A change in behavior is the product of learning.
- it determines which variable are interacting and
- John Dewey – Learning by doing; Theory of
connected experiences
- Lev Vygotsky – Zone of Proximal Development
- Jerome Brunner – Discovery Learning
- In your analysis, you execute various thinking
strategies from lower thinking skills to higher
thinking skills.
- Learning is a way of obtaining knowledge
- Research is a process of executing various mental
acts for examining facts to prove accuracy of the
conclusions about the chosen topic
- Inquiry is a learning process that motivates you to
obtain knowledge and information.
- Accuracy states that a research work must give
correct data and appropriate acknowledgement
- Research requires you to investigate the chosen
topic that will make you engage in top level
thinking strategies to enable you to discover the
truth.
- An inquiry can be a problem solving technique
and can elevate your thinking power.
Types of Research
A. Based on Application of Research Method:
1. Pure (Basic, Abstract) – deals with concepts,
principles or abstract
- aims to increase
knowledge about something; do not produce
marketable result but maybe used for future
research.
2. Applied – intention is to apply the chosen
research to societal problems or issues
-- finding ways to make positive change in
the society.
B. Based on the Purpose of Research.
1. Descriptive
- aims at giving verbal portrayal or picture of person,
things, events, groups, situation.
- describes the characteristics of the phenomenon
- describes the subject of the research without
covering the question “why”, it focuses only on the
“what”
2. Correlational
- shows relationships between two factors or
variables.
what type of interaction is occurring.
- used to explore the relationship between variables
but it does not:
• Describe the nature of the relationship
• Cannot be used to determine the cause
Types of Correlation:
a. Positive – variables are directly proportional
b. Negative – variables are indirectly proportional
c. No Correlation – not correlated
3. Explanatory
- elaborates or explain the relationship of two
factors and how such relationship exist.
4. Exploratory
-to find out how reasonable or possible to conduct
a research study on a certain topic.
- can discover topics that can trigger the interest in
conducting research.
5. Action Research
- studies an ongoing practice in an organization or
institution or community for the purpose of
obtaining results that will bring improvement to the
system.
-context of focused efforts to improve the
performance and quality of an organization
C. Based on types of Data needed.
1. Qualitative
- requires non numerical data
-it uses word rather than number to express the
results
-opinionated answers
2. Quantitative
- involves measurement of data
-research finding refers to numbers or frequency or
something numerical in form (percent, fraction etc.)
3. Primary
- obtained through direct contact or observation
-new and original data or information resulting from
sensory experience
4. Secondary
-data have already been written about or reported
on and are available for reading purposes.
 Approaches to Research

1. Scientific (Positive)
- discover and measure information as well as
observe variables.
-it allows control of variables
-uses numbers to express data
-suitable for quantitative research

2. Naturalistic
-deals with qualitative data; non numerical; uses
words
-speaks of how people behave toward the
surroundings

3. Triangulation (Mixed)
- combined scientific and naturalistic approach
- gives opportunity to view every angle of the
research from different perspective.

** For Review purposes only **