12 3 0 0 132
9:00-9:15 115 7 2 0 0 124
9:15-9:30 120 8 5 0 0 133
9:30-9:45 118 10 2 0 0 130
9:45-10:00 123 8 4 0 0 135
10:00-10:15 125 5 3 0 0 133
TOTAL 967 64 22 0 0 1053

Table N° 3: light and heavy vehicles from west to east

Light Heavy
Time Total
Vehicles Vehicles
8:15-8:30 250 10 260
8:30-8:45 203 11 214
8:45-9:00 192 11 203
9:00-9:15 195 6 201
9:15-9:30 196 10 206
9:30-9:45 190 12 202
9:45-10:00 194 9 203
10:00-10:15 190 14 204
TOTAL 1610 83 1693

8
Table N° 4: light and heavy vehicles from east to west

Light Heavy
Time Total
Vehicles Vehicles

8:15-8:30 110 8 118

8:30-8:45 139 9 148
8:45-9:00 117 15 132
9:00-9:15 115 9 124
9:15-9:30 120 13 133
9:30-9:45 118 12 130
9:45-10:00 123 12 135
10:00-10:15 125 8 133
TOTAL 967 86 1053

2.3.Determine
2.3.1. Direction west to east

Table N° 5: vehicles from west to east

Hour Number of Vehicles

8:15-8:30 260
8:30-8:45 214
8:45-9:00 203 PHF

9:00-9:15 201
9:15-9:30 206
9:30-9:45 202
9:45-10:00 203
10:00-10:15 204

With the table 5, now we determinate the peak hour volume:

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑃𝐻𝑉) = 878

Then we have to apply the formula of the PFH, which is:

9
 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 − 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑃𝐻𝐹 =
4(𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 15 min 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒)
Then we replace:

878
𝑃𝐻𝐹 = = 0.84
4 ∗ 260

Design Hour Volume (DHV)

The design hour volume we can calculate

𝐷𝐻𝑉 = 4 ∗ (𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 15 min 𝑣𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛)

Then we replace:

𝐷𝐻𝑉 = 4 ∗ 260 = 1040 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖/ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟

Percentage of Truck (PT)

Percentage of truck percentage of heavy vehicles during design hour,
affects capacity, ability to pass on two-lane rural roads, etc.

total number of heavy vehicles

PT =
Total number of vehicles

Then we replace:

59 + 24
PT = = 𝟒. 𝟗𝟎%
1693

2.3.2. Direction east to west

Table N° 6: vehicles from east to west

HOUR VEHICLES
8:15-8:30 118
8:30-8:45 148
8:45-9:00 132
9:00-9:15 124 PHF
9:15-9:30 133
9:30-9:45 130
9:45-10:00 135
10:00-10:15 133

10
With the table 6, now we determinate the peak hour volume for this
direction:

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑃𝐻𝑉) = 537

Then we have to apply the formula of the PFH, which is:

𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 − 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑃𝐻𝐹 =
4(𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 15 min 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒)
Then we replace:

537
𝑃𝐻𝐹 = = 0.91
4 ∗ 148

Design Hour Volume (DHV)

The design hour volume we can calculate

𝐷𝐻𝑉 = 4 ∗ (𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 15 min 𝑣𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛)

Then we replace:

𝐷𝐻𝑉 = 4 ∗ 148 = 592 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖/ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟

Percentage of Truck (PT)

Percentage of truck percentage of heavy vehicles during design hour,
affects capacity, ability to pass on two-lane rural roads, etc.

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑦 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠

𝑃𝑇 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠

Then we replace:

64 + 22
𝑃𝑇 = = 8.17%
1053

11
 2.3.3. For both direction
Number of vehicles per each 15 minutes in both directions

Table N° 7: Vehicles in both direction

Time vehicles W-E vehicles E-W TOTAL

8:15-8:30 260 118 378

8:30-8:45 214 148 362
8:45-9:00 203 132 335
9:00-9:15 201 124 325
9:15-9:30 206 133 339
9:30-9:45 202 130 332
9:45-10:00 203 135 338
10:00-10:15 204 133 337

With the table 6, now we determinate the peak hour volume for both
direction.

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑃𝐻𝑉) = 1400 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠

Then we have to apply the formula of the PFH, which is:

𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 − 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑃𝐻𝐹 =
4(𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 15 min 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒)
Then we replace:

1400
𝑃𝐻𝐹 = = 0.925
4 ∗ 378

Design Hour Volume (DHV)

The design hour volume we can calculate

𝐷𝐻𝑉 = 4 ∗ (𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 15 min 𝑣𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛)

Then we replace:

𝐷𝐻𝑉 = 4 ∗ 378 = 1512 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖/ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟

12
 Directional Factor (D)
D = directional distribution = one-way volume in peak direction
(expressed as a percentage of two-way traffic).

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑙

𝐷=
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑟

Then we replace:

1693
𝐷= 𝑥100 = 62%
1693 + 1053

In both direction we consider the “D” factor 62% because is the major.
Percentage of Truck (PT)
Percentage of truck percentage of heavy vehicles during design hour,
affects capacity, ability to pass on two-lane rural roads, etc.

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑦 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠

𝑃𝑇 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠

The total of percentage of truck in both direction is the sum of PT in west

to east direction with the PT in east to west direction

64 + 22
𝑃𝑇(𝐸 − 𝑊) = = 8.17%
1053
59 + 24
𝑃𝑇(𝑊 − 𝐸) = = 4.90%
1693

2.4.Directional
The directional factor is the major percentage of the vehicle in a road per line.
Hence, the D factor is:

1693
𝐷= 𝑥100 = 62%
1693 + 1053

13
2.5.Parameter summary
The total of trucks in a road per two lines is.

64 + 22 + 59 + 24
𝑃𝑇 = 𝑥100 = 6.15%
1053 + 1693

2.6.Density (k) at a specific time (t)

Parameter calculation a certain time. We count vehicles’ exactly at 9.30 am.

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑎𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Then we replace:
Direction West to East
Number of car = 5
Length =22.5m

5𝑣𝑒ℎ 1000
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = ∗ = 222.22𝑣𝑒ℎ/𝑘𝑚
22.5𝑚 1 𝑘𝑚

Direction East to West

Number of car = 4
Length =17m

4𝑣𝑒ℎ 1000
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = ∗ = 235.29𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖/𝑘𝑚
17𝑚 1 𝑘𝑚

So, the density in the road (both lanes) is about:

235.29 + 222.22
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝐾) = = 228.8𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖/𝑘𝑚
2

14
III. SPEED STUDY
3.1.Data collection process
3.1.1. Description the process of how you collect your speed data
The group met in the place of study that was the intersection of
"engineers" between the avenues “Los Constructores Ave.” between
“Edafólogos Str.”. First, we evaluate the section of the avenue to be
studied for each address:
(West to East) - (East to West)
Then two members stood at each end of the sections to be evaluated in
the two directions, noting the plaque and the time that each vehicle
passes.
After taking the plates and the time is made the comparison of the
plates of each vehicle, and is processed to calculate the speeds.
Finally, we apply the following formula to know how fast the car was
going. To find the speed data, the time they needed to travel the 100
meters, the 60 vehicles counted 30 counted from east-west and the
other 30 counted from west-east; to obtain this data two of our
teammates were in the middle of the route on each side and with a
timer began to mark the time it took to pass the two marks already
established that are separated in 100 meters, was made for 30 vehicles
per side.
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
We put only time because we use chronometer and we note in the
following table.

For calculate the speed of vehicles we have these two data tables

15
Table N° 8: Data collected and the results
WEST TO EAST
Distance (m) : 100

license plate time (seconds) speed m/s speed Km/h

APD-917 12 8.33 30.00

AWI-636 11 9.09 32.73
AMX-228 12 8.33 30.00
AJV-473 9 11.11 40.00
ATO-872 11 9.09 32.73
F8B-025 13 7.69 27.69
H10-318 9 11.11 40.00
APN-686 10 10.00 36.00
ATI-235 12 8.33 30.00
U1J-774 12 8.33 30.00
B6M-600 11 9.09 32.73
C4A-000 9 11.11 40.00
CTI-476 11 9.09 32.73
C7D-427 14 7.14 25.71
C91-626 11 9.09 32.73
CN8-158 12 8.33 30.00
A3J-723 10 10.00 36.00
AAS-825 11 9.09 32.73
C62-342 10 10.00 36.00
ASP-065 10 10.00 36.00
AEM-806 16 6.25 22.50
O5V-505 11 9.09 32.73
C2A-941 10 10.00 36.00
ARV-741 13 7.69 27.69
F6R-327 11 9.09 32.73
BFV-632 11 9.09 32.73
A95-232 12 8.33 30.00
APV-558 11 9.09 32.73
LGM-932 12 8.33 30.00
DSX-663 10 10.00 36.00
AVERAGE 9.05 32.5624

16
Table N° 9: Data collected and the results

EAST TO WEST
Distance (m) : 100

license plate time (seconds) speed m/s speed Km/h

DOF-233 11 9.09 32.73

ACP-232 10 10.00 36.00
COO-962 15 6.67 24.00
B53-771 12 8.33 30.00
AWS-008 12 8.33 30.00
F4B-022 10 10.00 36.00
F8G-096 11 9.09 32.73
AFZ-357 11 9.09 32.73
ASR-324 13 7.69 27.69
D6N-316 8 12.50 45.00
APM-011 10 10.00 36.00
CST-297 9 11.11 40.00
ALY-488 9 11.11 40.00
DIU-534 9 11.11 40.00
DOV-600 8 12.50 45.00
C8O-630 9 11.11 40.00
AYP-648 9 11.11 40.00
ADM-753 15 6.67 24.00
B2F-608 13 7.69 27.69
B3F-676 16 6.25 22.50
D1U-372 8 12.50 45.00
OSH-729 14 7.14 25.71
AEY-132 8 12.50 45.00
APN-875 10 10.00 36.00
AGI-988 14 7.14 25.71
F6G-484 9 11.11 40.00
B5A-788 14 7.14 25.71
DOO-632 12 8.33 30.00
C8X-519 11 9.09 32.73
B3N-741 16 6.25 22.50
AVERAGE 9.36 33.681

17
 3.2.Parameter

Table N° 10: Data of the direction West to East and East to West

u 1/u u 1/u
32.73 0.03055556
30.00 0.03333333 36.00 0.02777778
32.73 0.03055556 24.00 0.04166667
30.00 0.03333333 30.00 0.03333333
40.00 0.025 30.00 0.03333333
32.73 0.03055556 36.00 0.02777778
27.69 0.03611111
32.73 0.03055556
40.00 0.025
32.73 0.03055556
36.00 0.02777778
27.69 0.03611111
30.00 0.03333333
45.00 0.02222222
30.00 0.03333333
36.00 0.02777778
32.73 0.03055556
40.00 0.025
40.00 0.025
40.00 0.025
32.73 0.03055556
40.00 0.025
25.71 0.03888889
45.00 0.02222222 Max.
32.73 0.03055556
30.00 0.03333333
40.00 0.025 Speed
40.00 0.025
36.00 0.02777778
24.00 0.04166667
32.73 0.03055556
36.00 0.02777778 27.69 0.03611111
36.00 0.02777778 22.50 0.04444444
22.50 0.04444444 45.00 0.02222222
32.73 0.03055556 25.71 0.03888889
36.00 0.02777778 45.00 0.02222222
27.69 0.03611111 36.00 0.02777778
32.73 0.03055556 25.71 0.03888889
32.73 0.03055556 40.00 0.025
30.00 0.03333333 25.71 0.03888889
32.73 0.03055556 30.00 0.03333333
30.00 0.03333333 32.73 0.03055556
36.00 0.02777778 22.50 0.04444444
TOTAL: 976.87 0.93611111 1010.44 0.93333333

18
3.2.1. Time mean speed
Time mean speed is defined as the average speed of all the vehicles
passing a point on a highway over some specified time period.
We continue calculating the time mean speed.
∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝒖𝒊
𝒖𝒕 =
𝒏
Direction West to East
𝟗𝟕𝟔. 𝟖𝟕
𝒖𝒕 = = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟓𝟔
𝟑𝟎
Direction East to West
𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎. 𝟒𝟒
𝒖𝒕 = = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟖
𝟑𝟎

𝟑𝟐. 𝟓𝟔 + 𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟖
𝑻𝑴𝑺 = = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟏𝟐
𝟐

3.2.2. Space mean speed

Space mean speed is defined as the average speed of all the vehicles
occupying a given section of a highway over some specified time
period. Both mean speeds will always be different from each other
except in the unlikely event that all vehicles are traveling at the same
speed. Time mean speed is a point measurement while space mean
speed is a measure relating to length of highway or lane, i.e. the mean
speed of vehicles over a period of time at a point in space is time mean
speed and the mean speed over a space at a given instant is the space
mean speed.
𝒏
𝒖𝒛 =
𝟏
∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏
𝒖𝟏
Direction West to East
𝟑𝟎
𝒖𝒛 = = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟎𝟓 𝒌𝒎/𝒉
𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟔𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
Direction East to West
𝟑𝟎
𝒖𝒛 = = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟏𝟒 𝒌𝒎/𝒉
0. 𝟗𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝟑𝟐. 𝟎𝟓 + 𝟑𝟐. 𝟏𝟒
𝑺𝑴𝑺 = = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟎𝟗𝟓𝒌𝒎/𝒉
𝟐

19
Table N° 11: The final results about Space Mean Speed and Time Mean
Speed
Speed(km/hour)

Time Mean Speed(TMS) 33.12

Space Mean Speed(SMS) 32.095

3.3.Comparative
Acording to MTC (minestrerio de transporte y comunicaciones) the limits of
velocity is how follow.( DECRETO SUPREMO Nº 058-2003-MTC)
➢ calles y jirones: 40 km/h
➢ Avenidas: 60 km/h
➢ Vías expresas: 80 km/h
➢ Zona escolar: 30 km/h
➢ Zona de hospital: 30 km/h

Then for the avenue LOS CONSTRUCTORES we choose 60 km/h

The average speed in right lane is 32.56 km/hour and in the left lane, the
average speed is 33.68 km/hour. This also can be described by the following
equation.
∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝜇
𝜇̅ =
𝑛
Now we calculate the Arithmetic mean of this form to time mean speed.
Vm = (V1+V2) / 2
V1: speed (km/h) = 32.56
V2: speed (kmh) = 33.68
Vm = (32.56 +33.68)/2 = 33.12
Vm = 33.12 km/h
On the other hand, average speed space has a different calculation method. As
we know SMS (space means speed). So, we calculated as follows.
𝑛
𝜇̅ = 𝑛
𝑛 ∑𝑖=1 1/𝑢
So, the speed in that avenue is not excess but that can make the congested,
because the speed is less than the permitted.

20
IV. DIAGRAMS FLOW-DENSITY-SPEED
4.1.Parameter
4.1.1. Capacity (qm)

How in this case we calculate in an avenue the data of the professor of subject
that we consider of the following form.

➢ For a 30 km/hour - a capacity of 1550 vehicles per hour per lane

➢ For a 35 km/hour –a capacity of 1600 vehicle per hour per lane
➢ For a 40 km/hour - a capacity of 1650 vehicles per hour per lane
➢ For a 50 km/hour –a capacity of 1700 vehicle per hour per lane
➢ For a 60 km/hour - a capacity of 1750 vehicles per hour per lane
➢ For a 70 km/hour –a capacity of 1800 vehicle per hour per lane
➢ For a 80 km/hour - a capacity of 1900 vehicles per hour per lane
➢ For a 115 km/hour –a capacity of 2000 vehicle per hour per lane

Therefore we consider for 60 km/hour and capacity is 1750 vehph*lane

From the data collected which we previously calculated, we can determine that the
overall maximum speed was 12.5 m/s which equals 45 km/h
𝑢𝑓 = 45 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
Given the Free Flow Speed and the information provided, the capacity for the facility
will be of 1750 vehicles per lane.
𝑞𝑚 = 1750 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒

Section we studied had four lanes Then: 𝑞𝑚 = 1750 ×4×1

𝑞𝑚 = 7000 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒/ℎ𝑜𝑢

4.1.2. Free Flow speed (Uf)

The speed at which vehicles will travel unimpeded
𝑢𝑓 = 45 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
Calculations to find these parameters
Free-flow speed maximum (ufmx)
um=uf/2
Then:

21
 45
𝑢𝑚 = = 22.5 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
2

4.1.3. Jam density (Kj)

The density of vehicles in stopped traffic

𝑞𝑚
𝑘𝑚 =
𝑢𝑚
7000
𝑘𝑚 = = 311.11 𝑣𝑒ℎ/ℎ
22.5
Jam density maximum (kjmax)
𝑘𝑗 = 𝑘𝑚𝑥2
Then:
𝑘𝑗 = 622.22 𝑣𝑒ℎ/ℎ

4.2.Graphics
Using the data collected and equation of parameters we obtain the following
table.

22
Table N° 12: The data of the parameters of speed, dendity and flow.

u k q
0.00 622.22 0.00
1.00 608.40 608.40
2.00 594.57 1189.14
3.00 580.74 1742.22
4.00 566.91 2267.65
5.00 553.09 2765.43
6.00 539.26 3235.56
7.00 525.43 3678.02
8.00 511.60 4092.84
9.00 497.78 4480.00
10.00 483.95 4839.51
11.00 470.12 5171.36
12.00 456.30 5475.56
13.00 442.47 5752.10
14.00 428.64 6000.99
15.00 414.81 6222.22
16.00 400.99 6415.80
17.00 387.16 6581.73
18.00 373.33 6720.00
19.00 359.51 6830.62
20.00 345.68 6913.58
21.00 331.85 6968.89
22.00 318.02 6996.54
23.00 304.20 6996.54
24.00 290.37 6968.89
25.00 276.54 6913.58
26.00 262.72 6830.62
27.00 248.89 6720.00
28.00 235.06 6581.73
29.00 221.23 6415.80
30.00 207.41 6222.22
31.00 193.58 6000.99
32.00 179.75 5752.10
33.00 165.93 5475.56
34.00 152.10 5171.36
35.00 138.27 4839.51
36.00 124.44 4480.00
37.00 110.62 4092.84
38.00 96.79 3678.02
39.00 82.96 3235.56
40.00 69.14 2765.43
41.00 55.31 2267.65
42.00 41.48 1742.22
43.00 27.65 1189.14
44.00 13.83 608.40
45.00 0.00 0.00

23
 4.2.1. Speed vs density
From the data collected, we can determine that the overall maximum
speed was 18 m/s, which is equal to 65.53 km/h.
𝑘
𝑢 = 𝑢𝑓 (1 − )
𝑘𝑗
𝑘
𝑢 = 45𝑘𝑚/ℎ (1 − )
622.22𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑝𝑚

K vs U
50.00
45.00
40.00
35.00
U(km/h)

30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
K(vehi/km)

Fig. N° 1: Graphic of Speed-Density Relationship

Source: own elaboration

Acording the graphic we can say that the density we can got at 9.30am is
k=225.4 veh/km , in these case is uncongested.

24
 4.2.2. Flow vs density
𝒌𝟐
𝒒 = 𝒖𝒇 (𝒌 − )
𝒌𝒋

𝒌𝟐
𝒒 = 𝟒𝟓(𝒌 − 𝟔𝟐𝟐.𝟐𝟐)

K vs q
8000.00
7000.00 qm
6000.00
q(vehi/hour)

5000.00
4000.00
3000.00
2000.00
1000.00
0.00
k=225.4

0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00

K(vehi/km)

Fig. N° 2: Graphic of Flow – Density Realtionship

Source: own elaboration
we can realize in this previous image that the density that we obtained
at 9: 0 am is within the first section, so in this avenue at this time there
is no congestion

25
 4.2.3. Speed vs Flow

𝒖𝟐
𝒒 = 𝒌𝒋 (𝒖 − )
𝒖𝒇

𝒖𝟐
𝒒 = 𝟔𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐(𝒖 − )
𝟒𝟓

q vs U
50.00

45.00
U(km/h)

40.00

35.00

30.00

25.00 qm
20.00

15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00
0.00 1000.00 2000.00 3000.00 4000.00 5000.00 6000.00 7000.00 8000.00
q(vehi/hour)

Fig. N° 3: Graph of Speed- Flow Relationship

Source: own elaboration

26
 V. TRANSPORTATION PLANNING CONCEPTS

The characteristics of this project are:

➢ The project has a gross area of 6800 m2

➢ It includes the construction of 650 apartments divided into 3 buildings of 18
floors.
➢ This project includes the construction of pedestrian ramps to provide access
for people with disabilities.
➢ The land use is ZRE
The project complies with the RNE requirements

5.1. The traffic volume that this new development will generate

DATA:
Area: 6800 m2
Apartments: 650
We need to obtain the number of trips for this we resort to the following
table.

➢ To calculate the number of trips we used the rule of the three simple

27
 ➢ 0.62 trips per unit x650 trips =403 trips
The new development will generate 403 trips in the transport path.
Table N° 1: light and heavy vehicles from west to east

Time Light Heavy Total

Vehicles Vehicles

8:15-8:30 250 10 260

8:30-8:45 203 11 214
8:45-9:00 192 11 203
9:00-9:15 195 6 201
9:15-9:30 196 10 206
9:30-9:45 190 12 202
9:45-10:00 194 9 203
10:00-10:15 190 14 204
TOTAL 1610 83 1693

Table N° 2: light and heavy vehicles from east to west

Light Heavy
Time Total
Vehicles Vehicles

8:15-8:30 110 8 118

8:30-8:45 139 9 148
8:45-9:00 117 15 132
9:00-9:15 115 9 124
9:15-9:30 120 13 133
9:30-9:45 118 12 130
9:45-10:00 123 12 135
10:00-10:15 125 8 133
TOTAL 967 86 1053

28
5.1.1. Vehicles in both directions

PHV in both directions = 1400 vehicles

5.2.Determine the existing LOS (Level of Service)

5.2.1. Determining ffs

Measure FFS in the field
• Low to moderate traffic conditions
Use a baseline and adjust it (BFFS)
𝐹𝐹𝑆 = 𝐵𝐹𝐹𝑆 − 𝑓𝐿𝑊 − 𝑓𝐿𝐶 − 𝑓𝑁 − 𝑓𝐼𝐷
Where:
FFS = free-flow speed (mph)
BFFS = base free-flow speed, 70 mph (urban), 75 mph (rural)
fLW = adjustment for lane width (mph)
fLC = adjustment for right-shoulder lateral clearance (mph)
fN = adjustment for number of lanes (mph)
fID = adjustment for interchange density (mph)
We replace:
𝐹𝐹𝑆 = 70𝑚𝑝ℎ − 1.9 − 2.4 − 4.5 − 0
𝐹𝐹𝑆 = 61.2 𝑚𝑝ℎ
Then the free flow speed is equal 61.2 mph
5.2.2. Lane Width Adjustment (fLW)
Line width = 11 ft.
We show the table

And then:

29
 𝑓𝐿𝑊 = 1.90

5.2.3. Lateral Clearance Adjustment (fLC)

Assume BFFS is 70 mph for urban freeway
2 lines in one direction
Right shoulder lateral clearance = 2 ft
We show the table

And then:
𝑓𝐿𝐶 = 2.4

5.2.4. Number of Lanes Adjustment (fN)

Number of lines one direction = 2
We show the table

And then:
𝑓𝑁 = 4.50

30
5.2.5. Interchange Density Adjustment (fIC)
Interchange per mile = 0.5
We show the table

And then:
𝑓𝐼𝐶 = 0.00

5.2.6. Heavy vehicle adjustment factor

We assume PR = 0

1
𝑓𝐻𝑉 =
1 + 𝑃𝑇 (𝐸𝑇 − 1) + 𝑃𝑅 (𝐸𝑅 − 1)
Where:
fHV = Heavy vehicle adjustment factor
ET, ER = Passenger-car equivalents for trucks/buses and RVs
PT, PR = Proportion of trucks/buses and RVs in traffic stream
Replacing.
Calculating
1
𝑓𝐻𝑉 =
1 + 13.7%(1.5 − 1) + 0
𝑓𝐻𝑉 = 0.936
The heavy vehicle adjustment is equal to 0.936

From previous homework we get:

31
Table N° 14: Data collected from previous homework

PHF PHV DHV PT

0.925 1400 1512 13.7%

5.2.7. Determining flow rate 𝒗𝒑

Adjust hourly volumes to get pc/ln/hr, we assume PR = 0
𝑉
𝑣𝑝 =
𝑃𝐻𝐹 × 𝑁 × 𝑓𝐻𝑉 × 𝑓𝑃
Where:
vp= 15-minute passenger-car equivalent flow rate (pcphpl)
V = hourly volume (veh/hr)
PHF = peak hour factor
N = number of lanes in one direction
fHV = heavy-vehicle adjustment factor
fP = driver population adjustment factor

Replacing in flow rate

1400
𝑣𝑝 =
0.925 × 2 × 0.936 × 1
𝑣𝑝 = 808.5 𝑝𝑐𝑝𝑚𝑝𝑙
The heavy flow rate is equal to 808.5 pcpmpl
DENSITY
Calculate density using:
𝑣𝑝
𝐷=
𝑆
Where:
D = density (pc/mi/ln)
vp= flow rate (pc/hr/ln)
S = average passenger-car speed (mph)
Replacing

32
 808.5
𝐷= = 13.21 𝑝𝑐𝑝𝑚𝑝𝑙
61.2
The density id equal to 13.21 pcpmpl
To calculate the level of service we look at the table:

33
Table for determine LOS

D =13.21

Dates:
✓ FFS = 61.2
✓ D = 13.21
Then the level of service is “B”

34
5.3.Los with the inclusion of the project
When we distribute for every 15 minutes the total number of cars entering the Park
garage equitably

5.3.1. Determining ffs

Measure FFS in the field

• Low to moderate traffic conditions

5.3.2. Lane Width Adjustment (fLW)
Line width = 6.60 meters = 11 ft.

And then:

𝑓𝐿𝑊 = 1.90

5.3.3. Lateral Clearance Adjustment (fLC)

Assume BFFS is 45 km/h (70 mph) for urban freeway

2 lines in one direction

Right shoulder lateral clearance = 0 ft

And then: 𝑓𝐿𝐶 = 3.6

35
5.3.4. Number of Lanes Adjustment (fN)
Number of lines one direction = 2

And then: 𝑓𝑁 = 4.50

5.3.5. Interchange Density Adjustment (fIC)

Interchange per mile = 0.5

And then:

𝑓𝐼𝐶 = 0.00

Use a baseline and adjust it (BFFS)

𝐹𝐹𝑆 = 𝐵𝐹𝐹𝑆 − 𝑓𝐿𝑊 − 𝑓𝐿𝐶 − 𝑓𝑁 − 𝑓𝐼𝐷

We replace:

𝐹𝐹𝑆 = 70𝑚𝑝ℎ − 1.9 − 3.6 − 4.5 − 0

𝐹𝐹𝑆 = 60 𝑚𝑝ℎ

Then the free flow speed is equal 60 mph

36
Fuente: LimaComoVamos2011

37
According to the statistics provided by INEI:

(1.52×(2017−2014))
In Lima 2017: 9752000 × (1 + ) = 10′196,691 people in Lima
100

(3.2×(2017−2012))
1395576 × (1 + ) = 1′618,868 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑎
100

1618868
So, in Lima, 10196691 = 15.88% of people in Lima have a vehicle.

Assuming that this proportion happen in 2017 and in this project of 4 people per
apartment.

650 apartments x 4 people = 2600 x 15.88% =413 more vehicles approximately.

Table N° 15: Data collected from previous homework

ADT PHF PHV DHV D PT

3159 0.925 1400 1512 ---------- 6.15
ET Pr Er
1.5 0 0

5.3.6. Heavy vehicle adjustment factor

1
𝑓𝐻𝑉 =
1 + 𝑃𝑇 (𝐸𝑇 − 1) + 𝑃𝑅 (𝐸𝑅 − 1)

Calculating

1
𝑓𝐻𝑉 =
1 + 0.0615(1.5 − 1) + 0

𝑓𝐻𝑉 = 0.9702

The heavy vehicle adjustment is equal to 0.9702

38
5.3.7. Determining flow rate
Adjust hourly volumes to get pc/ln/hr

𝑉
𝑣𝑝 =
𝑃𝐻𝐹 × 𝑁 × 𝑓𝐻𝑉 × 𝑓𝑃

Replacing in flow rate

1400
𝑣𝑝 =
0.925 × 2 × 0.9702 × 1

𝑣𝑝 = 780 𝑝𝑐𝑝𝑚𝑝𝑙

The heavy flow rate is equal to 780 pcpmpl

Density

Calculate density using:

780
𝐷=
𝑆

Replacing

780
𝐷= = 13 𝑝𝑐𝑝𝑚𝑝𝑙
60

The density id equal to 13 pcpmpl

To calculate the level of service we look at the table:

39
 Then the level of service is “B”

5.4.Estimate the LOS after 5, 10, 15 years of the implementation of the project.
Consider that after implementation the project will be operating at 100%

Now we estimate the LOS after 5, 10, 15 years after the that implementation of the
project. Considering that after implementation the project will be operating at 100%.

Table N°16: Data collected from previous homework

ADT PHF PHV DHV D PT

2746 0.925 1400 1512 0.62 13.07%
ET Pr Er
1.5 0 0

Therefor with the inclusion of the Project:

➢ DHV BEFORE: 1512 veh/hour

40
 ➢ If 50% of the families of the construction have cars due to the factor:
➢ Trips generated: 0.50*650= 325/24 = 13.54 veh/hour.

➢ DHV AFTER: 1512+13.54 = 1525.54 veh/hour

5.4.1. After 5 years:

PERU: RATE AVERAGE ANNUAL GEOMETRICAL GROWTH

By department, 1995-2015

Growth rates Population Department. Population growth of departments between 1995-

2000 and 2015-2025 five-year periods are presented in Table.

Table N° 17: growth rate in each year

1995-2000 2000-2005 2005-2010 2010-2015 2015-2020

1.7% 1.6% 1.5% 1.3% 1.1%
Ratio: 0.011

Determining FFS:
𝐹𝐹𝑆 = 𝐵𝐹𝐹𝑆 − flw − fLC − fN − fID

FFS=free-flow speed(mph)

BFFS=base free-flow speed ,70 mph(urban) , 75 mph (rural)

flw=adjustment for lane width(mph)

fLC=adjustment for right-shoulder lateral clearance (mph)

fN=adjustment for number of lanes(mph)

fID=adjustment for interchange density (mph)

Lane Width Adjustment (fLW).

Line width = 10.8≅ 11ft.

From the table 23-4

41
flw=1.9

Lateral Clearance Adjustment (fLC)

• We assume BFFS is 70 mph for urban freeway

• 2 lines in one direction

• Right shoulder lateral clearance = 2 ft

fLC=2.4

Number of Lanes Adjustment (fN)

➢ Number of lines one direction = 2 fN=4.5

Interchange Density Adjustment (fIC)

➢ Interchange per mile = 0.5

fIC=0

𝐹𝐹𝑆 = 70 𝑚𝑝ℎ − 1.9 − 2.4 − 4.5 − 0

𝐹𝐹𝑆 = 61.2 𝑚𝑝ℎ

Determining Flow Rate

Table N° 18: From previous homework one we get:

ADT PHF PHV DHV D PT

2746 0.925 1400 1512 0.62 13.07%
ET Pr Er
1.5 0 0

Calculating:

1
f HV 
1  PT ET  1  PR E R  1

fHV = Heavy vehicle adjustment factor

ET, ER = Passenger-car equivalents for trucks/buses and RVs
PT, PR = Proportion of trucks/buses and RVs in traffic stream

42
 1
𝑓𝐻𝑉 =
1 + 0.1307(1.5 − 1) + 0

𝑓𝐻𝑉 = 0.939

Adjust hourly volumes to get pc/ln/hr

V
vp 
PHF  N  f HV  f p

vp = 15-minute passenger-car equivalent flow rate (pcphpl)

V = hourly volume (veh/hr)
PHF = peak hour factor
N = number of lanes in one direction
fHV = Heavy vehicle adjustment factor
fP = driver population adjustment factor

- for 5 year we are using the exponential formula:

➢ DHV5 = 1512*(1+0.011)5 = 1597.00veh/hour

1597.00
𝑉𝑝 = = 919.32 𝑝𝑐𝑝ℎ𝑝𝑙
0.925 ∗ 2 ∗ 0.939 ∗ 1

𝑉𝑝 919.32
𝐷= = = 15.02 𝑝𝑐𝑝𝑚𝑝𝑙
𝑆 61.2

Level of service “B”

5.4.2. After 10 years:

Determining FFS:
𝐹𝐹𝑆 = 𝐵𝐹𝐹𝑆 − flw − fLC − fN − fID

FFS=free-flow speed(mph)

43
BFFS=base free-flow speed ,70 mph(urban), 75 mph (rural)

flw=adjustment for lane width(mph)

fLC=adjustment for right-shoulder lateral clearance (mph)

fN=adjustment for number of lanes(mph)

fID=adjustment for interchange density (mph)

Lane Width Adjustment (fLW).

Line width = 11 ft.

flw=1.9

Lateral Clearance Adjustment (fLC)

• Assume BFFS is 70 mph for urban freeway

• 2 lines in one direction

• Right shoulder lateral clearance = 2 ft

fLC=2.4

Number of Lanes Adjustment (fN)

➢ Number of lines one direction = 2

fN=4.5

Interchange Density Adjustment (fIC)

➢ Interchange per mile = 0.5

fIC=0

𝐹𝐹𝑆 = 70 𝑚𝑝ℎ − 1.9 − 2.4 − 4.5 − 0

𝐹𝐹𝑆 = 61.2 𝑚𝑝ℎ

44
Determining Flow Rate
Table N°19: from previous homework one we get:

ADT PHF PHV DHV D PT

2746 0.925 1400 1512 0.62 13.07%
ET Pr Er
1.5 0 0

Calculating:

1
f HV 
1  PT ET  1  PR E R  1

fHV = Heavy vehicle adjustment factor

ET, ER = Passenger-car equivalents for trucks/buses and RVs
PT, PR = Proportion of trucks/buses and RVs in traffic stream
1
𝑓𝐻𝑉 =
1 + 0.1307(1.5 − 1) + 0

𝑓𝐻𝑉 = 0.939

Adjust hourly volumes to get pc/ln/hr

V
vp 
PHF  N  f HV  f p

vp = 15-minute passenger-car equivalent flow rate (pcphpl)

V = hourly volume (veh/hr)
PHF = peak hour factor
N = number of lanes in one direction
fHV = Heavy vehicle adjustment factor
fP = driver population adjustment factor

YEAR 10: Using the exponential formula:

➢ DHV10 = 1512*(1+0.011)10 = 3044.71 veh/hour

45
 3044.71
𝑉𝑝 = = 1752.70 𝑝𝑐𝑝ℎ𝑝𝑙
0.925 ∗ 2 ∗ 0.939 ∗ 1

𝑉𝑝 1752.7
𝐷= = = 30.48 𝑝𝑐𝑝𝑚𝑝𝑙
𝑆 57.5

Level of service “D”

5.4.3. AFTER 15 YEARS:

Determining FFS:
𝐹𝐹𝑆 = 𝐵𝐹𝐹𝑆 − flw − fLC − fN − fID

Where:

FFS=free-flow speed(mph)

BFFS=base free-flow speed ,70 mph(urban) , 75 mph (rural)

flw=adjustment for lane width(mph)

fLC=adjustment for right-shoulder lateral clearance (mph)

fN=adjustment for number of lanes(mph)

fID=adjustment for interchange density (mph)

Lane Width Adjustment (fLW).

Line width = 11 ft.

flw=1.9

Lateral Clearance Adjustment (fLC)

➢ Assume BFFS is 70 mph for urban freeway

➢ 2 lines in one direction

➢ Right shoulder lateral clearance = 2 ft

fLC=2.4

Number of Lanes Adjustment (fN)

46
 ➢ Number of lines one direction = 2
fN=4.5

Interchange Density Adjustment (fIC)

➢ Interchange per mile = 0.5

fIC=0

𝐹𝐹𝑆 = 70 𝑚𝑝ℎ − 1.9 − 2.4 − 4.5 − 0

𝐹𝐹𝑆 = 61.2 𝑚𝑝ℎ

Determining Flow Rate

Table N° 20: From previous homework we get:

ADT PHF PHV DHV D PT

2746 0.925 1400 1512 0.62 13.07%
ET Pr Er
1.5 0 0

Calculating:

1
f HV 
1  PT ET  1  PR E R  1

fHV = Heavy vehicle adjustment factor

ET, ER = Passenger-car equivalents for trucks/buses and RVs
PT, PR = Proportion of trucks/buses and RVs in traffic stream
1
𝑓𝐻𝑉 =
1 + 0.1307(1.5 − 1) + 0

𝑓𝐻𝑉 = 0.939

Adjust hourly volumes to get pc/ln/hr

V
vp 
PHF  N  f HV  f p

vp = 15-minute passenger-car equivalent flow rate (pcphpl)

47
 V = hourly volume (veh/hr)
PHF = peak hour factor
N = number of lanes in one direction
fHV = Heavy vehicle adjustment factor
fP = driver population adjustment factor

- YEAR 15: Using the exponential formula:

➢ DHV15 = 1512*(1+0.011)15 = 1781.63 veh/hour

1781.63
𝑉𝑝 = = 1025.6 𝑝𝑐𝑝ℎ𝑝𝑙
0.925 ∗ 2 ∗ 0.939 ∗ 1

𝑉𝑝 1025.6
𝐷= = = 15.73𝑝𝑐𝑝𝑚𝑝𝑙
𝑆 65.2

Level of service “B”

5.5.Assume that this building has one entry and one exit controlled by an automatic
gate, which can serve 360 vehicles per hour. Determine the length of queue and
waiting time, considering M/M/1.

✓ Queue Analysis-Numerical

Average length of queue (Q)

𝑃2 ƛ
𝑄= ; 𝑃= ; 𝑃 < 1.0
1−𝑃 𝑢

ƛ = Arrival rate ; u = Departure rate

Average time waiting in queue (w)

1 ƛ
𝑊= ∗[ ]
𝑢 𝑢−ƛ

48
From the question 1, we know that the numbers of trips that the project will generate is:

N. trips = 403 trips

• Now, we need to know how many vehicles per hour that the project generates, so
we looked for information on the web page of “RPP noticias” it is an information
recollected of the “Ministry of Transport and Communications”

link: http://rpp.pe/lima/obras/el-75-de-limenos-se-moviliza-en-transporte-publico-y-el-
25-viaja-2-horas-noticia-992721

• According to this information, we know that in Lima, there are 25% of people that
use their own vehicle to transport.

• So, we calculate:

𝑃𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 = 75% ∗ 403 = 302.75𝑣𝑝ℎ

𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 = 25% ∗ 403 = 100.75𝑣𝑝ℎ

Departure rate (u)

360𝑣𝑒ℎ 1ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
𝑢= ∗ = 6𝑣𝑒ℎ/𝑚𝑖𝑛
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 60𝑚𝑖𝑛

Arrival rate (ƛ)

53𝑣𝑒ℎ 1ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
ƛ = 100.75 ∗ 70% = 70. ∗ = 1.18𝑣𝑒ℎ/𝑚𝑖𝑛
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 60𝑚𝑖𝑛

✓ Determining the Average length of queue (Q)

ƛ 1.18
𝑃= = = 0.1967
𝑢 6

𝑃2
𝑄=
1−𝑃

0.19672
𝑄= = 0.048𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠
1 − 0.1967

✓ Average time waiting in queue (w)

49
 1 ƛ
𝑊= ∗[ ]
𝑢 𝑢−ƛ

1 1.18
𝑊= ∗[ ] = 0.041𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
6 6 − 1.18

50
VI. CONCLUSION AND OBSERVATIONS
In this work, we realized several aspects that affect traffic either the road in bad
condition up to the traffic signals, at the time of taking the data and apply it in
class concepts we learned to find the problems that exist in the place chosen and
how we could solve it. Also, we have been able to apply the theoretical knowledge
obtained in class and to reinforce our learning in the subject. Because of the
research, it is possible to conclude in the first part of the work designing Hour
Volume (DHV) it is important to know why one does not allow us to avoid
congestion problems and to determine acceptable levels of service. Peak hour
factor (PHF) streams are not homogeneous traffic results due to the little variation
of traffic volume (vehicles) and the time interval (taken every 15 minutes).
To be a busy road it is necessary to solve the traffic problems as it is very
congestion the place mainly in peak hours where the flow of vehicles is higher
than normal, for that these projects are essential to solve the problem adequately.
In general, the principle is to take the volume of traffic in one hour and divide by
the appropriate capacity of the road type to get a v/c rating, which can be cross-
referenced to the textbooks with tables of v/c ratings and their equivalent LOS
ratings. The lack of definitive categories towards LOS D, E and F limits the use,
as a D or E category on an urban road would be acceptable.

VII. REFERENCES
• MTC. (2003). Reglamento Nacional de Vehículos. LIMA: DIARIO EL
PERANO.

• PhD CE, M. K. (2004). HANDBOOK OF TRANSPORTATION. Texas : McGraw

Hill.

• Capacity and LOS Analysis. [Online]: Peak Hour Factor. [Date of consultation:
17 May 2017]. Available in:
http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/niatt_labmanual/Chapters/capacityandlos/theo
ryandconcepts/PeakHourFactor.htm.
• Materials used in class.

51
VIII. ATTACHMENTS

Figure 2: measuring the lenght of the road

Figure 3: The map of the study area

52
Figure 4: The locación of the study area “Los edafólogos” Street.

Figure 5: Measuring the road

53
Figure 6: The vehicles passing the road in “Los Constructores Av.”

54