Chemical For Manufactured

MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES
M ANUFACTURED S UBSTANCES
S ULPHURIC A CID
 Sulphuric acid, H2SO4 is manufactured in industry through

Contact Process.
 The raw materials used are sulphur, air and water
 The Contact process consists of four stages.
 Sulphuric acid is a highly corrosive strong mineral

acid with the molecular formula H2SO4.
 Sulphuric acid is a diprotic acid.
 Sulphuric acid has a wide range of applications.
 It is also a central substance in the chemical
industry.
 Sulphuric acid is needed in the manufacture of
substances
 Sulphuric acid is produced through a process
called Contact Process
1
S ULPHURIC A CID
CONTACT PROCESS
1 2 3 4
2
S ULPHURIC A CID CONTACT PROCESS
1ST
STAGE
2ND
STAGE
3
3RD
STAGE
4TH
STAGE
4
1ST
STAGE
 Molten sulphur is burnt in dry air to produce sulphur dioxide

 The gas produced is then purified and cooled.
S + O2 SO2
 Sulphur dioxide can also be produced by burning metal sulphide

such as lead(II) sulphide or zinc sulphide in dry air.
2PbS + 3O2 2PbO + 2SO2
2ND
STAGE
 In a converter, Sulphur dioxide and excess oxygen are passed

through vanadium (V) oxide.
 Vanadium (V) oxide acts as catalyst to expedite the process.
 The optimum condition for maximum amount of product are as
follow:
❶ Temperature: 450 – 500 °C
❷ Pressure: 2 – 3 atm
 About 99.5% of the Sulphur dioxide, SO2 is converted into Sulphur
trioxide, SO3 through this reversible reaction.
5
S ULPHURIC A CID
CONTACT PROCESS
 Sulphur trioxide is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid to form

oleum [H2S2O7].
SO3 + H2SO4 H2 S 2 O 7
3RD
STAGE
4TH
STAGE
 The oleum, H2S2O7 is then diluted with water to produce

concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4 in large quantities.
H2S2O7 + H2 O 2H2SO4
 At stage 2 , SO3 is not dissolved directly in water to produce

sulphuric H2SO4, because:
SO3 + H2O H2SO4
❶ Solubility of sulphur trioxide, SO3 in water is low.

❷ Sulphur trioxide, SO3 too violently with water to
produce lots of heat and fumes
6
S ULPHURIC A CID U SES
FERTILIZER
PESTICIDES
DETERGENT
SULPHURIC
A CI D U S E S
PAINT
SYNTHETIC
FIBRE
METAL
CLEANER ACCUMULATOR
ELECTROLYTE
7
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
ACID RAIN
EF FECTS
AIR
SOIL
POLLUTION
POLLUTION
❶ Wind carries the

pollutant around
❶ pH of the soil WATER the surrounding /
decreases POLLUTION globe
❷ Destroys trees in the
❷ Roots of the tree ❶ Lakes & rivers
forest
are destroyed become acidic
❸ Corrodes the
building and metal
❸ Plants die of ❷ Fish & aquatic
structures
malnutrition & organisms die
diseases
8
AMMONIA
HABER PROCESS
❶ Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the

formula NH3.
❷ It is a colourless gas with a characteristic pungent smell.
❸ Ammonia is a very important compound in industry.
❹ Although in wide use, ammonia is both corrosive and
hazardous.
N2 3H2 2NH3
9
AMMONIA
HABER PROCESS
H2& N2 Unreacted
uUnreacted
Coolant
out
2
H 2 + N2 3 4 Condenser
1
Compressor
Coolant
r
In
Reactor
@ NH3
Converter
Catalyst
10
AMMONIA
HABER PROCESS
1 STAGE 2
STAGE
 1 volume of N2 gas and
 In Haber process, nitrogen 3 volume of H2 is
gas, N2 from the air is compressed to a pressure
mixed with hydrogen gas, of 200 - 500 atm,
H2 derived mainly from  Ratio N2 and H2 is 1 : 3
natural gas to form NH3  N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) → 2NH3
 The mixture is scrubbed to (g)
get rid of impurities
STAGE 4
3
STAGE 3  The mixture of gases is cooled
until the ammonia condenses
 The mixture is compressed  The unreacted nitrogen
to a high pressure of 200 gas, N2 and hydrogen
atmospheres at a gas, H2 are recycled and
temperature of about pumped back into
450°C - 500°C. the reactor together with the
 Iron is used as catalyst with new source of nitrogen gas,
alumina to speed up the N2, and hydrogen gas, H2.
rate of reaction.
11
AMMONIA
HABER PROCESS
12
AMMONIA HABER PROCESS
 Ammonia is manufactured in industries through Haber process.

 In Haber process, nitrogen gas, N2 from the air is mixed with
hydrogen gas, H2 derived mainly from natural gas.
 The mixture is compressed to a high pressure of 200
atmospheres at a temperature of about 450°C.
 Iron is used as catalyst to speed up the rate of reaction.
 Chemical equation below shows the reaction.
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) → 2NH3 (g)
 About 98% of mixtures are converted into ammonia, NH3.
 The unreacted nitrogen gas, N2 and hydrogen gas, H2 are
recycled and passed back into the reactor together with the
new source of nitrogen gas, N2, and hydrogen gas, H2.
13
AMMONIA
HABER PROCESS
PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA
Alkaline gas
As an alkali, ammonia can react Change the red litmus paper
with acid in neutralization to to blue
form salt and water.
H2SO4 + 2NH3 → (NH4)2SO4

Ammonia dissolves into water
to form ammonium and
hydroxide ion.
Colourless & pungent smell gas
NH3 + H2O→ NH4+ + OH-
Ammonia when reacts with concentrated hydrochloric acid

produces white fume.
Ammonia gas + Hydrogen chloride gas → ammonium chloride
NH3 (g) + HCl (g) → NH4Cl
Soluble in water
14
AMMONIA
HABER PROCESS
Manufacturing
nitrogenous fertilizers
AMMONIA USES
To prevent As cleaning agent

coagulation of to remove grease
latex
As cooling agent Manufacture of

in refrigerator explosives
As raw material to
manufacture of nitric acid via
Ostwald process
15
NITRIC ACID
OSTWALD PROCESS
 Industrially, nitric acid is made by the catalytic oxidation

of ammonia over heated platinum.
 Oxidizing ammonia produces oxides of nitrogen which

can then be dissolved in water to produce nitric acid.
 Most of the nitric acid made is used to make the all-

important fertilizers, such as ammonium nitrate.
 Other uses of nitric acid include making explosive, like

nitroglycerine, or TNT (trinitrotoluene), and making dyes.
 Modern dyes are azo dyes, which can be formed by the

reduction of various nitro-compounds.
16
NITRIC ACID
OSTWALD PROCESS
OXYGEN AMMONIA WATER

[AIR] HABER RELEASED
PROCESS
1
PLATINUM
CATALYST
800◦C
OXYGEN NITROGEN
MONOXIDE
[NO]
2
OXYGEN
NITROGEN
DIOXIDE WATER
[NO2]
3
NITRIC ACID
HNO3
17
NITRIC ACID
OSTWALD PROCESS
STAGE 1
 Initially, nitrogen (II) oxide will be formed from the catalytic
oxidation of ammonia using the transition metal platinum.
Ammonia + Oxygen → Nitrogen(II) Oxide + Steam
4NH3 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 4NO (g) + 6H2O (g) 1
STAGE 2
 The nitrogen (II) oxide is rapidly cooled before combining with
oxygen (from excess air) to form nitrogen (IV) oxide.
2NO (g) + O2 (g) → 2NO2 (g) 2
STAGE 3
 The nitrogen (IV) oxide, mixed with excess air, is then allowed
to react with water to form nitric acid.
Nitrogen(IV) Oxide + Oxygen (air) + Water → Nitric acid
4NO2 (g) + O2 (g) + 2H2O (1) → HNO3 (aq) 3
18
ALLOY
An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals mixed in a

certain percentage /composition, the major component is
a metal
Most pure metals are weak and soft. The properties of pure
metals can be improved by making them into alloys.
❶ Alloys are made to increase the hardness of metals.

Example:
Magnalium is made from aluminium and
magnesium to improve the hardness of the pure
metals but at the same time, maintaining their
lightness.
❷ Prevent the corrosion of metals.

Stainless steel which can resist rusting is made by
adding carbon, chromium and nickel to iron.
❸ Improve the appearance of metals.

Copper and antimony added to tin produces
pewter, used to make decorative items.
19
ALLOY
PURE METAL
The pure metal is soft and not

strong
The layers of pure metal are

Force is applied orderly arrangement and it
easily sliding over each other
if the forces are applied.
Foreign atom
 In alloys of pure metal, foreign
atoms are present.
 The presence of foreign atom, it

will disrupt the orderly manner /
arrangements the layers of pure
metal atoms from slide over each
other’s, thus making the metals
harder, less malleable and
ductile.
Pure metal
20
ALLOY PURE METAL
ALLOY
❶ In alloy, the sizes of 2 different metals [pure

metal & foreign metal] totally are different.
❷ The presence of foreign atom [different size]

in alloy, disrupts the orderly manner layer of
atoms
❸ The layer of atom is more difficult to slide

over each other’s / prevent the layer of
atoms from sliding over each other’s
Foreign
Atom
Pure
Metal
21
ALLOY COPPER ALLOY
COPPER BASED ALLOY

COPPER BASED ALLOY
 Examples of copper base alloy are

❶ Cupro-nickel
❷ Bronze
❸ Brass
 Most copper base alloy has shiny surface
 Hard & strong / high strength
 Does not corrodes/ resistant to corrosion
BRASS BRONZE
BRONZE
 Component: CUPRONICKEL  Component:

Cu 70%, Zn 30% Cu 90%, Sn 10%
 Component:
 Applications:  Applications:
Cu 75%, Ni 25%
Decorative Decorative
items, electrical items, medals,
 Applications:
appliances, artwork, pots
Coins
musical and pans
instruments, bell,
nails, screw, pots
22
ALLOY IRON ALLOY
IRON BASED
COPPER BASEDALLOY
ALLOY
 Examples of iron base alloy are

❶ Steel
❷ Stainless steel
❸ Manganese steel
 The iron base alloys are usually very hard
 Does not corrodes/ resistant to corrosion
STEEL STAINLESS
BRONZESTEEL
MANGANESE STEEL
 Component:
 Component: Fe 73%, Cr 18%,
Fe 99%, C 1%
 Component: Ni 8%, C 1%
 Applications: Fe 85%, C 1.2%
Vehicles, ships, Mn 13.8%,  Applications:
bridges, Spoons, kitchen
buildings  Applications: appliances,
Helmet, spring watches, machine
parts, knives, forks,
23
ALLOY ALUMINIUM ALLOY
ALUMINIUM BASES
COPPER BASED ALLOY
ALLOY
 Examples of aluminium base alloy are

❶ Duralumin
❷ Magnalium
 Aluminium has low density, hence the
density of aluminium base alloy is also low.
DURALUMIN MAGNALIUM
 Component:  Component:
Al 95%, Cu 4%, Mg 1% Al 70%, Mg 30%
Aero plane parts, Tyre rim of racing cars,
electric cables, racing skeletal body of aero
bicycles planes
24
ALLOY
STANUM ALLOY
STANUM / TIN
COPPER BASED
BASED ALLOY
ALLOY
 Examples of tin base alloy are

❶ Pewter
❷ Solder
 Most tin base alloy has shiny surface and
low melting point.
 Does not corrodes / resistant to corrosion
SOLDER PEWTER
 Component:  Component:
Sn 50%, Pb 50% Sn 91%, Sb 7%, Cu 2%
Welding and soldering Decorative items,
work souvenirs
25
ALLOY
PROPERTIES OF ALLOY
26
POLYMER
POLYMERIZATION PROCESS
 Polymerization is the process of joining together

the large number of monomers to form a polymer.
 There are 2 types of polymerization process
❶ Polymerizations by addition
❷ Polymerizations by condensation
27
POLYMER
POLYMERIZATION ADDITION
 Polymerization by addition involves monomers with C = C

bonding, where the monomers join together to make a long
chain without losing any simple molecules from it.
28
POLYMER
POLYMERIZATION BYADDITION
29
POLYMER
POLYMERIZATION BY CONDENSATION
 Polymerization by condensation involves the elimination of

small molecules like water, methanol, ammonia or hydrogen
chloride during the process.

Amino Acid Amino Acid
Protein
+ H2O
30
POLYMER
POLYMERIZATION CONDENSATION
Glucose Glucose
+ H2O
Starch @ Cellulose
31
POLYMER
POLYMER
 Polymer is a large molecule that is in the form of a long
chain with a high relative molecular mass (RMM).
 It is made up of many smaller units called monomers,

which are joined together through a process called
polymerization.
 Thus the monomer is actually the repetitive unit of a

long polymer chain.
 There are two types of polymers:

❶ Natural polymers
❷ Synthetic polymers
32
POLYMER
NATURAL POLYMERS
 These occur naturally in living things. Some examples of
natural polymers are:
❶ Natural rubber
❷ Protein in meat, leather, silk, hair and fur
❸ Carbohydrates in cellulose, starch and sugar
 Natural polymers are made up of carbon, hydrogen,

nitrogen and oxygen.
Or
Or
NATURAL RUBBER
OR
33
Or
Or
POLYMER
NATURAL POLYMERS
STARCH @ CELLULOSE
PROTEIN
PROTEIN
34
POLYMER
Synthetic Polymers
 Synthetic polymer is a polymer that is manufactured in
industry from chemical substances through the
polymerization process.
 Examples of synthetic polymers are:
❶ Plastics
❷ Synthetic fibers
❸ Elastomers / Rubber
 The two types of polymerizations are:
❶ Polymerization by addition
❷ Polymerization by condensation
35
POLYMER
SYNTHETIC POLYMERS - PLASTIC

 Plastics are light, strong and do not react with any
chemical substances, like acids and alkalis.
 They can be made into many shapes and sizes.
 They are also good insulators of heat and
electricity.
POLYTHENE (POLYETHYLENE)
 Monomer : Ethene
 Polymerization : Addition
 Uses : Plastic bags containers and cups
 Advantages : Light and strong
36
POLYMER

POLYVINYL CHLORIDE OR PVC (POLYCHLOROETHENE)
 Monomer : Chloroethene
 Uses : Raincoat, Pipes to insulate electric
wires
 Advantages : Can be coloured; heat resistant
37
POLYMER

POLYSTYRENE (POLYPHENYLETHENE)
 Monomer : Phenylethene
 Uses : Packaging materials, children
toys, ball-point pens, as heat and
electric insulators
 Advantages : Light and strong
38
POLYMER

PERSPEX (POLYMETHYL 2-METHYL PROPENOATE)
 Monomer : Methyl-2-methylpropenoate
 Uses : Aeroplane window panes,
Lenses, car lamp covers
 Advantages : Light, strong, translucent, stable
towards sunlight
39
POLYMER

POLYPROPENE
 Monomer : Propene
 Uses : Plastics, Bottles, plastic tables and
chairs
 Advantages : Strong and light
40
POLYMER

TEFLON (POLYTETRAFLUOROETHENE OR PTFE)
 Monomer : Tetrafluoroethene
 Uses : To make non-sticky pots and pans
 Advantages : Hard, can withstand high
temperatures and corrosives
chemicals
41
POLYMER
SYNTHETIC POLYMERS - ELASTOMER / RUBBER

 Synthetic rubber is an elastomer or polymer which
regains its size original shape after being pulled or
pressed. [Natural rubber is an elastomer too]
 Examples of synthetic rubber are neoprene and

styrene-butadiene (SBR).
NEOPRENE
 Monomer : Chloroprene
 Uses : To make rubber gloves and to
insulate electric wires.
42
POLYMER
SYNTHETIC POLYMERS - ELASTOMER / RUBBER
STYRENE-BUTADIENE OR SBR
 Monomer : Styrene and butan-1,3-diene

 Polymerisation : Addition
 Uses : To make tyres, soles of shoes and
mechanical belts.
43
POLYMER
SYNTHETIC POLYMERS
SYNTHETIC FIBRE
 Nylon and terylene are synthetic fibres which

undergo the condensation polymerization process.
 These fibres resemble natural fibres but more resistant

to stress and chemicals, and more long-lasting.
 In both cases, water is eliminated during the

polymerisation process.
44
POLYMER
SYNTHETIC POLYMERS - FIBRE

NYLON
 Monomer : Hexan-1,6-diamine/-dioic acid

 Polymerisation : Condensation
 Uses : To make umbrellas, carpets,
comb, curtains, nylon string and
rope, socks, toothbrush and so on.
45
POLYMER
SYNTHETIC POLYMERS - FIBRE

TERYLENE
 Monomer : Hexan-1,6-diol / benzene-1,6-

dicarboxylic acid
 Polymerization : Condensation
 Uses : To make fishing nets, clothes
(quick-dry, non-iron), cassette
and video tapes.
46
POLYMER
ISSUE IN USING SYNTHETIC POLYMERS
Synthetic polymers cause

environmental pollution. Synthetic polymers have
multiple uses
❶ However, synthetic polymers
cause environmental ❶ Synthetic polymers have
pollution. multiple uses in daily life
❷ Most polymers are not because of the following
biodegradable. Disposal of properties:
polymers has resulted in  Light and strong
environmental.  Relatively cheap
 The open burning of plastics  Withstand corrosion and
gives rise to poisonous and chemical reaction
acidic gases like carbon  Withstand action of
monoxide, hydrogen water
chloride and hydrogen  Non-flammable
cyanide. These are harmful  Can be colour easily
to the environment as they  Easily mould to shape
cause acid rain. ❷ Synthetic polymers are
 Burning of plastics can also also used to replace
produce carbon dioxide, natural polymers such as
too much of this gas in the cotton, silk and rubber.
atmosphere leads to the
`greenhouse effect'. 47
GLASS
PROPERTIES OF GLASS
 Glass is produced when sand [SiO2] is heated with

limestone [CaCO3] until 1600°C and then cooled again
 It is a mixture of two or more types of metallic silicates

but the main component is silicon (IV) dioxide.
 Glass has the following properties:
❖ Transparent and not porous

❖ Inactive chemically
❖ Can be cleaned easily
❖ Good insulators of heat and electricity
❖ Hard but brittle
❖ Can withstand compression but not pressure
48
GLASS
SODA LIME GLASS
❶ COMPOSITION : SiO2 – 75%, Na2O – 15%,

CaO – 10%
❷ PROPERTIES :
 Low melting point (700°C)

 Moldable into shapes
 Cheap
 Breakable
 Can withstand high heat
❸ USES : Glass containers, Glass panes, Mirrors,

Lamps and bulbs, Plates and bowls Bottles
49
GLASS
LEAD CRYSTAL GLASS
❶ COMPOSITION : SiO2 – 70%, PbO – 30%,

Na2O – 2%, K2O – 10%, Al2O3 - 2%
❷ PROPERTIES :
 High density and refractive index

 Glittering surface
 Soft
 Low melting point (600°C)
❸ USES : Containers for drinks and fruit, Decorative

glass and lamps, Crystal glassware, Lenses
for spectacles
50
GLASS
BOROSILICATE GLASS (PYREX)
❶ COMPOSITION : SiO2 – 75%, B2O3 – 20%,

AI2O3 – 5%
❷ PROPERTIES :
 Resistant to high heat and chemical reaction

 Does not break easily
 Allows infra-red rays but not ultra-violet rays
❸ USES : Glass apparatus in laboratories, Cooking

utensils
51
GLASS
FUSED SILICATE GLASS
❶ COMPOSITION : SiO2 – 99%, Other - 1%
❷ PROPERTIES :
 High melting point (1700°C)

 Expensive
 Allows ultraviolet light to pass through
 Difficult to melt or mould into shape
❸ USES : Scientific apparatus like lenses on,

spectrometer, Optical lenses,
Laboratory apparatus
52
CERAMICS
PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS
❶ Ceramic is a substance that is made from clay and hardened

by heat in a furnace maintained at a high temperature.
❷ Clay is composed of kaolin [aluminosilicate]

[AI2O3. 2SiO2.2H2O] with sand and iron(III) oxide as impurities.
❸ Ceramic have the following properties:

 Hard and brittle
 Do not conduct heat electricity
 Inactive towards chemical reactions
 Weak when pressure is applied
 Can be cleaned easily
❹ Examples of ceramics include

 Tiles
 Cement
 Bricks
 porcelain
53
CERAMICS
Good
electrical
insulators
High melting Strong and

point hard but
brittle
PROPERTIES
OF
CERAMICS
Resistant of
Resistant
chemical
of heat
reaction
Rust proof
54
CERAMICS USES
ORNAMENT CONSTRUCTION
ARTICLES MATERIALS
 Bowls  Tiles
 Cups  Cement
 Plates  Bricks
 Vase  Pipes
 Porcelain
SEMICONDUCTORS
ELECTRICAL
INSULATORS
 Microchips in
 Spark Plugs televisions,
 Fuses computers,
 Insulator in iron, radios,
oven & toasters telephones &
calculators
55
NEW USES OF CERAMICS & GLASS
PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS
❶ Photochromic glass is very sensitive to light.

❷ It darkens in the presence of bright light and lightens when
the amount of sunlight lessens.
❸ Photochromic material silver chloride [AgCl]
CONDUCTIVE GLASS
❶ Conducting glass is a type of glass which can conduct

electricity. It is obtained by coating a thin layer of a
conducting material around the glass, usually tin (IV) oxide.
❷ It is used in the making of Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
56
NEW USES OF CERAMICS & GLASS
SUPERCONDUCTORS
❶ Superconductors are electrical conductors which have

almost zero (0) electrical resistance. Therefore, this
conductor minimizes the loss of electrical energy through
heat.
❷ Yttrium barium copper oxide [YBa2Cu3O7] [perovskites] is a

type of ceramic superconductor
❸ Superconductors are used to make magnets which are light

but thousands of times stronger than the normal magnet.
CAR ENGINE BLOCK
❶ When clay is heated with magnesium oxide, the ceramic

that is produced has a high resistance to heat.
❷ This material is used to build the engine blocks in cars as

they can withstand high temperatures.
57
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
❶ Composite materials are substances which contain 2 or
more materials that combine to produce new
substances with different physical properties & better
than from the original substances.
❷ Some composite materials and their components are:
Reinforced
Concrete
Photochromic Optical
Glass Fibre
COMPOSITE
MATERIALS
Fibre Super
Glass Conductor
58
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
REINFORCED CONCRETE
COMPONENT : Concrete (cement, sand, stones), steel
❶ Ordinary concrete is strong but heavy. Concrete pillars

must be big to support the weight. They take up space
and cannot withstand stress for example from
earthquakes.
❷ Steel pillars are too expensive and can rust.
Reinforced concrete, containing steel rods in the
concrete pillars, can make them stronger and able to
support larger loads. It also does not rust.
PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS
COMPONENT : Glass, AgCl or AgBr
❶ Photochromic glass is very sensitive to light.

❷ It darkens in the presence of bright light and lightens
when the amount of sunlight lessens.
59
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
OPTICAL FIBRE
COMPONENT : SiO2, Na2CO3, CaO
❶ This is a fine transparent glass tube that is made of

molten glass.
❷ In telecommunications, light has replaced electrons

as the transmitter of signals. This light transmits
signals through optical fibre.
❸ Optical fibre is also used in the medical field as

 Laser to do operation
 Endoscope to examine the internal organs of
patients
60
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
FIBREGLASS
COMPONENT : Fibreglass and Polyster resin
❶ Fibre glass is obtained by adding a polyester resin

to molten glass. It cannot be compressed easily
and is more tensile than the original materials.
❷ Fibre glass is light, withstands corrosion, can be

cast into different shapes, and is impervious to
water, not very flammable, not brittle and
stronger than even steel.
❸ It is used to make racquets, construction panels,

electrical appliances, pipes, and water tanks.
61
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
SUPERCONDUCTOR
COMPONENT : Ytrium oxide (Y2O3), BaCO3, CuO
❶ Superconductors are electrical conductors which

have almost zero (0) electrical resistance.
Therefore, this conductor minimizes the loss of
electrical energy through heat.
❷ Yttrium barium copper oxide is a type of ceramic

superconductor
❸ Superconductors are used to make magnets

which are light but thousands of times stronger
than the normal magnet.
62
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Photochromic Reinforced
Glass Concrete Optical
Fibre
USES
USES
Construction of large USES
To make optical
structure like Transmitted data,
lenses, car
highways, building, voice and images in
windshields,
bridges, oil digital format …..
window, lens in
platforms….
cameras…
Super
Fibre Conductor
Glass
USES
Uses Bullet trains, magnetic
Badminton racket, resonance imaging [MRI],
water tank, helmets, transformer, computer,
boats, skis….. electric cables…..
63

Chemical For Manufactured

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chemical For Manufactured

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES

 Sulphuric acid, H2SO4 is manufactured in industry through

 Sulphuric acid is a highly corrosive strong mineral

S ULPHURIC A CID CONTACT PROCESS

S ULPHURIC A CID CONTACT PROCESS

S ULPHURIC A CID CONTACT PROCESS

 Molten sulphur is burnt in dry air to produce sulphur dioxide

 Sulphur dioxide can also be produced by burning metal sulphide

 In a converter, Sulphur dioxide and excess oxygen are passed

 Sulphur trioxide is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid to form

 The oleum, H2S2O7 is then diluted with water to produce

 At stage 2 , SO3 is not dissolved directly in water to produce

❶ Solubility of sulphur trioxide, SO3 in water is low.

S ULPHURIC A CID U SES

❶ Wind carries the

❶ Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the

AMMONIA HABER PROCESS

 Ammonia is manufactured in industries through Haber process.

H2SO4 + 2NH3 → (NH4)2SO4

Ammonia when reacts with concentrated hydrochloric acid

To prevent As cleaning agent

As cooling agent Manufacture of

 Industrially, nitric acid is made by the catalytic oxidation

 Oxidizing ammonia produces oxides of nitrogen which

 Most of the nitric acid made is used to make the all-

 Other uses of nitric acid include making explosive, like

 Modern dyes are azo dyes, which can be formed by the

OXYGEN AMMONIA WATER

An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals mixed in a

❶ Alloys are made to increase the hardness of metals.

❷ Prevent the corrosion of metals.

❸ Improve the appearance of metals.

The pure metal is soft and not

The layers of pure metal are

 The presence of foreign atom, it

ALLOY PURE METAL

❶ In alloy, the sizes of 2 different metals [pure

❷ The presence of foreign atom [different size]

❸ The layer of atom is more difficult to slide

ALLOY COPPER ALLOY

COPPER BASED ALLOY

 Examples of copper base alloy are

 Component: CUPRONICKEL  Component:

ALLOY IRON ALLOY

 Examples of iron base alloy are

ALLOY ALUMINIUM ALLOY

 Examples of aluminium base alloy are

 Examples of tin base alloy are

 Polymerization is the process of joining together

 There are 2 types of polymerization process

 Polymerization by addition involves monomers with C = C

 Polymerization by condensation involves the elimination of

 It is made up of many smaller units called monomers,

 Thus the monomer is actually the repetitive unit of a

 There are two types of polymers:

 Natural polymers are made up of carbon, hydrogen,

 Examples of synthetic polymers are:

 The two types of polymerizations are:

SYNTHETIC POLYMERS - PLASTIC

SYNTHETIC POLYMERS - PLASTIC

SYNTHETIC POLYMERS - PLASTIC

SYNTHETIC POLYMERS - PLASTIC

SYNTHETIC POLYMERS - PLASTIC